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A MANUAL 


DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANY 

LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHARTS 


ILLUSTKATING 

THE DISCOVERY AND COLONIZATION OF AMERICA 
AND THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 
WITH THE SYNCHRONISMS OF EUROPEAN NATIONS 


FOR THE USE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS 



S. E. LINTON 

«i 




^ c o?^ght r % 




\ 


NEW YORK 

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 
1887 


y n» i 


A 


Copyright, 1887 , 
By S. E. LINTON. 

E'W 

L'jV 


PREFACE. 


Linton’s Historical Charts, which the following Man¬ 
ual is designed to accompany, are presented to the public 
in the belief that they w r ill supply a want which has long 
been felt in the school-room. The localization of facts 
in a striking and at the same time simple manner; the 
interesting variety of illustrations, symbols, and type- 
signs ; the addition of contemporary foreign events ; and 
finally, the mnemonic method, by means of which the eye 
becomes a powerful aid to the memory, give these Charts 
advantages which we believe will recommend them to 
teacher and pupil. 

The object of the Manual is to explain the Charts and 
give some practical suggestions regarding their use. We 
deem it indispensable to the thorough study of the 
Charts. Students will find it a great labor-saving aid ; 
still, we do not wish it to be employed as an exclusive 
text-book where an ordinary class-history is allowed.* 

The Manual will reveal its full value when in the 
hands of the teacher; and we take pleasure in stating 

* We would emphasize the fact that the Chart Manual is not presented 
as an independent text-book. It can not take the place of a detailed his¬ 
tory, but is intended to be merely suggestive of the manner of adapting the 
Charts to any text-book on American history that may already be in the 
hands of pupils, and therefore, in introducing the Charts into schools, no 
change of text-books is necessary. 



4 


PREFACE : 


that we are prepared to have the merit of our system 
judged in accordance with the appreciation of teachers 
who have to give oral instructions in classes where text¬ 
books are prohibited. It was, in fact, the need of an 
auxiliary for such teachers that first suggested the whole 
plan of the Charts. 

They will be found equally invaluable in the home- 
circle, where children may be instructed from their earli¬ 
est years in the history of their country; for the attract¬ 
ive appearance of the Charts and the constant change of 
tableaux will naturally excite the interest of the child, 
and events and dates will thus be insensibly impressed 
upon the memory without the effort of study. 

The arrangement of the Manual is very simple. The 
First Part is devoted to an explanation of the Charts. 
Copious exercises are given to show the way in which 
they may be used in the class-room. Although these 
exercises are extended, it will, nevertheless, be undei’- 
stood that they are only presented as models which the 
teacher may vary and multiply at will according to the 
subject-matter. 

The Second Part comprises merely a Chronological 
Index from the beginning of the fifteenth century down 
to the present time. The large type embraces events re¬ 
lating to American history. After the American events 
of each year, prominent foreign events of the same year 
are given in smaller type. We have chosen this method 
of placing the two classes of events upon the same page 
as being more convenient for ready reference than would 
be their separation into different chapters. 

At the end of the Manual will be found a brief ap¬ 
pendix on the American colonies. The utility of this 
appendix will be understood by those who, in the school- 


PREFACE. 


5 


room, have felt the vexing complications that attend the 
history of the early settlements made upon our shores. 

Finally, we have added an alphabetical Index to the 
Charts giving the corresponding date or year-square of 
each event. 

Our chief encouragement during the progress of our 
work has been derived from the flattering letters and 
generous support we have received from principals of 
schools and professors'of colleges; and we trust that our 
completed method will meet with their continued appro¬ 
bation, as well as with that universal acceptance which 
has been so confidently predicted. 

Our special thanks are due to the publishers, who 
have spared neither labor nor expense in promoting the 
beauty and usefulness of the Charts, allowing us at the 
same time the free use of their illustrations, maps, and 
plates. We take occasion also to tender our acknowl¬ 
edgments to the courteous authors and publishers of 
American histories who have granted us similar privi¬ 
leges. 

A new square will be prepared annually for the Chart 
of the 19th Century, comprising the most striking occur¬ 
rences of the year just ended. This square may be ob¬ 
tained from the publishers and attached to the Chart, so 
that the first edition may always be kept completed to 
date. 














. 









































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ERRATA. 


MANUAL. 

Page 34, 1st line. For Michael, read Manuel. 

“ 51. For last date, 1513, read 1503. 

“ 73. For 57 years (age of William the Silent), read 51. 

“ 88, 1st column. For 1565 (Pius V.), read 1566.—For 1615 
(Clement VIII.)? read 1605. 2d column. For 1616 (Charles V. of 
Germany), read 1516. 

Page 107 (1628). For seventy emigrants, read one hundred. 

“ 117, IF II. For 1664 (Indian massacre), read 1644. 

“ 181. For 1728 (birth of George III. of England), read 1738. 
“ 217. For 1878 (massacres at Wyoming), read 1778. 

“ 369. For 1867 (deaths in), read 1857. 

“ 522. For 1866 (earthquake-shocks in Charleston), read 1886. 

APPENDIX. 

Page xi. For 1665 (in note), read 1685. 

“ xiii., New Hampshire, 2d line. For (in 1620), read (see 1620). 
“ xxix., 5th line. For 1745, read 1746. 

CHARTS. 

In year-square 1724. For six months, read seven. 

In “ 1785. For 102 (age of Oglethorpe), read 97. 


Note. —If our friends detect other errors, either in the Manual 
or on the Charts, they will confer a favor by sending particulars of 
the same to the publishers, as early as convenient. 















CONTENTS. 


PAGES 

Preface.3-5 

Symbols employed.9-13 

Location of symbols.14 

Mechanism of the Charts, and manner of determining dates, 

explained by Diagrams A and B.15-18 

Exercises I. to IV.19-22 

Explanation of Diagram C.22, 23 

Exercises V. and VI.24 

Exercise VII.25 

Fifteenth Century. 

Brief summary of the principal events.31-38 

Chronological Index.39-43 

Model for oral instruction to elementary classes . . . 44-49 

Model for optional questions.50 

European sovereigns of the fifteenth century . . . . 51 

Memorial record of persons of historic fame .... 52 

Sixteenth Century. 

Chronological Index.55-77 

Optional questions upon the sixteenth century .... 78-80 

Introduction to Exercise VIII.80, 81 

Exercise VIII. ..81-83 

Plan of the Sixteenth Century Chart (with emblems) . . 84, 85 

Key to emblems on Diagrams D and E.86 

List of noted men in history who closed their career during 

the sixteenth century.87 

European sovereigns of the sixteenth century .... 88 
















8 


CONTENTS. 


Seventeenth Century. 

Chronological Index. 

List of some of the most prominent men who closed their 
career during the seventeenth century .... 
European sovereigns of the seventeenth century . 


Eighteenth Century. 

Chronological Index. 

European sovereigns of the eighteenth century . . 

List of some of the most prominent men who closed their 
career during the eighteenth century . . . . 

Topics suggested for oral explanation and discussion in 
class, or for written essays by pupils. 


Nineteenth Century. 


Chronological Index. 

Extinct kingdoms of the nineteenth century .... 
European and Brazilian rulers of the nineteenth century 
List of some of the celebrities who have closed their career 
during the nineteenth century, whose names are not 
among the deaths noted in the Manual .... 
Topics suggested for oral explanation and discussion in 

class, or for written essays by pupils. 

Exercise IX., or suggestions for oral instructions to element¬ 
ary classes, with Diagram F, showing the inaugural years 

of the nineteenth century.. . 

Appendix.. 


PAGES 

95-139 

140,141 
142,143 


144-260 

261-263 

264, 265 

266, 267 


272-524 

525-528 

529-532 


533,534 
535,536 


537-539 

i-xxxv 



SYMBOLS EMPLOYED. 



For tlie accession of a sovereign of England : a Crown 
in the upper left-liand corner of the square, with name of 
dynasty below the crown, and the sovereign’s portrait in 
the center of the square, with date of birth and death. 
N. B.—There are but two exceptions: the portrait of 
the infant king, Henry VI. (1422), is not on the chart. 
In square 37 of the 19th century, or 1837, Queen Vic¬ 
toria’s portrait occupies the right-hand half, instead of 
the center of the square, and the crown is located in 
the upper right-hand corner. 



For a maritime adventure, a discovery, or the found¬ 
ing of a colony by England : the Star of the Garter. 



For the accession of a king of France: a Fleur-de-lis 
in black, with name of the king and dynasty below. 



For a French discovery, or the founding of a colony 
of the French : a Fleur-de-lis in blue. 



10 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 



For the accession of a sovereign of Spain : a capital 
S, with sovereign’s name on scroll, and age at date of 
accession. 



For a maritime adventure, a discovery, or the founding 
of a colony by Spain: a Maltese Cross, with a broken egg 
in the center. 



For the accession of a Roman Pontiff to the Papal 
throne : Papal insignia, with name of Pontiff above. 



For the accession of a Scottish sovereign: a Thistle, 
with name of sovereign, and age at date of accession. 



For the accession of a German monarch: capital G, 
with name on scroll, and age at date of accession. 



For the accession of a Russian monarch: capital R, 
with name on scroll, and age at date of accession. 




SYMBOLS EMPLOYED. 


11 



For the accession of a Prussian monarch: capital P, 
with name on scroll, and age at date of accession. 



For the accession of a sovereign of Portugal: a Star, 
with word Portugal above, and name of sovereign, with 
age at the time of accession. 

For a maritime adventure, a discovery, or the found¬ 
ing of a colony by the Portuguese: a Star, with the word 
Portugal above. 



For the accession of a ruler of the Dutch Republic: 
an Anchor, with the name and age of the ruler. 

For a maritime adventure, discovery, founding of a 
colony, or organization of a company by the Dutch: sim¬ 
ply the Anchor, without the name. 



For the accession of a noted sovereign of Sweden: 
the prefixed symbol, with name of sovereign. 

For a company or colony founded by Sweden: the 
symbol only. 


12 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 



Death of a musical composer or pianist: a Lyre, with 
name of musician, and age at death. 



Death of a celebrated singer: small Lyre, with sing¬ 
er’s name, and age at time of death. 



Death of a violinist: Yiolin, with name, and age at 
time of death. 


Death of a painter: a Palette and Brushes, with name 
of painter, and age at time of death. 



Death of a sculptor: a hand holding a chisel, and rest¬ 
ing on a block of marble, with sculptor’s name, and age 
at death. 

Wars of civilized nations are symbolized by a Cannon. 


Symbols for Indian hostilities: if Indians are victorious, 
the Tomahawks are raised, in position for striking; if In¬ 
dians are defeated, the position of Tomahawks is reversed. 











SYMBOLS EMPLOYED . 


13 



Treaties of Peace: a hand signing the treaty, and a 
dove bearing the olive-branch, in token of peace. 



Treaties for boundary-lines and treaties of commerce: 
a hand signing the treaty. 



For the first inauguration of a President of the United 
States: his portrait, with a Shield bearing his name, located 
in the upper left-hand corner of the square; above the 
shield, the dates of birth and death. 

For his second inauguration, simply the Shield bear¬ 
ing his name. The words “ 2d Inauguration ” form a 
half-circle below the shield. 



For the entrance of a Yice-President upon the office 
of President of the United States: his portrait and shield, 
with name, and dates of birth and death, in upper right- 
hand corner of the square. 



For the admission of a State into the Union: the fore¬ 
going symbol, with name of State and date of admission. 











LOCATION OF SYMBOLS. 


I. Symbols denoting the accession of a monarch are, 
with very few exceptions, located in the upper corners of 
the year-squares. The exceptions occur on the 15th 
Century Chart, where the Thistle designating the acces¬ 
sion of a Scottish king and the G that of an emperor 
of Germany, are placed in the center of their respective 
squares.* 

II. For several of the smaller kingdoms, for duchies, 
grand duchies, etc., no symbol has been adopted. The 
accession of their sovereigns and rulers is noted either in 
the upper corners or near the upper outline of the square.f 

III. The register of a death is almost invariably placed 
in the lower right-hand corner of the square, and the age 
of the person referred to is generally mentioned. 

* See Thistles located in the center of year-squares 1406, 1424, 1437, 
1460, 1488; see large G in the center of 1410, 1438, 1440. In the years 
1481 and 1495 the Portuguese Star is placed a little below the usual posi 
tion, which is the corner of the square, 
f Examine the following: 

1404. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy. 

1406. John II., infant King of Castile. 

1412. Ferdinand I., King of Aragon. 

Eric, or Henry, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. 

1414. Joanna II., Queen of Naples. 

1416. Alfonso V., the Wise, King of Aragon. 

1419. Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. 


MECHANISM OF THE CHARTS, AND MANNER OF 
DETERMINING DATES. 


The mechanism of the Charts, which is exceedingly 
simple, will be readily understood by examining and com¬ 
paring the two diagrams, A and B. 

Diagram B represents, on a reduced scale, a blank 
Century Chart. It is divided into one hundred small 
squares called year-squares, which, corresponding severally 
to the hundred years of a given century, are arranged in 
ten horizontal rows, each row containing ten years, or the 
decade of a century. To count these years, begin with 
the left-hand corner square at the top of the Chart, which 
designates the first year of the century. Proceeding by 
squares horizontally across the Chart, to the right-hand 
corner, we arrive at the tenth year of the century. The 
first square of the second row marks the eleventh year, 
and the last square of the same row is the twentieth year. 
Following the same process, we find that the third row 
comprises the years from 21 to 30, inclusive; and so on 
with the remaining rows. 

As there are ten numbers or ten year-squares on the 
top row, so each of these squares in the top row is the 
beginning of a row of ten squares, running downward. 
And if we examine the numbers on Diagram A as they 
run downward in any row, w^e shall find that each new 
number adds ten to the one above it in the same perpen- 


16 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


dicular row. Thus, reading downward from 3, we have 
13, 23, 33,43 ; under 7, we have 17, 27, 37,47, etc.; under 
10, we have 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100. 

From this it is clear that each year has a fixed square, 
a fixed place on the Century Chart. The heavy lines, 


Diagram A. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

56 

57 

58 

59 

60 

61 

62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

72 

73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87 

88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

97 

98 

99 

100 


one horizontal, the other perpendicular, which intersect 
each other in the center of the Chart, are designed solely 
to facilitate calculating at sight the date of any year- 
square. The horizontal line—that is, the one running 

























MECHANISM OF THE CHARTS. 


17 


across the center of the Chart—separates the first fifty 
years of the century from the last fifty; the perpen¬ 
dicular line—that is, the one running down the mid¬ 
dle of the Chart—divides the first five years of each 
decade from the last five. 


Diagram B. 



To secure a successful result in teaching history by 
this mnemonic method, it is of paramount importance 
that pupils not only understand the mechanism of the 
Century Charts, but that they be drilled to name readily 
























18 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

at sight the date of any year-square to which the teacher 
may point. 

The teacher may draw on the blackboard a numbered 
diagram (Diagram A); beside it let him either draw an¬ 
other diagram without numbers (Diagram B), or else 
hang up one of the Century Charts. With these before 
the eyes of the scholars, he will easily make the mechan¬ 
ism of the Charts understood by means of the foregoing 
explanations. To obtain the desired readiness in naming 
at sight the date belonging to each square on the unnum¬ 
bered diagram, or on the Chart, the following exercises 
may prove of service. 


EXERCISES. 


I. 

The teacher counts aloud the hundred year-squares of 
the Chart, in their regular order, as presented in ten hori¬ 
zontal rows or decades, beginning with the 1st row, from 1 
to 10; 2d row, from 11 to 20; 3d row, from 21 to 30; and 
so on, through the remaining rows. The children must be 
drilled to repeat aloud and simultaneously the number of 
each year-square, till they have gone through the ten rows, 
or the hundred years of the century, and understand thor¬ 
oughly the method of counting by the Chart. 

N. B.—When pupils have acquired facility in count¬ 
ing the year-squares of the Chart, in the order in which 
the years of a century follow each other in uninterrupted 
succession from 1 to 100, the teacher may proceed to 
Exercise No. 2. For Exercises No. 1 and No. 2, Dia¬ 
gram A must be used in connection with the Chart. It 
can be drawn upon a large scale (say 32 inches by 32) on 
an ordinary blackboard. 

II. 

1. Point out the 3d horizontal row of year-squares of 
Diagram A. Point out this corresponding row on the Chart. 

2. Point out and name the unit number of each year- 
square belonging to this 3d row, first on Diagram A, and 
then on the Chart. Answer as follows: 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 
6 ; 7; 8; 9. 


20 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


3. Point out and name the number which is found 
on each of the year-squares of this 3d row, belonging to 
Diagram A. Answer as follows: 21; 22; 23 ; 24; 25 ; 
26; 27;'28; 29; 30. Point out on the XYth Century 
Chart the year-squares that represent those numbers; 
viz., 21, 22, 23, etc., as above. 

4. According to the examples just given, explain the 
5th horizontal row of year-squares, first on Diagram A, 
and then on the XYth Century Chart. Treat in like 
manner the remaining horizontal rows; viz., the 9th; 
the 7th; the 10th; the 2d; the 8th; the 1st; the 6th; 
and the 4th. 

5. Point to the 3d perpendicular column of year- 
squares on Diagram A, and then to the corresponding 
column on the XYth Century Chart. 

6. What is the distinctive unit number of all the 
year-squares of the 3d perpendicular column ? 

7. IIow many perpendicular columns of squares does 
Diagram A contain? How many are found on the XYth 
Century Chart ? Head, aloud the number belonging to 
each year-square of the 3d column, as follows: 3; 13; 
23; 33; 43; 53; 63; 73; 83 ; 93. 

8. According to the explanation given of the 3d 
perpendicular column of squares, explain those belonging 
to the nine other columns, taking them in the following 
order, viz., the 5th column ; the 9tli; the 7tli; the 10th ; 
the 2d ; the 8th ; the 1st; the 6tli; and the 4th. 

III. 

(XYth Century Chart.) 

Find the date of Columbus’ birth. 

1. With a pointer draw pupils’ attention to the picture 
of a babe in a cradle, over which hover two angels, one 


EXERCISES. 


21 


supporting a globe, the other a ship. This illustration is 
located on the year-square of the Chart that corresponds 
to the year of the century in which Columbus was born. 
To ascertain the date, count the number of squares ver¬ 
tical to the cradle, for this, number of squares equals the 
number of horizontal rows, or decades of year-squares 
above it, which are three. Three decades of year-squares 
are equivalent to thirty year-squares on the Chart, or 
thirty years of the century. Next, notice that it is the 
5th unit square of the 4th horizontal row that contains 
the picture in question. All that remains to be done is 
to add these five unit squares, representing five years, to 
the thirty years already obtained, and the result will be 
the date of Columbus’ birth (30 -f- 5 = 35), which is the 
35th year of the XVth century , or the year 1I$5 of the 
Christian era. 

Upon the same principle, find the date of each of the 
following historical events: 

1. Point to the portrait of Queen Isabella, of Castile; 
it is located on the year-square corresponding to the year 
of her accession. What is that date ? 

2. Point to the portrait of King Ferdinand, of Ara¬ 
gon. When did he become king ? 

3 When did Henry YII., of England, become king? 

N. B.—The portraits of European sovereigns are al¬ 
ways located on the year-square of the Chart that corre¬ 
sponds to the year of their accession to the throne. 

4. Multiply questions similar to the above, and require 
answers to be given by the pupils. 

IV. 

In this exercise, pupils are taught howto point in¬ 
stantly to the year-square on the Chart that corresponds 


22 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL, 

to any year of the century that may be named: for ex¬ 
ample, if asked to point to the year-square on the Chart 
representing the 85th year of the XVth Century and to 
name the illustration thereon, and the historical event it 
is intended to recall, the following method may be ob¬ 
served: As soon as the unit 5 is heard, let the pupil 
point to the 5th year-square of the first horizontal row 
of squares on the XVth Century Chart, and then, by 
bringing the pointer down perpendicularly through eight 
squares (including the 5th square on the 1st horizontal 
row), he will have traversed eight rows or eight decades of 
the century, equal to eighty years. Now, just below the 
5th unit-square on which the pointer rests, after eight dec¬ 
ades have been traversed, is located the 5th unit-square 
of the 9th decade, which is. the 85th square of the 
Chart, and corresponds to the 85th year of the cent¬ 
ury (SO + 5 = 85) and to the year 1485 of the Christian 
era. On this 85th year-square is seen the portrait of 
King Henry VII. of England. We have already been 
told that the portraits of European monarchs are inva¬ 
riably located on the year-square of the Chart that con 
responds to the date of their accession. Then, by the 
above process, we glean the following fact—viz., Henry 
VII. of England ascended the throne a. d. 1485. 

N. B.—The same result may be attained by a pureli 
mental operation, as explained in Exercise VI. 

EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM C, Page 23. 

In Diagram C all the dates belonging to the different 
squares of a century are purposely misplaced. The dia¬ 
gram has been arranged for the convenience of the teacher 
who may wish to test the readiness of the pupils in point¬ 
ing out on the Blank Diagram (Diagram B), or on a Chart, 


EXERCISES. 


23 


the square belonging to any given year in a century t 
The teacher may call out the numbers, reading from left 
to right, or from right to left, or downward or upward, 

Diagram C, — For Teachers' Use, 


93 

27 

1 

14 

66 

32 

41 

84 

50 

77 

15 

46 

94 

38 

81 

58 

63 

7 

78 

29 

39 

68 

13 

57 

4 

75 

87 

96 

23 

43 

51 

89 

37 

73 

92 

26 

2 

10 

44 

62 

70 

3 

55 

2L 

19 

40 

97 

33 

61 

86 

22 

90 

76 

45 

36 

69 

18 

59 

85 

11 

47 

12 

28 

60 

52 

83 

31 

72 

8 

99 

64 

35 

49 

82 

74 

5 

56 

24 

98 

17 

88 

54 

67 

9 

20 

91 

79 

42 

16 

30 

6 

71 

80 

95 

48 

100 

25 

65 

34 

53 


or in any other way. The object in printing the num¬ 
bers thus misplaced is, that the teacher may easily call out 
promiscuously all the dates of a century, without omitting 
or repeating any, as Diagram C contains all the numbers 
from 1 to 100. 






















24 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


V. 

The teacher having selected one of the pupils to pre¬ 
side at the XVth Century Chart, asks him to point out 
the following year-squares : 93d, 15th, 39th, 51st, 70th, 
22d, 47th, 64th, 88th, 6th, and so forth, which is to be 
done promptly and in the order in which the numbers are 
called. Meanwhile let the class keep a critical eye fixed 
upon the course of the pointer, so that, if a mistake be 
made in designating the year-square, all who detect it may 
simultaneously but noiselessly give notice of it, by raising 
the right hand. Thus the attention of all the pupils is 
secured, while their aptitude in reckoning dates is tested. 

VI. 

TO BE USED WITHOUT REFERENCE TO DIAGRAM OR CHART. 

The pupil is required to state, by a purely mental 
operation, the position on the Chart of the year-square 
representing any given year of the century ; for example, 
to describe the location on the Chart of the 85th year- 
square, reflect that it requires 8 tens and 5 units to com¬ 
pose 85, or, in other words, it requires 8 entire decades 
of squares and 5 squares belonging to the 9th decade, to 
reach the 85th square on the Chart. Hence, the 85th 
year-square is the 5th unit-square of the 9th decade. 

This principle being understood, it will be seen that, 
in order to describe the exact position of any given year- 
square, we make a little analysis of its representative 
number, by resolving it into its units and tens. The 
number of tens always corresponding to an equal number 
of decades, it follows that the unit, or unit-square, will 
be found in the next highest decade. 

Upon the above principle, explain and answer these 
questions: 


EXERCISES. 


25 


What is the 
year-squares ? 

Of the 81st ? 
Of the 4th? 
Of the 92d ? 
Of the 19th? 
Of the 36th? 
Of the 52d ? 
Of the 74th? 
Of the 20th? 
Of the 48th ? 


position on the Chart of the following 

Ans. 1st unit-square of 9th decade. 
Ans. 4th unit-square of 1st decade. 
Ans. 2d unit-square of 10th decade. 
Ans. 9th unit-square of 2d decade. 
Ans. 6th unit-square of 4th decade. 
Ans. 2d unit-square of 6th decade. 
Ans. 4th unit-square of 8th decade. 
Ans. 10th unit-square of 2d decade. 
Ans. 8th unit-square of 5th decade. 


VII. 

This is a drill-exercise to be used in connection with 
Slates and Blackboard,* and may be considered as a final 
test of pupils’ promptitude and precision in noting dates. 

One pupil noting on the blackboard, the others using 
their Slates, the teacher calls out thirty, forty, or more 
dates from Diagram C, each one of which the pupils 
enter on the corresponding year-square of slates and 
blackboard. This task being completed, the shifting of 
slates follows; the pupil holding last rank in class con¬ 
veys his slate for examination and correction to the pu¬ 
pil holding first rank, or to No. 1; No. 1 passes his slate, 
for the same purpose, to No. 2 ; No. 2 to No. 3, and so 
on, until all the slates have changed hands. When each 
pupil has marked the mistakes he has discovered in his 
classmate’s work, the teacher examines the corrections 
and makes the necessary criticisms. 

* The teacher should draw on the blackboard a diagram of the Chart, 
of sufficient size to be readily seen by all the pupils in the class. A simi¬ 
lar diagram on a smaller scale is then to be drawn by each pupil on his or 
her slate. Neatness and accuracy in this drawing are especially desirable, 
and the pupils should be duly impressed with the importance of these quali¬ 
ties in their work. 

2 














































































































































































FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 














































































•• 




















FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 


The known history of that portion of North America 
which is now embraced within the territory of the United 
States begins, properly speaking, with the successful voy¬ 
age of Columbus in the year 1492. All that precedes 
the advent of the Europeans under that venturesome 
navigator is wrapped in almost impenetrable mystery. 

Who were the aborigines of America ? Whence did 
they come? Was it by Behring Strait, or by a series of 
islands that long since have disappeared in the upheavals 
of Nature? These are questions upon which many able 
minds have advanced theories more or less tenable. But, 
as we have no certain knowledge on these points, we 
have judged it best not to make mention of them ; neither 
do we draw upon the vague accounts of the voyages of 
the Norsemen to our shores, and their settlement in Vine- 
land, supposed to be in the tenth century. 

Commencing, therefore, with the fifteenth century, 
the author, following its checkered course, gives promi¬ 
nence to such exploits, inventions, and discoveries as bear 
even remotely upon the history of the New World. At 
the same time, the stirring events of the Old World are 
by no means ignored. The record thus presented, serv¬ 
ing to familiarize the pupil with the spirit and leading 
incidents of the age, if not essential to a course of Ameri- 



30 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

can history, will, at least, be found a useful introduc¬ 
tion.* 

The fifteenth century, which witnessed the fall of 
the Eastern Empire—the period usually assigned as that 
of the close of the middle ages and the dawn of modern 
times—was, at intervals, an age of anarchy, of interna¬ 
tional wars, political and social disorganization ; an age 
when Oriental despotism was striving to crush out Chris¬ 
tian civilization, when the Crescent and the Cross were 
contending for the mastery of the world. Gigantic forces 
were at work, and for a while murder, rapine, and re¬ 
venge seemed to defy all law and authority ; but, under¬ 
lying these turbulent elements, there gradually arose con¬ 
trolling influences—a thirst for knowledge, and a spirit 
of adventure that ultimately “ brought order out of chaos” 
—and before the close of the century a New World, des¬ 
tined to become the home of a noble, free-born nation, 
was secured to Christendom. 

* This portion of the Manual can be passed over by such as may con¬ 
sider it irrelevant to the work. 


A BRIEF SUMMARY 


OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS OF THE FIFTEENTH 
CENTURY, 

PEEYIOUS TO THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 

1401. The work of the celebrated French chronicler, Frois¬ 
sart, written on parchment, was brought to its close a. d. 1400, just 
ten years before the author’s death. It embraces the annals of the 
fourteenth century, from 1326 to 1400, and presents a living picture 
of that age. 

Note.— On the first year-square of the Fifteenth Century Chart is 
found an illustration of a closed parchment volume. This illustration has 
been chosen as peculiarly emblematic of the literary condition of the period, 
and of the difficulties that then beset the student’s path in the pursuit of 
knowledge. 

1402. Battle of Angora, or Ancyra, in Asia Minor, in which 
Tamerlane the Tartar, the greatest of Oriental conquerors, de¬ 
feated and captured Bajazet, Sultan of the Ottoman Turks. The 
royal prisoner was conducted to the tent of his conqueror, whom he 
found engaged in a game of chess, and was kept standing at the door 
till the game was finished. Tamerlane then extended to his Turk¬ 
ish captive a more lenient and courteous reception than his crimes 
deserved. 

1403. The Percies of Northumberland, having captured in 
battle the Scottish Earl of Douglas, received orders from Henry IV. 
of England not to admit their prisoner to ransom. Considering 
this prohibition a flagrant violation of their feudal rights, the high- 
spirited Percies, aided by Douglas, whom they liberated, and by 
Owen Glendower, of Wales, formed a conspiracy to depose Henry, 
and place Mortimer, the Earl of March, on the throne. Then fol¬ 
lowed the famous battle of Shrewsbury, in which the king’s army 
gained a complete victory over the rebels. During the conflict 
Henry Hotspur (eldest son of Northumberland) was slain ; his uncle, 
the Earl of Worcester, who survived the battle, was beheaded by 
King Henry’s order. 

1404. Death of Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Acces¬ 
sion of his son, John the Fearless. 


32 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


About this date the Teutonic Knights reached the summit of 
their prosperity. 

Innocent VII. ascended the Papal throne. 

1405* Death of Tamerlane the Tartar, aged 69 years. Speedy 
dissolution of his vast empire. 

1406. Regency in Scotland of the Duke of Albany upon the 
death of his brother, King Robert III. 

Note. —James I., aged nine years, only surviving son of Robert III., was, 
at. the time of his father’s death, a prisoner in England, and was not liber¬ 
ated till 1424. He had been captured by King Henry IV., in 1405, while 
proceeding to France, where he was to have been educated. During his 
captivity his kingdom was governed by his paternal uncle, the Duke of 
Albany, till 1419, when, Albany dying, the regency devolved upon the duke’s 
son, the Earl of Murdock, till King James’s ransom and return to Scotland 
in 1424. 

John II., an infant of one year, succeeded to the throne of Cas¬ 
tile upon the death of his father. 

Gregory XTI. ascended the Papal throne. 

1407. Louis, Duke of Orleans, was assassinated at the instiga¬ 
tion of the Duke of Burgundy. The primary cause of this crime 
was the struggle between Orleans and Burgundy for the regency of 
France during the insanity of Charles VI. 

1409. Alexander V. ascended the Papal throne, upon the abdi¬ 
cation of Gregory XII. 

1410. Civil war in France between the Armagnacs (partisans 
of the house of Orleans) and the Burgundians. 

Note. —The son and heir of the assassinated Duke of Orleans being a 
minor, and having married the daughter of Bernard, Count of Armagnac, a 
distinguished nobleman of Languedoc, his cause was warmly espoused by 
his powerful father-in-law, whose name was given to the adherents of the 
young duke. 

Upon the demise of Rupert of Bavaria, Emperor of Germany, 
Sigismund, King of Hungary, and brother of the ex-Emperor Wen- 
ceslas, was raised to the imperial throne. Some of the electors, 
however, had cast their votes in favor of Jodocus, Margrave of 
Moravia, whose death, occurring within a few months after his 
election, terminated the rivalry, and left Sigismund sole monarch 
of the empire. 

John XXIII. ascended the Papal throne. 

Death of Martin, King of Aragon, the last monarch of his line. 
—Death of Froissart, the chronicler, aged 63 years. 

1412. After King Martin’s death there was an interregnum in 
Aragon, which lasted till 1412, when Ferdinand I., the Just, brother 
of Henry III. of Castile, was elected King of Aragon. 

Death of the celebrated Queen Margaret, who, by the Union of 
Calmar (a. d. 1397), had united under her sway the three kingdoms 
of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. She was succeeded by her great- 


A BRIEF SUMMARY. 33 

nephew Eric, or Ilenrj, who espoused Lady Philippa of Lancaster, 
daughter of Henry IV. of England. 

1413. Death of Henry IV. of England. He was succeeded by 
his son Henry V. 

1414. Accession to the throne of Naples of Queen Joanna II., 
daughter of the usurper, Charles Durazzo, and great-niece of Queen 
Joanna I. 

Council of Constance, convened by Pope John XXIII., under the 
protection of Sigismond, Emperor of Germany, for the purpose of 
putting an end to the great Western Schism. 

1415. Battle of Agincourt, October 25, gained by the English 
over the French. 

Note. —During the reigns of Richard II. and Henry IV., there had been 
a cessation of the Hundred Years’ War between England and France. 
Henry V., however, taking advantage of the intestine troubles existing in 
the latter kingdom, resolved to revive the old claims of Edward III. to the 
French crown. Accordingly, he invaded France, and gained a brilliant vic¬ 
tory at Agincourt. 

John Huss burned, July 6 . 

1416. Accession of Alfonso V., the Wise, to the throne of 
Aragon, upon the death of his father, Ferdinand I. 

Jerome of Prague burned, May 20 . 

1417. Accession of Martin V. to the Papal throne. 

1419. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, assassinated in 
the presence of the dauphin. He was succeeded by his son, Philip 
the Good. 

Upon the demise of Wenceslas, King of Bohemia, without issue, 
his brother Sigismond, Emperor of Germany, claimed the vacant 
throne; but the Bohemians, refusing to acknowledge him for their 
king, the Hussite War ensued, which lasted for fifteen years. Sigis¬ 
mond was finally crowned in 1433. 

1420. Treaty of Troyes signed by the insane Charles VI. of 
France. This treaty secured to King Henry V. of England the 
hand of Charles’s daughter, Catherine of Valois, together with the 
regency of France during the life of the imbecile monarch, and the 
right of succession at his death. 

The Portuguese discovered the Madeira Islands, under the pat¬ 
ronage of Prince Henry the Navigator. 

1422. Death of Henry V. of England, August 31, aged 36 
years. Henry VI., infant son of Henry V. and Catherine of Valois, 
was proclaimed King of England and France, and his paternal 
uncles, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, and John, Duke of Bedford, 
were appointed regents—the former of England, the latter of France. 

Death of Charles VI. of France, October 22 . The dauphin, 
aged 19 years, was crowned king at Poitiers. 

1424. James I. of Scotland, son of Robert III., returned to his 
kingdom, after his long imprisonment in England, during which he 
had received an accomplished education. 


34 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


1425. Death of Michael Palaeologus, Emperor of Constanti¬ 
nople, aged 77 years. 

John YI. (Palseologus) inherited his father’s empire, which was 
at that period reduced to the city of Constantinople, a few neigh¬ 
boring towns, and a part of the Morea. 

Painting in oil invented by John and Hubert Van Eyck, masters 
of the early Flemish school. 

1428. Death of John de’ Medici, chief magistrate of Florence, 
and founder of the Medici family. His son, Cosmo de 1 Medici, the 
Great, succeeded as the head of the family in Florence. 

1429. May 8, Joan of Arc raised the siege of Orleans, which 
was begun by the English the year previous. On the 17th of July 
she witnessed the coronation of Charles VII. in the Cathedral of 
Rheims. In 1430 Joan was taken prisoner by the Burgundians, who 
basely sold her to the Duke of Bedford. By order of the English, 
she was publicly burned at Rouen, January 14, 1431. 

1430. The Order of the Golden Fleece was instituted by Philip 
the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to commemorate the manufacturing 
prosperity of the Netherlands. 

1431. Accession of Eugenius IV. to the Papal throne. 

1432. The Azores were discovered by the Portuguese under the 
patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator. 

1433. Death of John I. (Nothus) King of Portugal, aged 77 
years. He was the natural son of Pedro I. the Severe, and the hus¬ 
band of Philippa of Lancaster, sister of Henry IV. of England. His 
successor on the throne of Portugal was his son Edward or Duarte, 
aged 42 years. 

1435. Birth of Christopher Columbus, at Genoa. 

1436. The art of printing invented about this date by John 
Gutenburg. 

1437. Murder of King James I. of Scotland. He was succeeded 
by his son, James II., aged 6 years. 

1438. Death of Edward (Duarte), King of Portugal. He died 
of the plague, at the age of 47 years, and was succeeded by his son, 
Alfonso V., aged 6 years. During Alfonso’s minority Portugal was 
under the regency of Prince Henry the Navigator, paternal uncle 
of the youthful monarch. 

Albert II., son-in-law and successor of the Emperor Sigismond 
(deceased, aged 70, December 8, 1437), was crowned King of Hun¬ 
gary, January 1,1438; recognized as emperor by the Diet of Frank¬ 
fort, March 20, and soon afterward crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. 

1439. Council of Florence, at which was signed, July 6, the 
ostensible reunion of the Greek with the Latin Church. The schis¬ 
matic Council of Basle renewed the schism by declaring the deposi¬ 
tion of the lawful Pope Eugenius IV., and electing Amadeus the 
Hermit, Duke of Savoy, who accepted the papal dignity under the 
name of Felix V.; all the parties to this proceeding were excom¬ 
municated. 


A BRIEF SUMMARY. 


35 


Deposition of Eric, King of Denmark, by his subjects, who elected 
to the vacant throne Christopher, nephew of the deposed monarch. 

1440. John YI. (Palaeologus), the Greek emperor, was re¬ 
ceived with great dissatisfaction on his return to Constantinople 
from the Council of Florence. No real union of the Greek with the 
Latin Church was effected. 

Frederic IV., Count of Tyrol, aged 25 years, was elected to the 
throne of Germany, left vacant October 27, 1439, by the sudden 
death of Albert II. 

The Swedes elected for their sovereign, Christopher, King of 
Denmark. 

1441. Henry YI. of England founded King’s College, Cam¬ 
bridge, and Eton College. 

1442. John Fust, or Faust, opened a printing office at Mentz, 
and printed the “ Tractatus Petri Hispani.”* 

1444. John Gutenberg invented cut metal types, and used 
them in printing the earliest edition of the Latin Bible (termed the 
Mazarin, from the discovery of a copy of it in the library of Car¬ 
dinal Mazarin at Mentz).t 

1447. Accession of Nicholas Y. to the Papal throne. He pat¬ 
ronized men of learning, and founded the “ Library of the Vati¬ 
can.” 

1448. Upon the demise of Christopher, King of Denmark and 
Sweden, the Union of Calmar was dissolved. 

The Swedes and Norwegians chose Charles Yin., Canutson, for 
their king, while the Danes raised to the throne of Denmark Chris¬ 
tian I., Duke of Oldenburg, aged 22 years. 

1452. Peter Schoffer, son-in-law of Faust, introduced the use 
of cast metal types.J 

1453. End of the Hundred Years’ War between England and 
France. England retained none of her possessions in France ex¬ 
cept Calais. 

Extinction of the Eastern Empire. Constantinople was taken 
by the Turks under Mohammed II., the Great. Constantine XIII., 
the last Roman emperor, was killed during the siege; the Crescent 
waved over the church of St. Sophia, and the Byzantine Empire fell 
forever, after an existence of 1,058 years (a.d. 395 to 1453). 

1454. The University of Glasgow founded under a bull of 
Nicholas Y. 

Death of King John II. of Castile, aged 49 years. He was the 
father of the celebrated Queen Isabella the Catholic. The success¬ 
or to his throne was his son, Henry IV., aged 25 years. 

1455. Calixtus III. ascended the Papal throne. 

The Wars of the Roses. A civil contest in England between the 
rival houses of Lancaster and York, both claimants of the English 


* Haydn’s “ Dictionary of Dates ” and Blair’s “ Chronological Tables.” 
| Ibid. \ Blair’s “ Chronological Tables.” 



36 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


throne; it lasted thirty years, during which eighty princes of the 
royal blood, the greater portion of the English nobility, and about 
one hundred thousand common soldiers, were slain. A red rose 
worn in the cap was the badge of the Lancastrians, while a white rose 
was adopted by the Yorkists. 

1456. The siege of Belgrade by the Ottoman Turks, under their 
Sultan Mohammed II., conqueror of Constantinople. The siege was 
raised and the Turks defeated by the Hungarian general, John 
Hunnyades Corvinus, and the patriotic monk, John Capistran. The 
two heroes died the same year, exhausted by their superhuman 
efforts in repelling the infidels. 

1458. Upon the death of Alfonso V., King of Aragon, at the 
age of 64 years, his brother, John II., aged 61 years, succeeded to 
the throne. John II. was the father and predecessor of Ferdinand 
the Catholic. 

Pius II. (HSneas Sylvius) ascended the Papal throne. 

Matthias Corvinus, son of John Hunnyades, was called by the 
Hungarians from prison to ascend the throne. 

1460. James II., King of Scotland, was accidentally killed by 
the bursting of a cannon at the siege of Roxburgh Castle. He was 
succeeded by his son, James III., aged 8 years. 

Gutenberg completed his first edition of the Latin Bible, begun 
in 1444.* 

1461. Deposition of Henry VI., the third and last Lancastrian 
king. 

Edward IV., aged 20 years (son of Richard Plantagenet, third 
Duke of York, and Lady Cicely Neville, aunt of Warwick, the king¬ 
maker), was proclaimed King of England, March 4. 

Louis XI., aged 88 years, succeeded to the French crown, upon 
the death of his father, Charles VII., aged 58 years. 

1464. Paul II. ascended the Papal throne. 

1467. Charles the Bold, aged 34 years, succeeded to the ducal 
crown of Burgundy upon the death of his father, Philip the Good. 

1469. Death of Pietro de’ Medici; his sons Lorenzo and Julian 
succeeded as heads of the family in Florence. 

Marriage of the heiress of Castile and Leon, Isabella the Catho¬ 
lic, to Prince Ferdinand, heir of Aragon. 

1470. Death of Charles VIII. of Sweden; he left his kingdom 
in great disorder. 

1471. Sixtus IV. ascended the Papal throne. 

Sten Sture the Elder, nephew of Charles VIII., Canutson, was 
appointed administrator of Sweden. 

Death of the ascetic writer, Thomas a Kempis, author of “ The 
Imitation of Christ.” 

1474. Isabella the Catholic succeeded to the throne of Castile 
and Leon upon the death of her half-brother, Henry IV. 


Blair’s “ Chronological Tables.” 



A BRIEF SUMMARY. 


37 


147G. "William Caxton introduced printing into England early 
in 1476 (and not, as is generally supposed, in 1474). Caxton left 
Bruges, came over to England, and settled in Westminster, accord¬ 
ing to his own placard, preserved in Brasenose College, Oxford. 
He practiced his art under the protection of the Abbot of West¬ 
minster, and produced the first book printed in England, “The 
Game of Chess.” The work was completed on the last day of 
March, 1476.* 

1477. Death of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, aged 43. 
He was killed at the siege of Nancy. 

Note. —Louis XI. united Burgundy and a part of Picardy to the French 
crown. The Netherlands, comprising Franehe-Comte, Flanders, and Artois, 
were transferred to the house of Hapsburg (Austria) by the marriage of 
Mary of Burgundy (only child of the late duke) to Maximilian, son and heir 
of Frederic IV., Emperor of Germany. (Connect with 1493.) 

1479. Death of John II., King of Aragon and Navarre. He 
was succeeded in Aragon by his son Ferdinand, the consort of 
Isabella, Queen of Castile. The two kingdoms, Castile and Aragon, 
were united under the joint sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella. 

1481. Death of Christian I., King of Denmark, aged 55 yeais. 
He was succeeded by his son, John I., aged 26 years. 

John II., the Perfect, ascended the throne of Portugal upon the 
death of his father, Alfonso Y. 

1483. Death of King Edward IV. of England, aged 42 years. 
He was succeeded by his son, Edward V., aged 13 years. 

Usurpation of the English throne by Richard III., Duke of 
Gloucester, brother of Edward IV. Gloucester caused his nephews, 
Edward V. and the young Duke of York, to be confined in the 
Tower, where, as is supposed, they were cruelly murdered. 

Death of Louis XL, King of France, aged 60 years. He was 
succeeded by his son, Charles VIII., aged 13 years, during whose 
minority the regency of France was confided to Anne de Beaujeu, 
sister of the youthful monarch. 

1484. Innocent VIII. ascended the Papal throne. 

Columbus made an unsuccessful application to King John II. of 

Portugal for means to explore the Western Ocean. 

1485. Henry VII., first king of the house of Tudor, ascended 
the English throne upon the defeat and death of King Richard III. 
at Bosworth field. 

Note.—T hough England in the fifteenth century by no means possessed 
the spirit of nautical enterprise for which in after-ages she became distin¬ 
guished, it was by mere accident she had not the honor of co-operating in 
the discovery of America. Columbus, after his fruitless petitions for as¬ 
sistance to both Spain and Portugal, sent his brother Bartholomew in 1489 
to solicit the patronage of the English court. Henry VII. not only listened 

* See Timb’s “ Wonderful Inventions,” published in London by George 
Routledge & Sons. See also Blade’s “ Life of Caxton,” vol. i., 1861. 




38 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


favorably to the appeal, but bade the envoy convey to Columbus an invita¬ 
tion to visit England. Bartholomew, while homeward bound, to complete 
his mission, was overtaken by pirates and detained in captivity. Mean¬ 
while Columbus secured the protection and aid of the Spanish sovereigns. 

1486. Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. Bartholomew 
Diaz, a navigator in the service of John II. of Portugal, discovered 
the southern extremity of Africa, to which he gave the name Cape 
Tormentoso, afterward called Cape of Good Hope. 

1488. Murder of James III., King of Scotland, by an unknown 
hand, while he was making his retreat from the lost battle of Sau- 
chieburn. He was succeeded by his son, James IV., aged 16 years. 

1490. Death of Prince Alfonso of Portugal (son and heir of 
King John II.), by a fall from his horse, during the festivities after 
his nuptials with Isabella, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of 
Aragon and Castile. Isabella was afterward espoused to King 
Emanuel the Great, of Portugal. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 


1492. *- Christopher Columbus discovers a New 
World. —At last, Christopher Columbus, aided by Queen 

Isabella of Castile, fitted out three ships, sailed west¬ 
ward, and landed, October 12th, on an island called by 
the natives Guanahani, but whidi he named San Salva¬ 
dor. It is now called Cat Island. During this voyage 
Columbus also discovered Cuba and Hayti. He changed 
the name of Hayti to Hispaniola, or Little Spain. Here 
he built a fort, and, leaving in it thirty-nine men, re¬ 
embarked for Europe, January 4, 1493. 

Alexander VI. ascended the Papal throne. 

Fall of Granada. End of the Moorish rule in Spain. 

Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici, the Magnificent, at the age of 44 
years. 

1493. Second Voyage of Columbus to the New 
World. —In the spring of 1493, Columbus reached Spain, 
where he was graciously received by his sovereigns and 
confirmed by them in all the privileges and dignities 
they had previously bestowed. To enable him to pros¬ 
ecute his discoveries, he was placed in command of a 

* Let the pupil point to the year-square on the Chart corresponding to 
the first voyage of Columbus to the New World. The Maltese Cross shows 
that the discovery was made under the auspices of Spain. The Papal 
insignia in the upper right-hand corner of the square and the facts recorded 
in the two lower corners are foreign events, and are noted in the index in 
fine print, below the American events. 



40 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


much larger fleet and a more numerous escort of men 
than had been assigned him for his first voyage. On the 
25th of September, 1493, the great navigator sailed from 
Cadiz upon his second expedition to the Western waters. 
He discovered Jamaica, Porto Pico, and other islands, 
and on the Island of Hispaniola laid the foundation of 
Isabella, the first European town in America. Having 
appointed his brother Bartholomew Lieutenant-Governor 
of Hispaniola, he again weighed anchor for the Old 
World, and reached Cadiz June 11, 1496. 

Maximilian I. ascended the throne of Germany upon the death 
of his father, Frederic IV. He was the first to assume the title of 
Emperor of Germany without being crowned at Rome. By his 
marriage to Mary of Burgundy, daughter and heiress of Charles the 
Bold, Duke of Burgundy, he acquired the Netherlands. (Connect 
with foreign items 1504.) 

1495. Emanuel the Great ascended the throne of Portugal 
upon the death of his cousin, John II., which was caused by grief 
for the loss of his son, Prince Alfonso. (See 1490.) 

1497.* When Henry VII. of England learned the 
wonderful results of the expeditions of Columbus, he 
very naturally coveted a portion of those unexplored lands 
in the far West. Accordingly, he engaged in his interests 
John Cabot and his son Sebastian, Venetian merchants 
residing in Bristol, and induced them to embark upon 
a voyage of discovery. These sturdy mariners descried 
the coast of Labrador, and other parts of the northeastern 
shores of America, and thus laid the basis of the Eng¬ 
lish claim in the Hew World, fourteen months before 
Columbus touched the coast of the South American Con¬ 
tinent. 

* Before narrating to pupils the maritime expeditions undertaken in 
1497, call their attention to the two maps on the year-square of the chart 
corresponding to 1497. One map is that of Labrador, the other presents 
the southern extremity of Africa. The Star of the Garter, overshadowing 
Labrador, shows that the adventure in that locality was accomplished under 
the English flag, while the Portuguese Star recalls the crown of Portugal as 
the promoter of the expedition near the African cape. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


41 


Yasco de Gama, a Portuguese of rank and of consum¬ 
mate talent and intrepidity, under a commission from 
Emanuel the Great, doubled the Cape Tormentoso, or 
Cape of Good Hope, and thus opened the long-sought-for 
sea route to India. (See 1486.) 

John I., King of Denmark, was crowned king of Sweden at 
Stockholm. 

1498 . * Sebastian Cabot, still sailing under the Eng¬ 
lish hag, undertook a second voyage for the purpose of 
discovering a northwest passage to China. The icebergs 
of the northern waters forcing him to turn from his 
course, he sailed along the Atlantic coast from Labrador 
to the Chesapeake Bay, and took possession of the whole 
for the crown of England. Sebastian made several sub¬ 
sequent voyages, and explored various parts of the coast. 
Eighty years elapsed before England made an attempt to 
colonize the lands to which she had thus secured the title. 
(See 1578.) 

Third Voyage of Columbus. Discovery of the Coast 
of South America. —In the year 1498, Columbus under¬ 
took a third voyage westward, during which he discovered 
the Island of Trinidad and the South American coast near 
the mouth of the Orinoco. 

Louis XII. (Duke of Orleans), aged 36 years, succeeded to the 
French crown upon the demise of his cousin, Charles VIII. 

1499 . Vespucci’s First Voyage to the New World. 
—Amerigo Yespucci, a Florentine by birth, accompanied 
the daring Spaniard, Alonzo de Ojeda, in a private ex- 

* N. B.—Treat the year-square 1498 according to directions given for 
that of 1497. Point out the Star of the Garter, as indicating a voyage 
under the patronage of England. On the lower part of this year-square is 
noted the third voyage of Columbus, and the Maltese Cross points as usual 
to the Spanish sovereigns as co-operators in the enterprise. In the upper 
right-hand corner of this lower division of the square is located a Fleur-de- 
lis in black. It announces the accession of Louis XII. to the throne of 
France. 


42 


LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


pedition to the New World, undertaken by the latter in 
1499* 

1500 . Columbus , a prisoner in fetters , sent bach 
to Spain. —Christopher Columbus, while absent on his 
third voyage, fell under the suspicion of King Ferdinand 
of Aragon, and was sent back in chains to the Old 
World. This outrage was committed by order of Boba- 
dilla, the new Viceroy of Hispaniola whom Ferdinand 
had dispatched from Spain to investigate certain charges 
brought against Columbus, and to supersede him if he 
thought it expedient. The master of the caravel in 
which Columbus sailed, grieved that such indignities 
should be offered the person of the great discoverer, 
wished to remove his irons, but to this Columbus would 
not consent, for he had resolved to wear them, until they 
should be taken off by the order of his sovereigns, “ and 
then,” said he, “ I will preserve them as relics and me¬ 
morials of the reward of my services, and they shall be 
placed with me in my coffin.” 

Brazil discovered by the Poi'tuyuese. —The glowing 
accounts which Vasco de Gama, upon his return from 
India, gave of the magnificence of the countries he had 
visited, aroused the ambition of King Emanuel to prose¬ 
cute, in the interests of his crown, the enterprise thus 
happily begun. A fleet of thirteen ships was at once 
fitted out and intrusted to the masterly guidance of the 
high-born navigator, Pedro Alvarez de Cabral. The ex¬ 
pedition left the port of Lisbon on the 9tli of March, 
and was to have proceeded to Calicut, by De Gama’s 
route; but, to avoid the calms off the coast of Guinea, 

* In 1501 Vespucci made a second voyage across the Atlantic. Upon 
his return in 1507 he published an account of his adventures, and thus by 
mere accident his name was given to the new continent—America. (Con¬ 
nect with 1507 on the Chart.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


43 


which usually impede the mariner’s progress, Cabral, 
after passing the Cape Yerd Islands, steered far to the 
west. His squadron, caught in the Gulf Stream, was 
hurried rapidly along by this unknown current. On the 
25th of April, land was descried. At first it was sup¬ 
posed to be a large island, but, after coasting along for 
some distance, Cabral became persuaded that it must be 
part of a continent. Finally, he cast anchor, and took 
possession of the country for the crown of Portugal, and 
then dispatched a ship to Lisbon with tidings of his dis¬ 
covery. 

Note. —Call pupils’ attention to the two symbols in this year-square— 
viz., the Maltese Cross and the Portuguese Star; require them to say what 
each of them signifies on this square. 


MODEL FOR ORAL INSTRUCTION TO ELEMENTARY 
CLASSES. 




FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 


Note. —When the mechanism of the charts has been thoroughly mas¬ 
tered by the pupils, the teacher may proceed to the First Oral Instruction 
in History, taking the topics in the order in which they are presented in 
toe Chronological Index, and explaining the symbols as they occur progres¬ 
sively, in connection with the illustrations. A model for Oral Instruc¬ 
tion to elementary classes has been prepared for the 15th century. Simi¬ 
lar ones for each century would not only extend the Manual beyond the 
limits of convenience, but would be superfluous. Teachers who may ap¬ 
prove the method recommended will have no difficulty in forming their in¬ 
structions on the model given. 

Lesson I.—Point to tlie second decade of years on 
this chart; then to the last year-square of the second 
decade. What year of the century does it represent ? 
What year of the Christian era is it? What event is 
noted on year-square 1420 ? Under the auspices of what 
country was the Island of Madeira discovered ? By what 
symbol is the Portuguese nation shown ? Where is the 
Island of Madeira situated ? Ans .—In the North-Atlan¬ 
tic Ocean, three hundred miles from the coast of Africa. 
In shape it is a parallelogram. Its eastern point is in 
lat 32° 44' N., long. 16° 38' W.; its western point in lat. 
32° 49', long. 17° 16'. It belongs to Portugal, and, on 
account of its climate, is a great resort for invalids. 
Mark the discovery of the Island of Madeira on the cor¬ 
responding year-square of your slate.* This can be done 
* See foot-note, page 25. 



MODEL FOR ORAL INSTRUCTION. 


45 


by drawing a star and abbreviating the event thus : Is. of 
M. dis. N. B.—The manner of noting on the slates this 
and similar events may be left to the ingenuity of the 
pupils. 

Point out the 4th decade of years, and then show the 
2d year-square of this decade. What year of the century 
does it recall ? What year of the Christian era is it ? 
Whose portrait is placed on this year-square ? Who was 
Prince Henry the Navigator? What islands were discov¬ 
ered under his patronage in 1432 ? Make a note of the 
discovery on the corresponding year-square of your slate. 
Where are the Azores, and to whom do they belong ? 

Point out the 5th year-square of the 4th decade of 
the 15th century. What year of the century does it 
represent ? What year of the Christian era is it ? What 
event is recalled by the illustration on this year-square ? 
Where is Genoa ? Mark the birth of Columbus on the 
corresponding year-square of your slate. 

Where are the Cape Yerd islands situated? Ans. 
In the Atlantic Ocean, three hundred and twenty miles 
west of Cape Yerd (in Senegambia), the most westerly 
cape of the west coast of Africa. To whom do they be¬ 
long? Ans. To Portugal, under whose flag they were 
discovered in the 15th century. Why is not the date 
of their discovery marked on the 15th Century Chart ? 
Ans. Because historians do not agree as to the precise 
date of their discovery.* 

Whose portrait is traced on the 4th year-square of the 
8th decade of this century ? On the 9th year-square of 
the same decade ? (N. B.—These portraits note the year 

* Appletons’ “Cyclopaedia” gives a. d. 1449. In Haydn’s “Dictionary 
of Dates” are given a. n. 1446, or 1450, or 1460. In Rossc’s “Index of 
Dates” and Blair’s “Chronology,” 1460 is assigned as the year in which 
they were discovered. 


46 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


of the accession of each of those sovereigns to the throne.) 
In what year of the Christian era did Queen Isabella of 
Castile ascend the throne ? When did King Ferdinand 
succeed to the throne of Aragon ? Whose consort was 
he ? What do the two united crowns in the upper left- 
hand corner of 1479 indicate ? Ans. The union of the 
two kingdoms of Castile and Aragon as soon as Ferdi¬ 
nand, the consort of the Queen of Castile, succeeded his 
father, John II. of Aragon, as king of that country. 
Mark on your slate the year of Queen Isabella’s accession 
in Castile, and then that of King Ferdinand in Aragon. 
What two kingdoms were united in 1479 ? 

What symbol do you find in the 1st year square of 
the 9th decade ? What nation does it represent ? What 
monarch* ascended the throne of Portugal that year? 
What is the date, of his accession ? 

x Point out the 83d year-square of this century. What 
year of the Christian era does it represent ? Whose por¬ 
traits are drawn on this year-square ? Whose portrait do 
you find on the year-square 1485 ? 

Note.— Call attention to the fact that the portraits of Queen Isabella of 
Castile, of King Ferdinand of Aragon, of King Edward V., of Richard III., 
and of Henry VII. of England, indicate the date of their accession to the 
throne. 

Mark on the corresponding year-square of your slate 
the date of the accession of John II. of Portugal; of Ed¬ 
ward V. of England; of Richard III. of England; and 
of Henry VII. of England. 

What illustration is found on the 86th year-square of 
the 15th century ? What year of the Christian era is it ? 
Mark the event noted on the corresponding year of your 
slate. What symbol is employed to denote a discovery 
made by the Portuguese ? 

Point out the 92d year-square of this century. What 


MODEL FOR ORAL INSTRUCTION. 


47 


symbol is seen, for the first time, on this year-square ? 
What nation does it recall ? What important discovery 
was made in 1492 ? By whom was the discovery made ? 
Where is 1493 located? What took place that year? 
And under the auspices of what nation did the second 
voyage of Columbus take place? What symbol shows 
this fact ? • 

What is meant by the large initial G in the upper 
right-hand corner of 1493 ? For the answer, examine ex¬ 
planation of symbols at the foot of the Century Chart. 

What symbol do you find on year-square 1495 ? Who 
ascended the throne of Portugal that year? Now mark 
on your slate, in the proper year-squares, events belong¬ 
ing to 1492, 1493, and 1495. 

Point to the year-square 1497. How many symbols 
do you find on this year-square ? What nations do they 
recall? For answer, see explanation of symbols given 
on the lower margin of the 15th Century Chart. What 
two maps are drawn on year-square 1497 ? Who discov¬ 
ered Labrador, and under the flag of what country was 
the discovery made ? By what symbol do you know that 
Labrador was discovered under the auspices of England ? 
Who was King of England at the time ? Of what im¬ 
portant claim did this discovery become the basis ? By 
what circumstance was King Henry VII. deprived of the 
honor of co-operating in the discovery of the New World 
in 1492 ? (N. B.—From the oral instructions which, it 

is presumed, the teacher has given, satisfactory answers 
ought to be obtained.) 

Besides the map of Labrador, what other map is 
drawn on year-square 1497? What cape is at the south¬ 
ern extremity of Africa? When, by whom, and under 
the auspices of what country, was the Cape of Good 


48 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL, 


Hope discovered? What name was first given to this 
cape ? How many years elapsed after its discovery be¬ 
fore an attempt was made to sail past it, in an easterly 
direction? What bold mariner accomplished the doub¬ 
ling of this cape ? What important sea-route did Yasco 
de Gama thus open ? 

Note. —Require the pupils to note the two nautical expeditions of 1497 
on the corresponding year-square of their slates. This can be done by draw¬ 
ing a line diagonally from the upper right-hand corner of the square to the 
lower left-hand corner. In the upper triangle thus formed write a capital 
E, for England, and Cab. dis. Lab., to signify “ Cabot discovered Labrador 
while sailing in the service of England.” In the lower triangle write, V. 
de G. doubles C. G. H., and then draw the Portuguese star, to signify 
“Vasco de Gama doubled the Cape of (|ood Hope, and thus opened a sea- 
route to India, while sailing in the service of Portugal.” 

Point to the year 1498. What three symbols are 
found on this square? Ans. 1. The Star of the Gar¬ 
ter, which recalls an adventure under the auspices of 
England; 2. A Maltese Cross, with broken egg in the 
center, which marks a Spanish enterprise; 3. A Fleur-de- 
lis in black, which denotes the accession of a king to the 
throne of France. 

Note. —Require the pupils to note, on the corresponding year-square of 
their slates, the three events marked by the above symbols. The manner 
of doing this may be left somewhat to the ingenuity of each pupil, adher¬ 
ing, of course, to the principles and general directions already given. 

Treat in like manner the illustrations found on year- 
squares 1499 and 1500, and ask the following or similar 
questions : Who accompanied Alonzo de Ojeda on a voy¬ 
age to the Hew World ? Under the flag of what country 
did Ojeda sail ? Who was Amerigo Vespucci ? 

What is the prominent illustration on the last year- 
square of the 15th century? What year of the cen¬ 
tury does this year-square represent ? What year of the 
Christian era is it ? By whose order was Columbus fet¬ 
tered and sent back to Spain ? How did Columbus act 
under the outrage thus inflicted upon him ? 


MODEL FOR ORAL INSTRUCTION. 


49 


In what century is the year a. d. 1500 ? What im¬ 
portant discovery was made a. d . 1500 ? by whom ? who 
was Cabral ? and in whose service was he sailing ? What 
circumstances led to this great discovery ? 

Note. —Review what has been explained until the pupils, without look¬ 
ing either at their slates or the Century Chart, can give from memory the 
position of the several illustrations and also a sketch, in their own language, 
of the historical facts connected with them. 

3 


MODEL FOR OPTIONAL QUESTIONS. 

At the time Columbus discovered anew world, who 
were reigning in the following countries: in Portugal, 
England, Scotland, Spain, Denmark, Sweden ? Who was 
the Papal sovereign ? 

What monarchs reigned in the above-named coun¬ 
tries at the time the basis for the English claim in North 
America was laid ? Name the monarchs that were reign¬ 
ing when Brazil was secured to the Portuguese crown. 

Who were the crowned heads of Europe at the 
opening of the 15th century ?—(For answer , see list of 
European sovereigns on page 51.) When does the 15th 
century begin ? When does it end ? 


EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 


EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS—FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 51 


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A MEMORIAL RECORD 

Of Persons of Historic Fame who closed their Careet 
during the Fifteenth Century . 

1402. Gower, English poet (77?). 

1410. Froissart, French chronicler (63?). 

1415. Huss, Bohemian reformer (42?). 

1424. Ziska, Bohemian patriot (64?). 

1429. Gerson, French poet and writer (66). 

1456. John Hunnyades, Hungarian general (54). 

1464. iEneas Sylvius (Pius II.), Italian scholar (59). 

1467. Castriot, Scanderbeg, general (63). 

1471. Thomas a Kempis, theologian (83). 

1492. Lorenzo de 1 Medici, Florentine statesman (44). 

1492. Caxton, first English printer (81). 

1498. Savonarola, Italian reformer (56). 


SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 
























































































SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 


The sixteenth century of American history chronicles 
no event which is not connected, either directly or indi¬ 
rectly, with one or more of the great European powers, 
then rivaling each other in efforts to gain a foothold in 
the New World. To understand and properly appreciate 
what w T as actually accomplished in America during those 
times, it is necessary to know something of the sovereigns 
of the Old World, under whose auspices explorations were 
undertaken, discoveries and conquests made, and colonies 
established. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 

1501. Gaspar Cortereal, a Portuguese navigator, un¬ 
dertook a second voyage to the New World early in this 
year. The year previous (1500) he made his first voyage 
thither, under the auspices of King Emanuel the Great, 
and, as is believed, touched on the northern coast of 
Newfoundland; he also discovered the Gulf of St. Law¬ 
rence, and, sailing along the shores of the continent to 
latitude 60°, he named the neighboring coast Labrador. 
Cabot had visited those regions in 1497, but did not land. 
Cortereal landed in several places, and gave Portuguese 
names to various localities. 

1502. Columbus embarked from Cadiz, May 9th, 
on his fourth and last voyage, during which he sailed 




56 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

along the western verge of the Gulf of Mexico and 
reached the southern shore of Central America and the 
Isthmus of Darien. 

Juan de Nova Castella, a Portuguese admiral, on his return from 
India, discovered, May 21, an island off the coast of Africa. He 
named it St. Helena, after the Empress of Constantinople, whose 
festival occurred on the day of the discovery. 

1503. Svante Sture, Protector of Sweden. 

Pius III. ascended the Papal throne. 

Julius II. ascended the Papal throne. 

1504 . The bold Spanish adventurer, Hernando Cor¬ 
tes (born 1485, died 1547), left his native land at the age 
of 19, and arrived at San Domingo, which was then under 
the government of his kinsman, Ovando. (Connect with 
years 1511, 1518, 1519, 1521.) 

Queen Isabella of Castile, the friend and patroness of Colum¬ 
bus, died, aged 53 years. Philip the Pair, of Austria, and the 
Infanta Joanna, daughter of the late queen, were proclaimed sov¬ 
ereigns of Castile. Philip was the son of the Emperor Maximilian 
I. and Mary of Burgundy. At his mother’s death, he inherited 
the Netherlands; but it was not till 1494, when he had attained 
his sixteenth year, that his imperial father invested him with the 
government of these provinces. Two years later, in 1496, he cele¬ 
brated his espousals with Joanna, daughter of their Catholic Majes¬ 
ties Ferdinand and Isabella. At the time of Isabella’s death, in 
1504, Philip and Joanna, who were in Flanders, were publicly pro¬ 
claimed sovereigns of Castile. But the will of the late queen ex¬ 
pressly stipulated that, in the event of Joanna’s incapacity, or her 
absence from Castile, Ferdinand should govern the kingdom till the 
majority of Charles, the son of Joanna. Accordingly, Ferdinand 
at once assumed the title of administrator or governor of Castile. 
A few months afterward, the Cortes of Spain, judging that the 
exigency contemplated in the late queen’s will actually existed, 
declared King Ferdinand the lawful governor of the realm, in the 
name of the nominal sovereigns. As a stroke of policy, Ferdinand, 
on June 27, 1506, surrendered the entire sovereignty of Castile to 
Philip and Joanna. Philip figures in history as Philip I. of Spain. 
His death occurring about two months later, the regency again de¬ 
volved on King Ferdinand. He retained it until his death in 1516.* 

1506 . Christopher Columbus (born at Genoa, 1435) 
died at Valladolid at the age of 70 years, in poverty and 
* See Prescott’s “ Ferdinand and Isabella.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


57 


neglect. He was ignorant of the extent and value of his 
discovery, dying under the impression that what he had 
discovered was the coast of India. His chains were buried 
with him by his own order. His remains now rest in 
the Cathedral of Havana. 

Hardy fishermen of various nations having made profit¬ 
able voyages to the banks of Newfoundland as early as 
1504, Denys, a French mariner of Honfleur, embarked 
for those regions, in 1506, with a view to his personal 
interests. He explored the gulf to which Cartier, in 
1535, gave the name of St. Lawrence, and made a good 
map of the adjacent regions. 

The first stone of St. Peter’s Church in Rome was laid by 
Julius II. 

Death of Philip I. of Spain, aged 28 years. Having inherited 
the Netherlands from his mother, Mary of Burgundy, at his death 
they descended to his son Charles, afterward the renowned Em¬ 
peror of Germany and King of Spain. It has been said of Philip 
that he was the bridge over which the house of Hapsburg passed to 
almost universal monarchy, while he himself was a mere nothing. 
Philip II. was his grandson. (Connect with years 1477, 1493.) 

1507 . Tlie New World was first called America, in 
honor of Amerigo Yespucci, by Waldseemiiller, of Fri¬ 
bourg. As has already been noted, it was by accident 
alone that the name of the great discoverer, Columbus, 
was not given to the New World. Yespucci was not 
cognizant of WaldseemulleFs action, and therefore can 
not be considered responsible for the injustice. 

1508. League of Cambrai: the Pope, the Empire, France, and 
Spain, against Venice. 

1500. Death of Henry VII. of England, aged 52 years. Ac¬ 
cession of his son, Henry VIII. 

1510 . Alonzo de Ojeda, who had been the com¬ 
panion of Columbus on his second voyage to the New 
World, and who, in 1499, had made an independent ex¬ 
pedition to South America, accompanied by Yespucci, 


58 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

succeeded in 1510, after a variety of intervening advent¬ 
ures, in planting the first Spanish colony on the Isthmus 
of Darien. 

Pope Julius II. formed the Holy League against the French, 
who had established themselves in Northern Italy. 

1511. Cortes, the intrepid Spanish adventurer, who 
had arrived at San Domingo in 1504, aided Yelasquez in 
founding a Spanish colony at Santiago de Cuba. 

Ferdinand the Catholic and Henry VIII. of England joined the 
Holy League.* 

The Portuguese, under Albuquerque, seized Malacca, of which 
they held possession one hundred and thirty years. 

1512. Ponce de Leon, a Spaniard, advanced in 
years and fallen in fortune, sailed in March, 1512, from 
the Island of Porto Rico (of which he had formerly been 
governor), in search of a fabled fountain, whose waters, 
he was told, could restore youth and beauty. He failed 
to find the fountain, but immortalized his name by the 
discovery of a new region. Prom the luxuriance and 
beauty of the vegetation, as well as from the day of its 
discovery, Pascua Florida (Easter-Sunday), it received 
the name of Florida. 

1513. Yasco Nunez de Balboa, a noted free-booter, 
eager to escape from his creditors in Spain, concealed 
himself in a vessel which was about to sail for America. 
The vessel was wrecked on the coast of Darien, and 
Balboa, with the crew, w T as cast on shore. Being in¬ 
formed by the natives of the existence of a great sea 
some miles to the west, Balboa, with a few companions, 
set out in search of it. He traveled till he reached a 
high mountain, from the top of w T hich he beheld the 
South Sea—as he then called it—since known as the 
Pacific. 


* See Blair’s “ Chronological Tables.’ 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


59 


Leo X. ascended the Papal throne. 

Death of John I., King of Denmark. His son, Christian II., 
succeeded him. 

Battle of the Spurs between Henry VIII. of England and the 
French, under the illustrious Bayard and the Duke of Longueville, 
grandson of the gallant Dunois. It is known as the second bat¬ 
tle of the Spurs, and received its name from the cowardly conduct 
of the French, who, after a brief encounter, put spurs to their horses 
and fled. 

Battle of Flodden Field between the English and Scotch. James 
IV., together with the flower of the Scottish army, was left dead 
upon the field. His infant son, James V., succeeded to the throne. 

1515. Wolsey was created Cardinal, Papal Legate, and Lord 
Chancellor. 

Death of Louis XII. of France, leaving no direct male heir. He 
was succeeded by his cousin, Francis I., son of Charles, Count of 
Angoulfone, and Louise of Savoy. 

Death of Gonsalvo de Cordova, aged 72 years. 

1516. Death of Ferdinand the Catholic. He was succeeded 
by his eldest grandson, Charles I., son of Joanna and Philip I. 

1517 . Mexico was discovered by Francisco Ferdi¬ 
nand de Cordova, who, sailing from Cuba, touched the 
Peninsula of Yucatan. He inferred, from the dress of 
the natives, that there were rich mines in the interior. 

Egypt was conquered by the Ottomans. 

Commencement of Luther’s Reformation. 

Death of Cardinal Ximenes, aged 81 years. 

1518 . In order to verify Cordova’s suspicions, Velas¬ 
quez, the Governor of Cuba, sent two expeditions to 
Mexico during this year. The first he confided to his 
nephew Grijalva, whose prolonged absence led to a sec¬ 
ond expedition under Cortes. But, before Cortes had 
weighed anchor, the governor, yielding to mistrust, re¬ 
solved to revoke his commission. The young commander 
eluded the force sent to intercept him at Havana, and 
sailed for Mexico. Grijalva afterward returned to Cuba 
with glowing accounts of the wealth of the empire he 
had visited. 

1519 . Cortes landed at Tabasco, Mexico, and, after 
a struggle with the natives, succeeded in founding the 


00 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


city of Yera Cruz. He then set out for the capital of 
the empire. Montezuma at that time occupied the throne 
of Mexico. Under him the empire had attained great 
power. But his haughty manner and the heavy taxes he 
had imposed in order to uphold the splendor of his court, 
had alienated the affection of his subjects, and created a 
spirit of discord among the people, which facilitated the 
conquest of the country by the Spaniards. 

Death of Leonardo da Vinci, Italian painter, aged 67 years. 

Death of Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany v aged 60 years. 
Charles of Spain, Francis I. of France, and Henry VIII. of England, 
became candidates for the imperial crown. The English king with¬ 
drawing before the electoral votes were taken, the contest rested 
between Francis I. and Charles I. The election resulted in favor 
of Charles I. of Spain, who thus became Charles V. of Germany. 
Uniting this newly-acquired kingdom to his own heritage, the Neth¬ 
erlands, and Spain, with its many dependencies, Charles became the 
most powerful monarch in Europe. 

1520. Lucas Yasquez de Ayllon, a Spanish settler of 
San Domingo, or ILayti, visited the coast of Carolina, to 
engage natives from the continent to work the planta¬ 
tions and mines of the island. This expedition proved 
a failure. He failed also in a second expedition to the 
same shore for the sake of conquest. 

Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of Spain, with 
a fleet of five vessels, discovered the straits which separate 
Terra del Fuego from the Continent of South America. 
In honor of the discoverer, they were called Straits of Ma¬ 
gellan. Sailing through them, the bold mariner reached 
the South Sea, the more northerly part of which Balboa 
had seen in 1513. Owing to the calmness of this vast 
body of water and its freedom from storms, Magellan 
named it the Pacific Ocean. (Connect with 1521.) 

Field of the Cloth of Gold. This name is accorded in history to 
the scene of the memorable meeting between Henry VIII. of Eng¬ 
land and Francis I. of France. 

Death of Rafaelle, Italian painter, aged 37 years. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


61 


Christian II., King of Denmark, was crowned at Stockholm 
King of Sweden. 

152 1 . Continuing his course westward, Magellan dis- 
covered in the Eastern Archipelago a group of islands, 
twelve hundred in number, only forty of which are nota- 
ble in size. Here the great navigator met his death, in a 
skirmish with the natives. (Connect with 1522.) 

Note.— In 1555 a Spanish fleet from Mexico took possession of this 
group and named it Philippine Islands, in honor of Philip II. of Spain. 

The empire of Mexico was finally conquered by Cortes, 
after a war of more than two years’ duration. It became 
a province of Spain, and so remained for three centuries 
(1521-1821). 

Accession of John III. to the throne of Portugal, upon the death 
of his father, Emanuel the Great. 

Diet of Worms, at which Luther’s doctrines were condemned. 

1522 . The one remaining ship of Magellan’s fleet, 
the Victoria, crossed the Indian Ocean, doubled the Cape 
of Good Hope, and reached Europe after an absence of 
three years, having circumnavigated the globe and solved 
the problem that by sailing westward the east could be 
reached. 

Adrian VI. ascended the Papal throne. 

The Knights of St. John surrendered the Island of Rhodes to the 
Turks. 

1523. Clement. VII. ascended the Papal throne. 

Gustavus Yasa. having freed Sweden from the Danish yoke, 
accepted the title of king at the Diet of Strengnas, June 7. 

Note. —This event marks the final dissolution of the Union of Calmar. 
The Union of Calmar between Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, was formed 
by Queen Margaret of Denmark in 1397. Its first dissolution occurred in 
1448. It was restored for a while in 1457 by Christian I. of Denmark, and 
dissolved again in 1464; revived, with some limitations, 1472 to 1483 ; en¬ 
forced in 1497 to 1503 by John I. of Denmark ; finally dissolved in 1523 by 
Gustavus Yasa, 

Frederic I. was called to the throne of Denmark upon the depo¬ 
sition of his nephew, Christian II. 

1524 . Upon the return of the Magellan expedition, 
a new impulse was given to the desire for a shorter north- 


62 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


ern passage to India, and Francis I. of France, aroused 
to an appreciation of the great event of his time, is said 
to have exclaimed: “Why, these princes coolly divide 
the New World between them ! I should like to see that 
article in Adam’s will that gives them America ! ” * Re¬ 
solving to compete with other European powers, Francis 
fitted out an expedition, the command of which he con¬ 
fided to Yerrazzani, a Florentine navigator. The fleet 
consisted of four vessels, only one of which, the Dau- 
phine, reached the shores of the New World. Yerrazzani 
explored the North American coast from 34° to 50° 
north latitude, or from Carolina to Newfoundland, and, 
claiming the country for the French king, named it New 
France. (Connect with 1534.) 

Pizzaro, a Spanish adventurer, brave but cruel, false, 
and avaricious, accompanied by his countryman, Almagro, 
sailed from Darien on an expedition of exploration and 
conquest along the southern Pacific coast. After sustain¬ 
ing terrible hardships and reverses, the two commanders 
returned to the Isthmus, bringing with them a small quan¬ 
tity of gold which they had obtained from the natives, and, 
what was more important, information regarding the ex¬ 
istence of Peru, the rich country of the Incas. (Connect 
with 1531.) 

The illustrious Bayard, “the knight without fear and without 
reproach,” was killed by a musket-shot. 

1525. Battle of Pavia, between France and the Empire. Fran¬ 
cis I. of France was taken prisoner, and his army destroyed. 

1526. The Turks invaded Hungary. Louis II., the Hungarian 
king, was defeated and killed at the battle of Mohacz. Hungary and 
Bohemia were from this date united to the house of Hapsburg. 

Hans Holbein, German artist, arrived in London and was made 
court painter to Henry VIII. 

1527. Rome was stormed by the army of the Emperor Charles 
V., commanded by De Bourbon, late Constable of France. De 

* Bryant’s “ History of the United States.” 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


63 


Bourbon was killed while mounting to the assault. A dreadful 
massacre and pillage ensued. The Pope was held a prisoner at San 
Angelo. 

Death of Nicholas Machiavelli, Florentine statesman, aged 58 
years. 

1528 . Narvaez, a Spaniard, under a commission from 
the Emperor Charles Y., sailed from Cuba with three 
hundred men, for the purpose of subduing Florida, which 
was supposed to be a land of great wealth. The expedi¬ 
tion proved most disastrous. After penetrating into the 
interior, where they experienced untold suffering from 
hunger and fatigue, and skirmishes with the Indians, 
they fought their way back to the Gulf and sailed for 
Cuba in some rudely-constructed barks. They were ship¬ 
wrecked near the mouth of the Mississippi, and only four 
of the number gained the shore; these, after wandering 
about for some years in the wilderness, finally reached a 
Spanish settlement in Mexico. 

Death of Albert Diirer, German painter, aged 57 years. 

1529 . Diet of Spires. The Reformers delivered a protest 
against the decisions of this Diet, April 19, hence the origin of the 
name Protestant. 

Peace of Oambrai, or Ladies’ Peace, concluded between Francis 
I. of France and Charles V., Emperor of Germany. It was negoti¬ 
ated by Louise of Savoy, mother of the king, and Margaret of Aus¬ 
tria, the emperor’s “well-beloved aunt”—hence its name Ladies’ 
Peace. 

1530 . Malta was ceded to the Knights of St. John by the Em¬ 
peror Charles V. 

A Confession of Faith was drawn up by Melanchthon at Augs¬ 
burg, Bavaria. 

1531 . Pizarro began the conquest of Peru. (Con¬ 
nect with 1535, T II.) 

League of Smalcald. Union of Protestant princes against the 
Emperor Charles Y. and the Catholic states. 

Death of Zwingli, a Swiss reformer and patriot. 

1533. Death of Ariosto, Italian poet, aged 59 years. 

1534 . Cartier, a French mariner, was sent by Fran¬ 
cis I. to explore the northern coast of America, the region 


64 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

visited by Yerrazzani ten years previous, and claimed by 
him for the French crown. Cartier explored the Gulf 
and discovered the river St. Lawrence, which received 
their names from him. (Connect with 1535.) 

Paul III. ascended the Papal throne. 

Death of Correggio, Italian painter, aged 40 years. 

Christian III. succeeded to the throne of Denmark on the death 
of his father, Frederic I. 

1535 . In a second voyage, Cartier continued his 
course farther up the river, to the principal Indian set¬ 
tlement, Hochelaga, which he called Mont-Real (Royal 
Mountain), afterward written Montreal. 

Fizzaro, having subdued the rich country of Peru, 
founded the city of Lima. N. B.—Six years later he met 
his death by assassination (see year-square 1541). 

Sir Thomas More’s denial of the spiritual supremacy of Henry 
VIII. resulted in his execution. 

1536. Death of Erasmus, Dutch scholar, aged 69 years. 

1538. General suppression of monasteries in England.* 

Conquest of Arabia by the Turks. 

1539 . Fernando de Soto, who had distinguished 
himself in the invasion of Peru, next attempted the con¬ 
quest of Florida. Disembarking his forces at Tampa 
Bay, he forced his way into the interior of the country, 
and in the fall of 1540 reached the site now occupied by 
the city of Mobile. (Connect with 1541, T II.) 

1540 . In this year the Spanish governor or viceroy 
of the conquered Mexican empire sent out two exploring 
expeditions, one by land and the other by sea. Coronado, 
traveling by land, penetrated as far as the region now 
known as New Mexico and Arizona. Alarcon, command¬ 
ing the naval expedition, sailed up the Gulf of California 
and the river Colorado as far as the Gila River. (See 1582.) 

Francis I. appointed Lord Roberval viceroy of that 
* Blair’s “ Chronological Tables.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


65 


portion of New France (afterward known as Canada) 
lying near the Gulf of St. Lawrence and along the river 
of the same name. It formed a part of the territory 
visited by Yerrazzani in 1524 and explored by Cartier 
ten years later (153L-’35). With a view to the planting 
of a colony in his extensive domains, Eoberval, the new 
viceroy, secured the services of Cartier as captain-general 
and pilot of his proposed expedition. But the courtier and 
his mariner failed to act in concert, the former coveting 
power, and the latter the exclusive honor of discovery. 

The order of Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola. 

1541 . Cartier sailed in advance of Eoberval, reached 
in safety the scene of his former adventures, and threw 
up an encampment near the present site of Quebec. This 
colony of Cartier did not prosper, and as soon as the 
river opened, in the spring of 1542, the colonists all made 
sail for France. (Connect with 1542, T I.) 

De Soto, continuing his route westward, discovered 
and crossed the Mississippi. He then proceeded toward 
the eastern slope of the Eocky Mountains, where lie tar¬ 
ried a year in fruitless search for gold. Worn out by his 
arduous labors and sore disappointments, he retraced his 
steps to the banks of the Mississippi, where he contracted 
a fever, of which he died (1542), at the age of 42 years. 
To conceal his death from the Indians, his followers sank 
his body at midnight in the mighty waters which he had 
discovered. (Connect with 1673, T I.) 

1542 . Eoberval, arriving with a considerable re¬ 
enforcement, met Cartier and his fugitive crew off the 
Island of Newfoundland, homeward bound. Having 
remained about a year in America, Eoberval, disheart¬ 
ened by his unsuccessful efforts to colonize his immense 
viceroyalty, abandoned it. 


66 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator in the service of 
Spain, was sent by the Viceroy of Mexico to continue the 
explorations commenced by Alargon. He sailed north¬ 
ward, along the Pacific coast, as far as 44° north latitude, 
touching at what is now the State of Oregon, and ex¬ 
plored, for the first time, the shores of the present State 
of California. 

Death of James V. of Scotland, and accession of Mary, Queen of 
Scots, aged eight days. 

1543. Death of Copernicus, astronomer, aged 70 years. 

1545. Council of Trent. 

1546. Diet of Ratisbon. The Protestants reject the acts of 
the Council of Trent. 

War between the Emperor Charles Y. and the Smalcald princes, 
the Landgrave of Hesse, and John Frederic, sixth Elector of Sax¬ 
ony. 

Death of Martin Luther, aged 63 years. 

1547. Death of Francis I. of France. He was succeeded by 
his son, Henry IT., aged 29 years. 

Death of Henry YIII. of England. Accession of Edward YI., 
son of Henry and Jane Seymour. 

1548. Charles Y. transferred the electorate of Saxony from 
John Frederic, sixth elector of the Ernestine branch, to Maurice 
of the Albertine or younger line, leaving to the deposed John Fred¬ 
eric only the little principalities of Thuringia, to each of which the 
Saxon name is attached—Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Gotha, etc. 

Note. —The present royal family of Great Britain are lineal descendants 
of John Frederic, the sixth Elector of Saxony, while the King of Saxony 
descends from the brother of Maurice of the Albertine line. 

1550. Julius III. ascended the Papal throne. 

1552. Maurice, seventh Elector of Saxony, renounced all alle¬ 
giance to Charles, and took the field against him at the head of the 
Protestant Confederacy. He surprised Charles at Innspruck (Tyrol), 
and almost succeeded in making him his prisoner. 

Execution of the Duke of Somerset, uncle of Edward YI. 

Death of Francis Xavier, Jesuit missionary. 

1553. Death of Edward YI. of England; accession of Mary, 
daughter of Henry VIII. and Catharine of Aragon. 

1554. Execution of Lady Jane Grey and her husband, Guilford 
Dudley. 

Death of Hans Holbein, celebrated court painter of Henry YIII., 
aged 59 years. 

Marriage of Mary, Queen of England, and Philip II., son of the 
Emperor Charles Y. and Isabella of Portugal. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 67 

1555 . French Huguenots under Villagagnon at¬ 
tempted a settlement in Brazil. It proved a failure. 

Marcellus II. ascended the Papal throne. His death occurring 
twenty days later, he was succeeded by Paul IV. 

Charles V., already contemplating the relinquishment of his vast 
dominions, bestowed the Netherlands upon his son Philip. 

1556. Abdication of the Emperor Charles V. His son Philip 
H. succeeded him on the throne of Spain. The imperial dignity 
was resigned by the emperor in favor of his brother Ferdinand, 
King of the Romans. After his abdication, Charles retired to the 
monastery of St. Just, near Placentia, in Spain. 

1557. Sebastian, grandson of John III. of Portugal, and also 
of the Emperor Charles V., became King of Portugal at the age of 
three years. 

Death of Anne of Cleves in her palace at Chelsea, aged 41 
years. 

1558. Calais was taken by the Duke of Guise, January 7. 

Death of Queen Mary of England. Accession of Elizabeth, 

daughter of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn. 

Ferdinand I. crowned Emperor of Germany. 

Death of the ex-Emperor Charles V., aged 58 years, in the con¬ 
vent of St. Just. 

Death of Cardinal Pole, aged 58 years. 

1559. Peace of Cateau Cambresis, called also the Unfortunate 
Peace. It was-concluded, on the 2d and 3d of April, between 
Henry II. of France and Philip of Spain, and between France and 
Elizabeth, Queen of England ; a double marriage cemented this 
peace. The Princess Elizabeth of France, daughter of Henry II., 
married Philip II. of Spain, and Margaret, Henry’s sister, became 
the wife of the Duke of Savoy. 

Death of Henry II. of France, from a wound accidentally re¬ 
ceived at a tournament. He was succeeded by his son, Francis II., 
aged 16, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. 

Frederic II. succeeded his father, Christian III., as King of 
Denmark. 

Pius IV. ascended the Papal throne. 

1500. Death of Francis II. of France; he was succeeded by his 
brother, Charles IX. 

Ascendency of the house of Guise in France. League of Am- 
boise was formed against them. 

Death of Gustavus Vasa, aged 70 years. He was succeeded by 
his son, Eric XIV., aged 27 years. 

Death of Andreas Doria, Genoese admiral, aged 92 years. 

1561. Return of Queen Mary to Scotland, August 19. 

1502 . The Huguenots, though unsuccessful in their 
Brazilian settlement, still cherished the hope of forming 


68 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


a colony in some more congenial clime. Accordingly, 
Coligny, High Admiral of France, himself a Calvinist, 
sent out colonists under Ribault. They formed a settle¬ 
ment near Port Royal, on the coast of South Carolina, 
and, building a fort, called it Carolina, in honor of their 
king, Charles IX. Ribault then returned to France, 
promising to send out supplies. As none arrived, the 
colonists, after enduring untold sufferings, set sail for 
their native land. Destitute of provisions, they were 
found at sea by an English ship. The sick were left on 
French soil, and the others were taken as prisoners to 
England. (Connect with 1564.) 

1563. Assassination of the Duke of Guise, February 24. 

1504. Coligny made a second effort to plant a Hugue¬ 
not settlement in America. Colonists were sent out under 
Rene Laudonniere, and, having landed on the coast of 
Florida, near the river May, now St. John’s, they built 
a fort, which they called Carolina also. The story of this 
second colony is one of the saddest in the annals of our 
early history. (Connect with 1565.) 

Death of Ferdinand I., Emperor of Germany, July 25, aged 61 
years. He was succeeded by his son Maximilian II. 

Death of Michael Angelo, Italian painter, aged 90 years. 

Death of Calvin, aged 55 years. 

1565. Ribault returned from France, bringing to the 
Huguenot settlers of Florida re-enforcements and provis¬ 
ions. “ A week later arrived a Spanish fleet, under Pedro 
Menendez (or Melendez), one of the most famous captains 
of the age, commissioned by Philip II. to destroy all 
French settlements in the territory of which the Spaniards 
claimed the ownership. Ribault, informed of the arrival 
of the Spaniards, set sail to attack them by sea, but his 
fleet was wrecked in a storm, and he was left helpless on 
the coast. Meanwhile Menendez, who had landed near 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


69 


the site of St. Augustine, marched against Fort Carolina, 
took it by surprise, and put the garrison to the sword, 
only Landonniere and a few of his followers escaping. 
Ribault and most of his men afterward surrendered, and 
were massacred in cold blood; a remnant of the French¬ 
men were captured, and sent to the galleys.* Hav¬ 
ing thus secured the Spaniards in the possession of the 
southern coast, Menendez laid the foundation of St. Au¬ 
gustine, which remained for seventeen years the only 
European colony within the limits of the present United 
States.” f 

Siege of Malta by the Turks. 

156G. Revolt of the Netherlands against the authority of Philip 
II. of Spain. It was temporarily suppressed. 

Murder of David Rizzio, Italian musician—a favorite of Mary, 
Queen of Scots, and her foreign secretary. 

Death of Bartholomew las Casas, aged 92 years, apostle of the 
American Indians. 

St. Pius V. ascended the Papal throne. 

1567 . Francis Drake, the renowned English navi¬ 
gator of the sixteenth century, rose, by his personal merits, 
from the obscurity of a poor cabin-boy to the rank of one 
of England’s bravest commanders and most distinguished 
knights. Through the liberality of the master under 
whom he served his apprenticeship, the young sailor, at 
the age of eighteen, became proprietor of a vessel, which, 
in 1567, he sold to aid the Mexican expedition of John 
Hawkins. Captain Hawkins was a kinsman and friend 
of Drake, and confided to him the command of a vessel, 
the Judith. The fleet when off the coast of Mexico 
was attacked by the Spaniards and almost entirely de¬ 
stroyed. Drake succeeded in saving his vessel. Return¬ 
ing to England, he petitioned the court of Spain to 

* Connect this paragraph with that of the year 1668. 
f See Hassard’s “ History of the United States.” 


70 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


restore what its subjects had taken from him. (Con¬ 
nect with 1572.) 

Mary, Queen of Scots, compelled to resign her crown; her infant 
son became King of Scotland, under the title of James VI. 

Origin of Rugby School. 

1568 . Three vears after the massacre of the Hugue¬ 
nots at Fort Carolina, De Gourges, a French commander, 
made a sudden and furious attack upon the Spanish forts 
in Florida, completely demolishing them and slaying en¬ 
tire garrisons. (Connect with 1565.) 

Counts Egmont and Horn, leaders in the revolt of the Nether¬ 
lands, were beheaded, July 5. 

1569. John 111., aged 31, became King of Sweden upon the 
deposition of his brother, Eric XIV. 

1571. Battle of Lepanto, in which the Turks were defeated by 
the combined fleets of Spain, Venice, Genoa, the Knights of Malta, 
and the Pope, commanded by Don John of Austria. 

1572 . Francis Drake, receiving no redress from the 
court of Spain for the losses he had sustained in 1567, 
determined to obtain by force the indemnification that 
had been refused him. For this purpose he made a de¬ 
scent upon Darien, captured and plundered various Span¬ 
ish settlements. While on the Isthmus, he beheld for 
the first time the waters of the Pacific, and resolved to 
explore them. (Connect with 1577.) 

Gregory XIII. ascended the Papal throne. 

Massacre of St. Bartholomew. 

1573. Henry, Duke of Anjou, was elected King of Poland by 
the Polish Diet. 

1574. Death of Charles IX. of France. Accession of his 
brother Henry III. 

1576 . Martin Frobisher, a British mariner, sailed in 
search of a northwest passage to India. He touched at 
Greenland, coasted the shores of Labrador, and discov¬ 
ered the Island of Cumberland, now Prince Edward’s. 
He also made other voyages, which are not noted on the 
Chart. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 71 

Death of Maximilian II., Emperor of Germany. His son suc¬ 
ceeded him, under the title of Rudolph II. 

Death of Titian, Italian painter, aged 99 years. 

1577 . As has been mentioned, the ambition of Drake 
to explore the Pacific was awakened in 1572, when he ob¬ 
tained his first glimpse of those placid waters. Under the 
patronage of Queen Elizabeth, he sailed from Plymouth 
in December, 1577, for the double purpose of exploring 
the eastern shores of the Pacific and of inflicting injury 
upon Spanish merchantmen. His fleet, consisting of five 
vessels, followed the route traced by Magellan fifty-seven 
years before. Having passed the dangerous straits that 
have immortalized the name of their discoverer, Drake 
steered northward, pillaged the Spanish settlements on 
the coast of Peru and Chili, and captured a royal galleon 
richly laden with treasure. (Connect with 1579.) 

Many of Titian’s finest works were destroyed by fire at Venice, 
December 20. 

1578 . Sir Humphrey Gilbert received from Queen 
Elizabeth the first colonial charter granted by an English 
sovereign. Accompanied by Raleigh, he set sail in 1579, 
with the design of planting a colony on Newfoundland. 
Violent storms and the attacks of Spanish cruisers forced 
him to return to England and abandon, for a time, his en¬ 
terprise. (Connect with 1583.) 

Death of Sebastian, King of Portugal. His great-uncle, Cardinal 
Henry, succeeded him. 

Death of Don John of Austria, aged 32 years. 

1579 . Directing his course farther northward, Drake 
discovered San Francisco Bay, and, taking possession of 
California in the name of his queen, he called the coun¬ 
try New Albion. “ Then, burdened with gold, sated with 
vengeance, and fearing to meet the Spaniards if he re¬ 
traced his steps, he sought to find, by the northeast, a 
passage back to the Atlantic. Being repelled by the 


72 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


severe cold, he changed his purpose and determined to 
make a circuit of the globe.”* Striking out westward, 
and traversing the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and doub¬ 
ling the Cape of Good Hope, he reached Plymouth, 
September 26, 1579, after an absence of one year, nine 
months, and thirteen days. (Connect with 1580.) 

The Union of Utrecht. Rise of the Dutch Republic. The seven 
northern provinces of the Netherlands, throwing off the yoke of 
Spain, erected themselves into the Republic of the Seven United 
Provinces, better known as Holland, or the Dutch Republic, which 
soon became one of the first maritime powers of the world. The 
new republic, having the support of France and England, foiled all 
the efforts of Philip II. and his successors to reunite it to the Span¬ 
ish crown, and finally obtained a full recognition of its independence 
at the Treaty of Westphalia (1648). 

Death of Camoens, Portuguese poet. 

1580 . Upon his return to England, Drake met with 
a gracious reception from Queen Elizabeth, who partook 
of a banquet on board his ship, and there conferred upon 
him the honor of knighthood. (Connect with 1586.) 

Annexation of Portugal to Spain upon the demise of Cardinal 
Henry, aged 68 years. 

1581. The Seven United Provinces declared their independence 
and nominated the Duke of Anjou as their sovereign, with William 
of Nassau (the Silent), Prince of Orange, as Stadtholder. 

1582 . Don Antonio de Espejo, a Spaniard, explored 
the region visited by Coronado in 1540, and called it New 
Mexico. Espejo is said to have founded Santa Fe, the 
second permanent settlement in what is now known as 
the United States. 

Correction of the Julian calendar by Gregory XIII. October 
5th was made October 15th, etc.f 

Death of the Duke of Alva, Spanish general, aged 74 years. 

* Appletons’ “ Cyclopaedia.” 

f The equinox, which occurred on the 25th of March, in the time of 
Julius Caesar, fell on the 11th of March in the year 1582. Gregory XIII. 
reformed the Julian Calendar, by suppressing ten days, so as to make the 
equinox fall on the 21st of March, as it did at the Council of Nice, and, by 
some simple arrangements, he prevented the recurrence in future of a similar 
error. (See Brewer’s “ Dictionary.”) Russia still uses the Julian Calendar. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


73 


1583 . By the joint exertions of Sir Humphrey Gil¬ 
bert and his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, another effort 
was made to plant an English colony in America. In 
1583, Gilbert sailed again with emigrants, and, landing 
on Newfoundland, took possession of the country in the 
name of his queen. Mutiny among his men, sickness, and 
other troubles, caused the failure of his enterprise, and he 
re-embarked for England. The vessel in which Sir Hum¬ 
phrey sailed foundered on the voyage, and he with all 
on board perished. 

1584 . Walter Raleigh, far from being disheartened 
by the sad fate of his half-brother, determined to found 
a colony farther to the south. Having obtained from 
Queen Elizabeth a large grant of land in America, he 
sent two ships thither, under the command of Amidas 
and Barlow, for the purpose of making explorations and 
discoveries. They explored Albemarle and Pamlico 
Sounds, and discovered Roanoke Island. On their re¬ 
turn to England, they gave such glowing accounts of the 
land they had visited, that Elizabeth permitted Raleigh 
to call the new country Virginia, in honor of England’s 
“ virgin queen.” (Connect with 1585, II.) 

Assassination of William the Silent, aged 57 years, Stadtholder 
of the Dutch Republic. 

1585 . Davis, an English navigator, while searching 
for a northwest passage to India, discovered the strait 
that bears his name. 

Sir Walter Raleigh had now received knighthood, 
and, being greatly encouraged by the result of his ex¬ 
ploring expedition, he entered at once upon his long- 
cherished colonization scheme. Appointing Ralph Lane 
governor of the -projected settlement, he sent him out, 
with one hundred and ten emigrants, in a fleet com- 
4 


74 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


manded by Sir Richard Grenville. After encountering 
severe perils, the fleet finally reached Roanoke Island. 
Sir Richard himself re-embarked for England. The 
colonists would probably have prospered had they not, 
by their treachery and cruelty, aroused the hostility of 
the natives, who, as a means of retaliation, ceased to cul¬ 
tivate the fields, hoping to bring about a famine that 
would force the intruders away. This result was ere 
long realized, and Lane and his people were rescued 
from starvation only by the opportune arrival, early in 
1586, of Sir Francis Drake. (Connect with 1586.) 

Sixtus V. ascended the Papal throne. 

1586 . Drake was returning from his sixth voyage to 
the American waters, where, as usual, he had been en¬ 
gaged in inflicting injury upon the Spanish settlements. 
In his course he had pillaged and burned Carthagena, San 
Domingo, and St. Augustine; and wishing, on his home¬ 
ward route, to look after the colony of his friend Raleigh, 
he halted at Roanoke Island. Finding the colonists in a 
most pitiable condition, he, at their urgent entreaty, car¬ 
ried them back to their native country. The only benefit 
resulting from this first attempt to plant a colony in Vir¬ 
ginia was the introduction into England of potatoes and 
tobacco. Smoking the tobacco-plant soon began to be a 
favorite pastime at court. Raleigh himself became quite 
fond of it. On one occasion he was found by his serv¬ 
ant enveloped in smoke; the latter, supposing him to 
be on fire, dashed over him a tankard of ale, which he 
was bringing for his master’s refection. (See illustration 
on the Chart.) 

The assassination of William of Orange in 1584 was a terrible 
blow to the struggling Republic of Holland. Queen Elizabeth was 
offered the sovereignty of the commonwealth * she declined it, but 
appointed her favorite, the Earl of Leicester, governor-general, and 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


75 


sent him with a body of troops to the assistance of the Dutch. He 
effected but little, and was recalled in disgrace the following year. 

Sir Philip Sidney, aged 32 years, was slain in battle. 

1587 . Raleigh’s second attempt to form a settlement 
on Roanoke Island proved a failure. The non-success of 
Governor Lane and his colonists at Roanoke did not de¬ 
ter Sir Walter Raleigh from making a second effort to 
colonize Virginia. In 1587 he detailed Governor White 
to take out a company of emigrants, with their wives and 
daughters, hoping that, by cementing family ties in the 
New World, he would insure permanent residence. They 
landed at Roanoke, and established themselves on the very 
site that had been occupied by the unfortunate settlers of 
1585. Soon after their arrival, Governor White’s daugh¬ 
ter, Mrs. Dare, gave birth to an infant, who was christened 
Virginia. This little stranger w r as the first child of English 
parentage born in territory now included in the United 
States. Soon after this event, Governor White returned 
to England for supplies. (Connect with 1590.) 

Maurice of Nassau, son of the assassinated William of Orange, 
was nominated Stadtholder of the Kepublic. 

Execution of Mary Queen of Scots, aged 45 years. 

In the spring of 1587 it became known that Philip II. of Spain 
was making vigorous preparations for the invasion of England, as 
a retaliation for the frequent damages done to the Spanish coasts, 
colonies, and shipping by the British navy, and more especially on 
account of the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, “which Philip 
considered an unprecedented insult to the majesty of sovereigns.” 
The Queen of England, in anticipation of the Spanish war, permitted 
Sir Francis Drake to take command of a fleet of thirty vessels, de¬ 
signed to operate against Spanish commerce and attack Spanish ports. 
On the 19th of April, 1587, Drake entered the harbor of Cadiz. In 
the course of two nights and one day he destroyed so large an amount 
of valuable shipping that Philip was forced to delay the embarkation 
of his fleet. The months of suspense that followed were employed 
by England in active preparations for defense. 

1588. When the so-called Invincible Armada finally weighed 
anchor, it was so crippled by the storms it encountered, that its de¬ 
struction by the British fleet was easily accomplished. The heroes 
of the victory were Howard, Hawkins, Frobisher, and Drake. 


76 LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Note. —Drake’s portrait marks the year-square of this victory, since his 
bravery in defending his country against a foreign invasion redounds much 
more to his glory than do his former exploits, many of which have too much 
the appearance of buccaneering. (See foreign history, 1596.) 

Christian IV., aged 10 years, ascended the throne of Denmark 
upon the death of his father, Frederic II. He was the brother of 
Anne of Denmark, who in 1589 was espoused to King James VI. 
of Scotland, the successor on the English throne, in 1603, of Queen 
Elizabeth. 

Death of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, aged 56 years. 

Death of Paul Veronese, Italian painter, aged 60 years. 

1589. Assassination of Henry III. of France, aged 57 years. 
He was the last sovereign of the line of Valois- Angoul&me. 

Accession to the throne of France of Henry IV., son of Antoine 
of Bourbon and Jeanne d’Albret, Queen of Navarre. He was the 
first king of the house, of Bourbon. 

Death of Catherine de’ Medici, aged 70 years. 

1590 . The Lost Colony of Roanoke. Daring the ex¬ 
citement in England occasioned by the war with Spain,* 
the colonial enterprises in which Raleigh and other bold 
spirits had embarked were necessarily suspended. Gov¬ 
ernor White, who, after establishing his colonists at Ro¬ 
anoke in 1587, had gone back to England for re-enforce¬ 
ments and supplies, was detained there more than two 
years because of the impossibility, at that critical period, 
of procuring either men or vessels for a voyage to Amer¬ 
ica. It was not until 1590 that he was enabled to return 
to Roanoke to search for his colony and his daughter, 
and then the island was a desert. Hot a trace of the 
ill-fated settlers could be found, except the word “ Cro- 
atan ” carved upon the trunk of a tree in fair Roman 
letters. This was a concerted signal between White 
and his people. They had promised the governor that, 
should they remove their settlement during his absence 
—for, even then, they were contemplating a removal— 
they would carve on a tree the place to which they 
had emigrated; moreover, that if any misfortune should 

* Examine foreign history under date 1587, III. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


77 


befall them, it should be signalized by a cross carved 
above the letters. To White’s great relief, no sign of 
distress was to be seen. But what was really the fate 
of this lost colony of Roanoke still remains an impene¬ 
trable mystery. This was Raleigh’s last effort at coloniza¬ 
tion. He had spent nearly two hundred thousand dollars 
in his noble schemes, and was unable to do anything more. 
He resigned his claims in Virginia to a company of Lon¬ 
don merchants, and engaged in other projects.* 

Accession to the Papal throne of Urban VII.; his death occur¬ 
ring twelve days later, he was succeeded by Gregory XIV. 

1591, Innocent IX. ascended the Papal throne. 

1592. Clement VIII. ascended the Papal throne. 

Sigismund, King of Poland, succeeded his father, John III., as 

King of Sweden. 

Death of Montaigne, French philosopher, aged 59 years. 

1594. Death of Tintoretto, Venetian painter, aged 82 years. 

Death of Palestrina, Italian musical composer, aged 70 years. 

1595. Death of Tasso, Italian poet, aged 51 years. 

1596. Death of Sir Francis Drake, English navigator, aged 50 
years. 

1598. Edict of Nantes promulgated by Henry IV. of France. 
(Revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV.) 

Death of Philip II. of Spain. He was succeeded by his son, 
Philip III. 

Death of Edmund Spenser, English poet, aged 45 years. 

1599 . He Champlain, the celebrated French navi¬ 
gator, made his first voyage to the Hew World, as com¬ 
mander of a vessel of the Spanish fleet which sailed to 
the West Indies and Mexico. Champlain drew up an 
account of the expedition. (Connect with 1603, T II•) 

N ote ,—Two symbols appear over De Champlain’s portrait: the blue 
Fleur-de-lis, to the right, indicates De Champlain’s nationality, while the Mal¬ 
tese Cross shows that his enterprise was made under the auspices of Spain. 


* For Raleigh’s fate, see 1618, foreign history, ^ II. 





OPTIONAL QUESTIONS UPON THE SIXTEENTH 
CENTURY, 

PEEPAEATOEY TO EXEECISE VIII., PAGE 81. 

Who were joint sovereigns of Spain at tlie beginning 
of the sixteenth century ? Ans. Isabella of Castile and 
Ferdinand of Aragon. When did Queen Isabella die? 
What is the date of King Ferdinand’s death ? By whom 
was he succeeded? (For answer, see year-square 1516 
on the Chart.) Who were the parents of Charles I. of 
Spain ? When did Philip the Fair of Austria die? What 
provinces did he bequeath to his eldest son, Charles ? 
When and from whom had Philip the Fair received the 
investiture of the Netherlands? For answers, see “ Chro¬ 
nological Index,” foreign items, 1493, 1504, and 1506. 
Who figures in history as Philip I. of Spain ? What re¬ 
lation was he to Philip II ? Who were the maternal 
grandparents of Charles I. of Spain, and who were his 
paternal ones ? Who was Emperor of Germany at the 
beginning of the sixteenth century? When did Maxi¬ 
milian die, and what additional crown was in that year 
bestowed upon Charles I. of Spain ? Point out, on the 
19th year-square of the 16th Century Chart the mono¬ 
gram that symbolizes the King of Spain’s acquisition of 
the imperial crown of Germauy. By what name is he 
known as emperor ? Until what year did Charles Y. re¬ 
tain his regal and imperial honors ? To whom did he 
relinquish Spain ? Who succeeded Charles Y. in the em- 


OPTIONAL QUESTIONS—SIXTEENTH CENTURY 79 

pire ? Whither did Charles Y. retire ? For answers, see 
year-square 1556, and “Chronological Index,” foreign 
items, 1555, 1556, and 1558. How long did Philip II. 
reign in Spain ? By whom was he succeeded ? What 
provinces revolted temporarily from the authority of 
Philip II. in 1566 ? When did the seven northern prov¬ 
inces of the Netherlands form the Union of Utrecht, and 
to w T hat republic did this union give rise ? (See “ Chrono¬ 
logical Index,” 1579.) What kingdom was united to Spain 
in 1580 ? How long did this union continue ? Ans. Un¬ 
til 1640. Who succeeded Ferdinand I., Emperor of Ger¬ 
many, in 1564? Who was the successor of Maximilian 
II. in 1576 ? Who were the kings of Portugal during 
the sixteenth century ? Who was the first stadtholder of 
the Dutch Pepublic ? What was the manner of his death 
in 1584? Who was elected second stadtholder in 1587? 

Who was sovereign of France at the beginning of the 
sixteenth century ? See year-square 1498. By whom was 
Louis XII. succeeded in 1515 ? (liefer to u Chronological 
Index of 1515.” Who succeeded Francis I. in 1547 ? 
What was the manner of Henry II.’s death in 1559? (See 
“ Chronological Index,” foreign items, p. 67.) Who was 
the successor of Henry II. of France? Who was the 
queen of Francis II. of France ? By whom was Francis II. 
succeeded in 1560 ? Name the successor of Charles IX. 
in 1574. What was the manner of Henry III.’s death in 
1589 ? (See “ Chronological Index,” p. 76.) How many 
of the kings of France belonged to the dynasty of Valois- 
Angouleme ? Who was the first king of the Bourbon 
dynasty ? (See “ Chronological Index,” p. 76.) In what 
year did Henry IY. become King of France ? 

What dynasty occupied the throne of England during 
the whole of the sixteenth century ? Who was king of 


80 LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

that country at the beginning of this century? Who 
succeeded Henry YII. in 1509 ? Who was the successor 
of Henry VIII. in 1547 ? What king ascended the throne 
of France the same year? By whom was Edward VI. 
of England succeeded in 1553 ? Who was Queen Mary’s 
successor in 1558 ? Until what year did Queen Elizabeth 
occupy the throne of England ? Ans. Until 1603. 


INTRODUCTION TO EXERCISE VIII. 

Having fully explained, in the first chapter of the 
“ Chart Manual,” the mechanism of the charts, and pro¬ 
posed different methods for oral instruction to element¬ 
ary classes, we would now offer a few suggestions for the 
benefit of pupils of a more advanced grade. 

Let the chief aim be to secure a permanent impres¬ 
sion of the various illustrations, and the location of their 
squares on the chart, regardless of dates. Mere dates are 
soon forgotten; whereas, if the illustrations, with their 
relative position on the chart , are once photographed on 
the memory, they will remain there indelibly, and the 
dates of the events which they represent can be easily 
calculated. This is the special work of the charts. It 
should not be delayed until the whole century is finished. 
The location of each fact upon the chart should be simul¬ 
taneous with the explanation. Let the date be forgotten, 
provided the pupil remember the century (xv, xvi, xvii, 
etc.), and the position on the chart of the square in ques¬ 
tion. Thus, by exercising conjointly the organ of vision 
and the faculty of memory, each event or its illustration 
will be permanently associated with its place in the cent- 



EXERCISE VIII. 


81 


my. We presume to say that the teacher will find this 
exercise most interesting to classes of all grades. It is to 
them like the study of the streets and buildings of a regu¬ 
lar city. They will be eager to exercise their ingenuity, 
and to present as the result of their discoveries novel de¬ 
vices for remembering the position of a given symbol or 
illustration. 


EXERCISE VIII. 

PART I. 

1. What symbol denotes an enterprise undertaken by 
the Spaniards ? Count the Maltese Crosses on the 16th 
Century Chart, and state their number? (Ans. 27.) 
How many are in the 1st decade ? (4.) In the 2d ? (9.) 
In the 3d? (4.) In the 4th? (5.) In the 5th? (2.) 
In the 6th? (Hone.) In the 7th? (1.) In the 8th? 
(Hone.) In the 9th ? (1.) In the 10th ? (1.) 

Describe the illustrations, or, in the absence of illus¬ 
trations, the scrolls containing notes to which the Maltese 
Crosses refer, and state the events they recall—for in¬ 
stance, on the 2d square of the 1st decade, the illustration 
is a circle or ring with a pointed border. On the ring is 
printed in capitals Columbus’s fourth voyage. Within 
the ring is a map of the Isthmus of Panama or Darien, 
and the eastern coast of what is now Central America, 
showing the points of land discovered by the great navi¬ 
gator in his fourth and last voyage to America. In the 
upper right-hand corner of this square is a half-unrolled 
scroll, on which is noted the discovery of the Island of 
St. Helena by a Portuguese admiral. The symbol of 
Portugal is to the left of the event. 



82 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

On the 4th square of the 1st decade is an unrolled 
scroll, on which is recorded the arrival at San Domingo 
of the Spanish explorer Cortes. In the lower right-hand 
corner of this square is noted the death of Queen Isabella 
of Castile, and in the upper right-hand corner, crossing 
the initial S, are the names of her daughter, Joanna, and 
Philip I., successors to the throne of Castile.* 

On the 6th square of the 1st decade the illustration 
depicts the death-bed scene of Columbus, and in the 
lower right-hand corner of the square is noted the death 
of Philip I., son-in-law of Queen Isabella. 

On the 10th square of the 1st decade is noted the first 
Spanish settlement on the Isthmus of Darien, made by 
Alonzo de Ojeda. The map of the Isthmus, with the 
Caribbean Sea on the north and the Pacific Ocean on the 
south, marks the locality of the event, while the Maltese 
Cross shows that the settlement was made under the 
auspices of Spain. 

Let the remaining squares containing the Maltese 
Crosses be taken up in their proper order by decades, and 
the illustrations described according to the models given 
for the first decade; wdien the 27 Maltese Crosses found 
on the chart have been duly disposed of, let the pupil 
locate and describe all the Fleurs-de-lis in the same man¬ 
ner. Next, according to the directions given, locate the 
Stars of the Garter, and explain the illustrations which 
accompany them. Then the pupil may proceed to 

part n. 

Describe the illustrations and symbols of the 10 
squares of the 9th decade. Those of the 2d decade. Of 
the 6th. Of the 10th. Of the 3d. Of the 7th. Of the 
4th. Of the 8th. Of the 5th. Of the 1st. 

* See “Chronological Index”—foreign items—1504. 


EXERCISE VIII 


83 


Describe tlie squares by columns. The 9th column ; 
the 2d; the 6th; the 10th; the 3d; the 7th; the 4th; 
the 8th; the 5tli; the 1st. 

Lastly, a particular illustration may be taken—for in¬ 
stance, the portrait of Cortes. 

On what year-square is it found ? What event is it 
intended to recall? What illustration is on the square 
immediately above it? What is on the right ? What on 
the left ? What events are noted in the year-square be¬ 
low the portrait of Cortes ? 

On what year-square is the portrait of Henry IY. of 
France? What event is it intended to recall? What is 
the illustration immediately above the portrait? What 
one below it ? What to the right of the portrait ? What 
to the left ? 

Diagrams D and E will greatly facilitate locating the 
illustrations of the 16th Century Chart. 


84 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Diagram D. — Plan of the Sixteenth Century 
Chart ( with Emblems)* 








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* Explanations of emblems of Diagram D are on page 86. 


























FLAN OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY CHART 85 


Diagram E. — Plan of the Sixteenth Century 
Chart (with Emblems)* 







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LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 




Key to Emblems on Diagram D. 


indicates the accession of a 
Spanish king. 

indicates the election of 
Charles I. of Spain to the 
imperial crown of Ger¬ 
many. 

indicates the accession of a 
German emperor. 

indicates an enterprise un¬ 
dertaken, a discovery made, 
or a conquest achieved, un¬ 
der the auspices of Spain. 

indicates the first circumnavi¬ 
gation of the globe, under 
the auspices of Spain. 



indicates the accession of an 
English sovereign. 



indicates the accession of a 
French king. 


indicates a change of dynasty 
in France. 



indicates the independence 
of Sweden achieved by 
Gustavus Yasa, and the 
consequent final dissolu¬ 
tion of the Union of Cal- 
mar. 


indicates the rise of the 
Dutch Republic. 


indicates the voyage made by 
the French navigator, De 
Champlain, under the aus¬ 
pices of Spain. 

indicates the accession of a 
Portuguese sovereign. 


indicates the accession of a 
stadtholder of the repub¬ 
lic. 



indicates the opening of the 
Council of Trent. 


Key to Emblems on Diagram E. 


indicates the accession of an 
English sovereign. 


indicates an enterprise un¬ 
dertaken, a discovery made, 
or a conquest achieved, 
under the auspices of Eng¬ 
land. 



indicates the accession of a 
French king. 



indicates a change of dynasty 
in France; this is shown on 
the Chart by a portrait. 



indicates an enterprise, dis¬ 
covery, or conquest, under 
the auspices of France. 




A LIST 


Of some of the Noted Men in History who closed their 
Career during the Sixteenth Century . 

1506. Christopher Columbus (TO). 

1515. Gousalvo de Cordova, Spanish general (T2). 

1519. Da Vinci, Italian painter, etc. (67). 

1520. Kafaelle, Italian painter (37). 

1522. Reuchlin, German scholar (67). 

1524. Bayard, French warrior (49). 

1527. Machiavelli, Italian statesman (58). 

1528. Albert Diirer, German painter (57). 

1533. Ariosto, Italian poet (59). 

1534. Correggio, Italian painter (40). 

1535. Sir Thomas More, English statesman and philosopher (55). 

1536. Erasmus, Dutch scholar (69). 

1543. Copernicus, Prussian astronomer (70). 

1546. Luther, German reformer (63). 

1553. Rabelais, French satirist (70). 

1553. Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits (65). 

1554. Hans Holbein, German painter (59). 

1558. Reginald Pole, English cardinal, and archbishop of Can¬ 
terbury (58). 

1560. Melanchthon, German reformer (63). 

1560. Andrew Doria, Genoese admiral (94). 

1564. Calvin, French reformer (55). 

1564. Michael Angelo, Italian painter (90). 

1576. Titian, Italian painter (99). 

1578. Don John of Austria, Spanish general (32) 

1579. Camoens, Portuguese poet (59). 

1592. Montaigne, French essayist (57). 

1595. Tasso, Italian poet (51). 

1598. Spenser, English poet (45). 

Note. —The dates within parentheses denote the age of the individuals 
at the period of their death. 


EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 


88 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


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EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS—SIXTEENTH CENTURY. 89 


Note.— John I. succeeded to the throne of Denmark upon the death of 
his father, Christian I., in 1481. In 1483 he was acknowledged sovereign 
of Sweden and Norway, but owing to the opposition of Steno Sture the 
Elder, who had been elected Protector of Sweden in 1471, and was now 
unwilling to resign his protectorate, John of Denmark did not secure the 
Swedish throne until 1497. In this year Steno Sture signed a treaty by 
which he acknowledged King John of Denmark as King of Sweden, agree¬ 
ably to the Union of Calmar, and John I. of Denmark was crowned at Stock¬ 
holm as John II. of Sweden. Thus, one hundred years after Queen Margaret 
had effected the Union of Calmar (1397), was it re-established. King John 
of Denmark retained his power over Sweden only till the year 1503, when 
the Swedes revolted and elected Svante Sture Protector of their kingdom. 
—In 1512 Svante Sture died, and Sten Sture the Younger was elected to 
succeed him.—In 1520 Christian II. (who in 1513 had succeeded his father, 
John I., on the throne of Denmark) invaded Sweden and gained the battle 
of Bogesund, at which Sten Sture the Younger lost his life. Christian II. 
then seized the crown of Sweden. His cruel massacres soon provoked 
resistance, and, his army being defeated in 1521 by Gustavus Yasa, he was 
expelled by his subjects in 1523. His uncle, Frederic I., succeeded him in 
Denmark. Gustavus Vasa, having established the independence of Sweden, 
was elected king of that country (1523). This event marks the final disso¬ 
lution of the Union of Calmar. 


. 

. 

. 

' • 










SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 










































* 
































SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 


During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, when 
the world was in its transition stage between mediaeval 
and modem times, Europe was full of hold, restless 
spirits, whose fortunes lay in their swords, and who were 
ever ready for adventure. The hope of finding inexhaust¬ 
ible mines of gold and precious stones, or the desire of 
achieving brilliant exploits, allured many of these daring 
characters to the shores of the New World. Monarchs 
themselves had caught the infection, and Spain, England, 
Portugal, and France, seemed to vie with one another in 
forming plans to gain absolute possession of the Western 
Continent. It was not, however, till the seventeenth 
century that England succeeded in planting her colonies 
permanently on American soil. 

The seventeenth century is, then, the colonial period 
of our history; and as the primitive settlements of a 
country are its foundation-stones, and the pioneer settlers 
the builders of its national life, the student of American 
history will follow with pleasure the gradual development 
of our early colonies. 

Beginning with Virginia in 1607, the colonization ex¬ 
tended northward and southward alternately, until, in 
1733, the whole Atlantic seaboard, from Maine to Geor¬ 
gia inclusive, was dotted with thriving settlements, w T hich, 



94 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


merging into thirteen colonies, formed the nucleus of the 
future powerful nation. 

Of these thirteen original colonies, twelve belong to 
the seventeenth century, and one to the eighteenth. 
They are symbolized in our mnemonic method by their 
initial letters, which mark on the chart the date of settle¬ 
ment of the respective colonies. 

In order not to embarrass the body of the work with 
repetitions, we have given in the Appendix a summarized 
history of each colony, in which all events relating to it 
are grouped together in a manner convenient for refer¬ 
ence. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 


1601. Death of Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer, aged 55 
years. 

Execution of Robert Devereux, Earl of EsSex, favorite of Queen 
Elizabeth, aged 34 years. 

1602 . Bartholomew Gosnold, English navigator, 
discovered Cape Cod, Nantucket Island, Martha’s Vine- 
Yard (now No-Man’s-Land), and a group of small islands 
which he named Elizabeth, in honor of his queen. This 
group is now known by its Indian name, Cottyunk. (Con¬ 
nect with 1607, II., III.) 

The Dutch East Indian Company was chartered by 
Holland through the influence of Barneveldt.* (See foot¬ 
note on page 100.) 

Death of Agostino Carracci, Italian painter and engraver, aged 
44 years. (See foreign history, 1609, M II.) 

1603 . Upon the return of Gosnold from Cape Cod, 
Martin Pring was deputed by some Bristol merchants to 
continue the explorations, and to open traffic with the In¬ 
dians for sassafras and furs. During his voyage, which 
was a successful one, Pring discovered the coast of Maine. 
(Connect with 1605, T II.) 

Samuel de Champlain, the celebrated French mariner, 
who, in 1599, commanded a Spanish vessel bound for 

* Call pupils’ attention to the banner on year-square 1602. It recalls 
the chartering of the Dutch East India Company. 



96 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Mexico, made his first voyage to Canada in 1603 under 
the auspices of De Chastes, to whom Henry IV. of France 
had granted a patent to plant colonies in America. His 
trip was a failure in its primary object, as no colony was 
established. 

Upon the death of Queen Elizabeth, James VI. of Scotland 
ascended the English throne as James I. He was the only son of 
Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley. James 
was born in 1566; died in 1625. 

1604 . Sieur de Monts and Champlain in Acadia. 
Champlain embarked upon his second voyage to Can¬ 
ada as pilot of an expedition undertaken by Sieur de 
Monts, to whom, after the death of De Chastes, Henry 
IY. had transferred the privilege of planting colonies in 
Cadie, as Canada was designated in the charter. The 
colonists called it Acadia. 

Charles IX., aged 54 years, ascended the throne of Sweden after 
the deposition of King Sigismund, his nephew. 

1605 . Port Royal* was founded in Acadia by Sieur 
de Monts and Champlain, and was the first permanent 
French settlement in America. (Connect with 1609, T I.) 

Pring’s voyage to Maine having confirmed the ac¬ 
count given by Gosnold, a third expedition, promoted by 
two English noblemen, was confided to the experienced 
commander, George Weymouth, who had already ex¬ 
plored the coast of Labrador. Captain Weymouth, sailing 
from England, reached the coast of Maine, and entered 
a river which, according to Bancroft, was the Penobscot, 
but according to recent researches, the Kennebec. Wey¬ 
mouth’s treachery in kidnapping some of the Indians ex¬ 
cited the hostility of their tribe against the English. 

Leo XI. ascended the Papal throne; his death occurring twenty- 
six days later, he was succeeded by Paul V. 

Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot in England. 


* See 1690, ^ II., and 1710, J I. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


97 


1606 . James I. granted charters to the London and 
to the Plymouth Company. The cargoes of valuable 
merchandise brought to England by Gosnold, Pring, and 
Weymouth, proved the commercial importance of Amer¬ 
ica, and soon led to a vast plan for its colonization. The 
King of England, favoring a design which promised to 
enlarge his dominions, granted charters for the coloniza¬ 
tion of America to two corporations—the London Com¬ 
pany and the Plymouth Company. To the former was as¬ 
signed South Virginia, extending from 34° to 38° north 
latitude. (This company was dissolved in 1624.) To 
the Plymouth Company (dissolved in 1620) was assigned 
North Virginia, extending from 41° to 45° north lati¬ 
tude. 

1607 . The Plymouth Company made an unsuccess¬ 
ful attempt to plant a colony in Maine, at the mouth of 
the Kennebec River. (Connect with 1620, 11.) 

Virginia. —The first permanent English settlement in 
the New World was made at Jamestown, Virginia, by 
the London Company. One hundred and five emigrants 
were sent over under Captain Newport. Wingfield, Gos¬ 
nold, and Captain Smith, were among the leading men of 
the colony. (For events relating to Virginia, see follow¬ 
ing year-squares on the Chart, and their corresponding 
dates in the “Chronological Index”: 1608, If I.; 1609, 
H II., III.; 1610,1111.; 1611;* 1612;* 1613,111.; 

1614.1 III.; 1616,11 I., II.; 1618,1II.; 1619, H I., 

II. , III.; 1621,11.; 1622,1 111.; 1624;* 1644,1 111.; 
1660; * 1673, 1 III.; 1675, 1 II.; 1676; * 1677, 1 II.; 

1684.1 I.; 1693,111.; 1699,111.; 1732;* 1737;* 1742, 

III. ; 1743;* 1752, 1 III.; 1753; * 1751, H I., IL, 

* When only the date is given, there is but the one paragraph under that 
date. 


98 


LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


III.; im, 1 IV.; 1775, June 15, VI.; 1779, the last 
paragraph, p. 226 ; 1781, Sept. 28 to Oct. 19, p. 240 ; 1782, 
1 III.; 1783,1 III.; 1789,1 1.; 1799, p. 257. For the 
explanation of the initial V. on the Chart, and a con¬ 
nected outline history of Virginia, see Appendix, p. i.) 

Death of Bartholomew Gosnold (August 22) the dis¬ 
coverer of Cape Cod, and one of the most zealous leaders 
of the company which founded Jamestown. 

1608 . Smith sewed by Pocahontas . Captain Smith, 
the father of the Virginia colony, while engaged in an ex¬ 
pedition in the interests of the colonists, was captured by 
the Indians and condemned to death. His sentence, how¬ 
ever, was revoked, owing to the heroism and generosity 
of Pocahontas, the favorite daughter of Powhatan, the 
Indian chief. (See illustration on the Chart. Connect 
with 1609, T III.) 

Quebec w 7 as founded by Champlain, upon his third 
voyage to Canada. 

1609 . Champlain discovered the lake that bears his 
name. (See 1626, T III.) 

The London Company obtained from James I. a sec¬ 
ond charter for Virginia, and the appointment of Lord 
Delaware as governor of the province for life. (Connect 
with 1610, If HI., and 1612.) 

About this time, Captain Smith, who was severely 
wounded by an explosion of gunpowder, was forced to 
return to England for surgical aid. (Connect with 1614, 
1 HI.) 

The Hudson Eiver was discovered by Henry Hudson,* 

* Before calling the pupils’ attention to the discovery of the Hudson 
River, let4;hem review the facts connected with the history of the Nether¬ 
lands as noted cn the year squares 1566,1579, 1581,1584,1586, 1587, 1602. 

In 1566 the Netherlands revolted against the authority of Philip II. of 
Spain. In 1579 occurred the Union or Confederation of Utrecht, which 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


99 


an Englishman in the service of the Dutch. Under the 
auspices of his own countrymen, Hudson had previously 
made two voyages (1607-1608) to the waters of the West¬ 
ern Continent, with the view of opening a northwest pas¬ 
sage to India. The fruitless result of both these expedi¬ 
tions having destroyed the confidence of the English in the 
practicability of Hudson’s schemes, the undaunted mari¬ 
ner offered his services to the Dutch, who, by accepting 
them, secured their claims to the valuable domain which he 
discovered. (Connect with 1610, T II, and 1614, T I.) 

Independence of the Dutch Republic acknowledged by Spain. 
About this period, Spain, reduced to extremities by her unsuccess¬ 
ful conflicts with the Dutch, was in a manner forced to acknowledge 
the independence of these revolted provinces. It was not, however, 
a full and genuine recognition of their freedom, but rather a truce 
concluded with them for twelve years, through the mediation of 
England and France. In 1648, on the general pacification of Europe 
by the Peace of Westphalia, a final treaty between Spain and Hol¬ 
land placed the independence of the latter power upon a secure and 
permanent basis. (See foreign history, 1648, IF I.) 

Death of Annibale Carracci, Italian painter, aged 49 years. (See 
foreign history, 1619, IF II.) 

1610 . Henry Hudson embarked upon his fourth and 
last voyage in search of a northwest passage. The success¬ 
ful issue of his cruise of 1609 having revived the confi¬ 
dence of James I. in his ability, and his services being 
claimed by that monarch, Hudson once more sailed under 
the English colors. On this voyage he discovered the 
strait and bay that bear his name. In a mutiny he was 

laid the foundation of the independent Dutch Republic. In 1581 William 
of Nassau, Prince of Orange, was elected stadtholder of the new republic, 
and in 1584 he met his death by assassination. In 1586, Queen Elizabeth 
sent her court favorite, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, to Holland, as 
governor-general of the republic; but the following year he was recalled, 
and Maurice, Prince of Orange, son of the murdered William of Nassau, 
was duly elected to the office of stadtholder, which he retained till his death 
in 1625. 

In 1602 was organized the Dutch East India Company, remarkable as 
being the first of the great European trading companies and the model of 
those of France and England. 


100 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


placed by bis crew in an open boat and abandoned. His 
fate is not known. 

As early as 1610, Dutch merchants began to send out 
agents to their newly-discovered territory, to open traffic 
with the natives. For the accommodation of the traders, 
rude huts were built near the banks of the Hudson.* 

Starving-time in Virginia. Delaware's Arrival . Soon 
after Smith’s departure from Jamestown, in 1609, every¬ 
thing went to ruin. A severe famine, long remem¬ 
bered as the “ starving-time,” in Virginia, occurred in 

1610. The colonists were on the point of abandoning 
their settlement, when Lord Delaware’s opportune arrival 
with provisions and new recruits restored order and pros¬ 
perity to the settlement. (See illustration on the Chart. 
Connect with 1618, If II.) 

The assassination of Henry IV. of France, aged 57 yeais. He 
was succeeded by his son, Louis XIII., aged 9 years. 

1611. Cattle and hogs were sent for the first time 
to the colonists at Jamestown by their friends in Eng¬ 
land. (See illustration on the Chart.) 

Lady Arabella Stuart and her husband, Lord Beauchamp, were 
imprisoned by James I. on account of their clandestine marriage. 

Gustavns Adolphus, at the age of 17 years, upon the death of his 
father, Charles IX., ascended the throne of Sweden, and appointed 
Axel Oxenstiern prime minister or chancellor of his kingdom. (Con¬ 
nect with American history, 1626, IT IV.) 

1612. The London Company obtained from King 
James a third charter for Virginia. (See 1624.) 

Matthias, the third son of Maximilian II., ascended the throne 
of Germany upon the death of his brother the Emperor Rudolph. 

1613. The notorious Argali made two expeditions 
from Virginia to Maine and Acadia, the first in 1612, 

* After Hudson’s return from the American waters in 1609, the Dutch 
East India Company made no further effort to discover the northwestern 
passage. The development of a lucrative fur-trade on the Hudson River 
was left to unprotected private adventure. (See 1613, last sentence of I.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


101 


the second in 1613. Ostensibly, his purpose was to pro¬ 
tect the English fishing interests, but in reality it was 
to check the encroachments of the French upon territory 
claimed by England. Halting at Mount Desert Island, 
off the coast of Maine, he broke up the Jesuit settlement 
there. After this he directed his course to Acadia, and, 
driving the inhabitants of Port Royal into the wilder¬ 
ness, laid their town in ashes. Then, entering Hew York 
Harbor, he compelled some fur-traders on Manhattan Isl¬ 
and to remove the Dutch flag which floated over their 
sheds, and to replace it by the English colors. (See 1610, 

1 II.) 

Marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe. Argali, who 
in 1612 had decoyed Pocahontas on board his vessel, 
held her as a prisoner at Jamestown, hoping to secure a 
heavy ransom for her release. Powhatan scornfully re¬ 
fused the ransom, and was preparing to decide the matter 
by the tomahawk, when young Rolfe solicited the hand 
of the captive maiden. Powhatan consented to the mar¬ 
riage, and thus were averted the horrors of a savage war. 
(See illustration on the Chart. Connect with 1616, I.) 

Accession of the Romanoff dynasty in Russia. It continued 149 
years, from 1613 to 1762. Michael Feodorovitz was elected emperor. 

1614. Hew York, biown as Hew Hetherlands 
from 16H to 1661^. The territory of Hew Hetherlands 
was formally claimed, named, and settled by the Dutch in 
1614, when they built their first substantial trading-post 
on Manhattan Island. “The States-G-eneral of the Dutch 
Republic still hesitated to charter the West India Com¬ 
pany, but readily granted to a company of merchants in¬ 
terested in making discoveries in America a three years’ 
monopoly of trade with the territory between Virginia 
and Hew France, from 40° to 45° north latitude. Their 


102 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

charter, given on the 11th of October, 1614, names the 
extensive region New Netherlands.” Its northern part 
John Smith, during the same year, had called New Eng¬ 
land. (For events relating to New Netherlands,* see fol¬ 
lowing year-squares on the Chart, and their correspond¬ 
ing dates in the “ Chronological Index ” : 1602, f II.; 
1609, f IV.; 1610, f II. ; 1613, f I.;' 1614, If I., II.; 
1615, f f I., II.; 1618, f I.; 1621, f II.; 1623, f f II., 
III.; 1626, ff I., II.; 1633, ff I., III.; 1638, f IV.; 
1643, f II.; 1647; + 1651, f I.; 1654;f 1655, f I.; 
1664, f I.; 1667;+ 1673, f IV.; 1674, f I. For the 
explanation of the initials N. Y. on the Chart, and a con¬ 
nected outline history of New York, see Appendix, p. vi.) 

Adrian Block discovered the Connecticut River. 

Captain Smith returned from his trip to England in 

1614. Instead of rejoining his friends at Jamestown, he 
explored the Atlantic coast from the Penobscot to Cape 
Cod, and named the country New England. 

1615 . The Dutch built Fort Nassau, + on the Hudson 
River, then called Mauritius River, in honor of the reign¬ 
ing Stadtholder of Holland, Prince Maurice of Orange. 
This fort, soon after its erection, was destroyed by a flood. 

Adrian Block explored Long Island Sound. (Connect 
with 1626, f II.) 

Death of Francis Beaumont, English writer, aged 29 years. (See 
foreign history, 1625, IT III.) 

1616 . Lady Rebecca at Court. Pocahontas, whose 
Christian name was Rebecca, accompanied her husband 

* Dates referring to New Netherlands, after its capture by the English, 
will be found under the year 1664, page 123. 

f See foot-note, page 97. 

% Fort Nassau on the Hudson must not be confounded with Fort Nas¬ 
sau on the Delaware, built by the Dutch in 1623. Both these forts were 
named in honor of the dynasty Nassau-Dillemburg, to which the stadt- 
holders of the Dutch Republic belonged. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


103 


on a visit to London, and was received at the court of 
King James with the respect due to her royal lineage. 
She died in England just as she was preparing to return 
to her native land. 

Tobacco began to be extensively cultivated in Virginia. 
(See 1621, f I.) 

Baffin, an English navigator, explored the bay that 
bears his name. 

Deaths: Shakespeare, English dramatic poet, aged 52 years; 
Cervantes, Spanish author, aged 69 years. 

1618 . Bergen , on the Hudson , settled. A few 
Dutch emigrants left Manhattan Island, crossed the 
North River (Hudson), so named to distinguish it from 
the South River (Delaware), and formed the small settle¬ 
ment of Bergen, on the western shore of the Hudson. 
This was the first settlement made by Europeans on the 
soil afterward known as New Jersey. (Connect with 
1623, 1 III., and 1664, 1 II.) 

Death of Thomas West (Lord Delaware), Governor of 
Virginia. 

Commencement of the Thirty Years’ War in Europe. (See for¬ 
eign history, 1648, IT I.) 

Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. (Let pupil refer to the fol¬ 
lowing dates: 1584, 1585, IT II.; 1586, 1587, 1590.) 

1619 . The first Colonial Assembly met at James¬ 
town, Virginia. 

Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia by a Dutch 
trading-vessel. (See 1808, T I.) 

Ninety respectable young women were brought over 
from England to become wives of the Virginia planters, 
who paid the price of their passage in tobacco. (See illus¬ 
tration on Chart.) 

Ferdinand IT., aged 41 years, nephew of Maximilian II., suc¬ 
ceeded his cousin Matthias on the throne of Germany. 


104 : LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Death of Ludovico Carracci, Italian painter, aged 64 years. (See 
foreign history, 1602, and 1609, IT II.) 

1620 . Dissolution of the Plymouth Company, and 
organization of the Council for New England. (See 1606, 
and 1607, 1" I.) 

Massachusetts, known as the Plymouth Colony from 
1620 to 1628. The first settlement on Massachusetts soil 
was made at Plymouth, in 1620, by the Pilgrim Fathers, 
who formed the Plymouth Colony. This was the first 
permanent English settlement in New England. (Ex¬ 
amine 1628. For events relating to the Plymouth Col¬ 
ony of Massachusetts, see following year-squares on the 
Chart, and their corresponding dates in the “ Chronologi¬ 
cal Index”: 1620, 1 II.; 1622, I., II.; 1643, f I.; 

1675, 'If I.; 1692, Tf I.* For the explanation of the 
initial M. on the Chart, and for a connected outline his¬ 
tory of Massachusetts, see Appendix, p. ix.) 

1621 . The illustration on the Chart for this year 
represents the gathering of cotton, the cultivation of 
which was first begun at Jamestown, Virginia. (Connect 
with 1622, III.) 

The Dutch West India Company chartered by Holland.f 

Gregory XV. ascended the Papal throne. 

Accession of Philip IV., aged 16 years, to the throne of the 
united kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, upon the death of his 
father, Philip III. 

1622 . The illustration on the Chart for this year 
represents the triumphant return of Captain Miles Stand- 
ish, of the Plymouth Colony, from an expedition under¬ 
taken for the rescue of the Wessagusset settlers, whom 
the neighboring Indians had plotted to destroy. The 

* Dates referring to Plymouth, after its union with Massachusetts Bay 
Colony, will be found under the year 1628, p. 108. 

f Call pupils’ attention to the banner on the year-square 1621. It 
recalls the organization of the Dutch West India Company. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


105 


conspiracy having been disclosed by the friendly Mas- 
sasoit, Captain Standish, with only eight men, marched 
to Wessagusset (now Weymouth, near Boston), and, 
rousing the colonists, put the hostile Indians to flight, 
and killed three of their number, including the chief, 
whose head he carried back to Plymouth as a trophy of 
victory. 

Thanksgiving-Day, in Hew England, originated with 
the Pilgrim Fathers. In the autumn of 1622, after an 
abundant harvest was collected, the colonists of Hew 
Plymouth assembled, and, as an old chronicle says, 
“ solemnized a day of thanksgiving unto the Lord.” 
(Connect with 1628.) 

Indian Massacre in Virginia. A furious and unchecked 
slaughter of the whites occurred in Virginia during this 
year. The Indians, having conspired to exterminate the 
colonists at Jamestown, attacked them at midday, April 
1, and in one hour 347 persons—men, women, and child¬ 
ren—fell victims to their cruelty. (Connect with 1644, 

i hi.) 

The Council of Hew England * issued a patent to two 
of its influential members, Sir Ferdinando Gorges and 
Captain John Mason, to plant colonies in Hew England. 
The territory granted extended from the Merrimac to the 
Kennebec, and from the Atlantic to the St. Lawrence. 
This tract the proprietors named the Province of Laconia. 
(Connect with 1623, T I.) 

1023 . Hew Hampshire, known as the Province of 
Laconia until 1629. Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John 
Mason sent out agents to Laconia to open fishing-sta¬ 
tions at Dover and at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth. 
(Connect with 1629, ^ H. For events relating to Hew 
* See 1620, f I. 


106 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Hampshire, see following year-squares on the Chart, and 
their corresponding dates in the “ Chronological Index ” : 
1629, 1 II.; 1639^ f L ; 1641; 1643,1 I.; 1680, 1 II.; 
1707, I.; 1741, T I.; 1745. For the explanation of 
the initials H. H. on the Chart, and for a connected out¬ 
line history of Hew Hampshire, see Appendix, p. xiv.) 

Forty-eight Dutch families arrived in Hew Hether- 
lands, eighteen of which settled on the Hudson at Fort 
Orange,* now Albany; the remainder formed a little 
colony on Manhattan Island. (Connect with 1626, TT I., 

n.) 

The Dutch, under Cornelius May, built Fort Hassau,f 
on the Delaware River. It was the second Dutch settle¬ 
ment made on the soil of what became afterward Hew 
Jersey. (Connect with 1664, T II.) 

Urban VIII. ascended the Papal throne. 

Death of Mariana, Spanish historian, aged 86 years. 

1624. King James I. dissolved the London Company, 
and made Virginia a royal province. (Connect with 1673, 
1 III.; 1677, 1 II., and 1684, f I.) 

April 26.—beginning of Richelieu’s ministry in France. He had 
received a cardinal's hat September 5, 1622. 

Death of Charles Lord Howard, of Effingham, aged 88 years, 
Lord High Admiral of England. (See defeat of the “ Invincible Ar¬ 
mada,” 1588.) 

1625. Charles I., son of James I. and Anne of Denmark, as¬ 
cended the throne of England upon the death of his father. 

Frederic Henry became Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic upon 
the death of his brother, Maurice. 

Death of Fletcher, English dramatist, aged 49 years, an associate 
with Beaumont in authorship. (See on the Chart, lower right-hand 
corner of year-square 1615.) 

1626. Peter Minuit, who was sent out by the Dutch 
Republic as Governor of Hew Hetherlands, bought of the 

* Named in honor of the Prince of Orange, Maurice, Stadtholder of the 
Dutch Republic. 

f See note, p. 102. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


107 


Indians the whole island of Manhattan for twenty-four 
dollars, and built Fort Amsterdam. (See 1633, f III.) 

The settlement of Long Island was begun by the Wal¬ 
loons, Protestants from Holland, and descendants of ex¬ 
iled French Huguenots. 

The French explored the north shore of Lake On¬ 
tario. (See 1642.) 

Under the auspices of Grustavus Adolphus, King of 
Sweden, the Swedish Company was chartered for coloniz¬ 
ing America. (See foreign history, 1630, 1 I., and 1632; 
and American history, 1638, T I.) 

Consecration of St. Peter’s Church at Rome, one hundred and 
twenty years after the laying of the corner-stone. (See 1506, for¬ 
eign history.) 

Death of Francis Bacon, English philosopher, aged 65 years. 

1627. England, in support of the Huguenots, engaged in a war 
against France. 

1628. First Massachusetts Bay Colony founded 
at Salem . The Plymouth Colony numbered nearly eight 
years of its existence (1620 to 1628) before another col¬ 
ony was planted on Massachusetts soil. The Council for 
New England made a grant in 1628 to John Endicott and 
five associates, for a belt of land on Massachusetts Bay, 
extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Endicott, 
accompanied by seventy emigrants, came over the same 
year, and began the little settlement of Salem near the 
Indian village Naumkeag. (Connect with 1629, T I- 
For events relating to the Massachusetts Bay Colonies, 
see following year-squares on the Chart, and their cor¬ 
responding dates in the “ Chronological Index”: 1620, 
11.; 1628; 1629, 1 I.; 1630, 11.; 1638,1 II.; 1641; 
1643, 1 I.; 1675, 1 I.; 1677, T I.; 1684, f II.; 1692, 
■f I. For events relating to the Plymouth and Massachu¬ 
setts Bay Colonies, after they were united into one royal 


108 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


province, see years 1692, T II.; 1704, TT I., II.; 1707*; 
1710, 1 I.; 1721*; 1741, 1 I.; 1745*; 1762, 1 I.; 
1765; 1767, f I.; 1768; 1770,111.; 1773*; 1774,11; 
1775, April 19, May 10, May 25, June 17, July 2; 1782, 
1II.; 1785, 1 I.; 1786 * ; 1787, 1 III.; 1797 *) 

The “ Petition of Eights,” drawn up by the British Parliament, 
received the royal assent. It is justly called “ the second great char¬ 
ter of English liberties.” 

The Huguenots surrendered La Rochelle to Richelieu. 

The assassination of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, aged 
36 years. 

1629. Massachusetts Bay Company formed , and 
Charlestown founded, A number of English gentlemen, 
men of rank, uniting with Endicott and his London asso¬ 
ciates, formed the corporation known as the Massachusetts 
Bay Company. Having obtained a royal charter from 
Charles I.,f they sent out about two hundred emigrants 
to join Endicott’s first colony. One hundred of the 
new-comers remained at Salem ; the remainder founded 
Charlestown. (Connect with 1630, T I.) 

Origin of the name of New Hampshire, { The part¬ 
nership which had been formed in 1622 between Fer- 
dinando Gorges and John Mason, proprietors of Laconia, 
was dissolved in 1629, whereupon Mason obtained an 
independent grant of the country situated between the 
Merrimac and Piscataqua Rivers, and named it Hew 
Hampshire; the place of his own residence he called 
Portsmouth, in memory of his having been Governor of 
Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. (Connect with 1641.) 
Gorges retained his right to the portion of the original 
grant east of the Piscataqua, which he called Hew Som¬ 
erset ; this tract received the name of Maine, on the issue 

* See foot-note, p. 97. f See 1684, II. 

\ This province was known as Laconia, from 1623 to 1629. (See year- 
square 1623, I.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


109 


of the royal charter ten years later. (Connect with 1639, 

II.) 

1630 . Boston founded by Puritans under John Win- 
throp, first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

Charles I. granted a royal charter for lands south of 
Virginia to Sir Robert Heath. They were forfeited to 
the crown in 1663, on account of non-occupancy. (Con¬ 
nect with 1663, T I.) 

The Earl of Warwick (Robert Rich) obtained from 
the Council of New England a grant for lands in the 
Connecticut Valley.* (Connect with 1631, T I.) 

Gustavus Adolphus landed in Germany with a Swedish army, leav¬ 
ing his kingdom in care of the Chancellor Oxenstiern. 

Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, was appointed Prime Minister of 
England. (See foreign history, 1641, 1II.) 

Death of Kepler, German astronomer, aged 59 years. 

1631 . The Earl of Warwick sold" his lands in the 
valley of the Connecticut to two English peers, Lord 
Saye-and-Sele and Lord Brooke. (Connect with 1635, 

1 IIL) . 

William Clayborne, an English surveyor, and member 
of the Council at Jamestown, obtained a license from 
Charles I. to open trade with the Indians, and under 
this authority he established a trading-post on Kent Isl¬ 
and in the Chesapeake Bay, and another at the mouth 
of the Susquehanna. (Connect with 1645.) 

Roger Williams arrived in Boston, February 5, pro¬ 
ceeded to Salem, and thence to New Plymouth. (Con¬ 
nect with 1635, T I., and 1636, T I.) 

About forty Hollanders made the settlement of Swaa- 
nendael, on Lewes Creek, near Cape Henlopen. It was 

* The Connecticut River having been discovered in 1614, by the Dutch 
navigator, Adrian Block, the territory through which it flowed was naturally 
claimed by the Dutch Republic. James I., ignoring such claims, had not 
hesitated, in 1620, to bestow these lands on his court favorites, who com¬ 
posed the Council for New England. 


110 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

soon destroyed by hostile Indians. This was the first 
European settlement on the territory known first as 
New Sweden, and afterward as Delaware. (Connect 
with 1638, T I.) 

1632. Charter of Maryland granted to Lord Bah 
timore . The portrait on this square is that of Cecil 
Calvert, second Lord Baltimore. A grant of land had 
been made in 1632 to his father, George Calvert, first 
Lord Baltimore, with a view to the founding of a colony 
in America, where religious toleration should form a feat¬ 
ure of the Constitution. Before the document was for¬ 
mally executed, George Calvert died, and the patent was 
conveyed to his son and heir, Cecil, who was pledged to 
carry out his father’s views. The province was named, 
in the charter, Terra Marise (Mary’s land). (Connect 
with 1631.) 

The battle of Lutzen, fought between the Swedish army under 
Gustavus Adolphus and the imperialists under Wallenstein. The 
Swedes, although victorious, sustained the loss of their idolized king, 
who was slain in the encounter. Christina, aged six years, only 
child of Gustavus Adolphus, succeeded to the throne. 

1633. Connecticut. —Early in this year, some Dutch 
traders from New Netherlands opened a trading-post on 
the Connecticut River, and named it Fort Good Hope. 
Though not a permanent settlement, it remained in the 
hands of the Dutch West India Company till it was sur¬ 
rounded by English towns. The Dutch were, therefore, 
the first occupants as well as the first discoverers of the 
Connecticut Valley. (See 1614, ^ II.) 

The next settlers in Connecticut were Puritans from 
the Plymouth Colony, led by Captain Holmes. Sailing 
past Fort Good Hope, they landed six miles farther up 
the river, and on the site of the present town of Windsor 
set up their trading-house, the frame of which they had 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX\ 


111 


carried on board tlieir vessel from Plymouth. (Connect 
with 1635, H II., III. For events relating to Connecti¬ 
cut, see following year-squares on the Chart, and their cor¬ 
responding dates in the “ Chronological Index ” : 1633, 
It I., II.; 1635, If II., III.; 1636,1 II.; 1637,1 II.; 
1638, 1 III.; 1643,1 I.; 1644, 1 II.; 1662*; 1665, 
1II.; 1687, 1 I.; 1693, 1 I.; 1701, 1II.; 1710, 11.; 
1716, 1 I.; 1718, 1 I.; 1745.* For the explanation of 
the initial C. on the Chart, and for a connected outline 
history of Connecticut, see Appendix, p. xv.) 

Peter Minuit, Governor of Hew Netherlands, was de¬ 
posed in 1632. In 1633 he was succeeded by Wouter 
Van Twiller.f (Connect with 1638, 1 IV.) 

1634. Maryland. —Leonard Calvert, under a com¬ 
mission from his brother, Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimore, 
settled St. Mary’s, Maryland, with two hundred emi¬ 
grants. (Connect with 1645. For events relating to 
Maryland, see following year-squares on the Chart, and 
their corresponding dates in the “ Chronological Index ” : 
1632,* 1634,* 1645,* 1649,* 1655, 1 II. f 1691, 1 II.; 
1694, 1 II.; 1715,111.; 1729,111.; 1767,111.; 1783, 
1 III., December 23. For the explanation of the initial 
M. on the Chart, and for a connected outline history of 
Maryland, see Appendix, p. xvii.) 

Assassination of Wallenstein, Austrian general, aged 51 years. 

1635. Roger Williams, a young minister, having 
been banished from the Colony of Massachusetts on ac¬ 
count of his dissenting opinions, retired into the wilder¬ 
ness. After fourteen weeks of wandering, he reached 
the wigwams of the Indians, from whose chief, Canoni- 

* See note, p. 97. 

f See list of the early Governors of New Netherlands noted in the lower 
left-hand corner of year-square 1614. 


112 LINT OK'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


cus, lie met with a cordial reception. (See illustration on 
the Chart. Connect with 1636, ^ I.) 

Emigration from Massachusetts to Connecticut con¬ 
tinued during this year. Early in the winter of 1635 a 
few men from Watertown, Mass., began the settlement 
of Wethersfield, Conn. Other attempted immigrations 
were in progress during the following spring and summer. 
Late in November, a party of sixty, from Massachusetts, 
- comprising men, women, and children, undertook on foot 
a most perilous journey through the wdlderness to the 
Connecticut Valley. Winter soon overtook them, and 
their sufferings became intense. Those of their number 
who survived, found shelter, some at Windsor, some at 
Wethersfield, and others near the Dutch trading-post, 
Fort Good Hope.* (Connect with 1636, T II.) 

Saybrooke founded . An independent colony was 
planted at the- mouth of the Connecticut Diver, by two 
English peers, Lord Saye-and-Sele and Lord Brooke. 
John Winthrop, son of Governor Winthrop, of Boston, 
was detailed to begin the new settlement with an efficient 
band of English emigrants who had recently arrived in 
Boston. This colony was named Saybrooke, after the 
proprietors. (See Earl of Warwick’s grant in 1630, and 
the sale of his lands in 1631, p. 109; and 1638, T III., 
p. 114. Connect with 1644, II., p. 117.) 

First college in North America, begun in Quebec by 
Jesuits. 

Death of Lope de Vega, Spanish dramatist, aged 72 years. 

1636. Bhode Island. —Boger Williams, having pur¬ 
chased of the Indians a tract of land watered by the Paw¬ 
tucket Diver, left the tribe early in the spring of 1636, 

* An allusion to these sixty unfortunate emigrants is found in the up¬ 
per corner of the initial C., 1633. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


113 


and with live companions commenced, on the western 
shore of the river, a settlement which he named Provi¬ 
dence. (Connect with 1637, T I. For events relating 
to Rhode Island, see following year-squares on the Chart, 
and their corresponding dates in the u Chronological In¬ 
dex” : 1631, 1 III.; 1635,11.; 1636, f I.; 1637,1.; 
1639, f II.; 1643, note, p. 116 ; 1644,1[ I.; 1663,1 II.; 
1707,* 1772,* 1790, May 29. For the explanation of the 
initials R. I. on the Chart, and a connected outline his¬ 
tory of Rhode Island, see Appendix, p. xx.) 

The most important of the migrations to the Connect¬ 
icut Yalley was the one that left Newtown (afterward 
Cambridge), Massachusetts, in the summer of 1636. It 
consisted of Rev. Thomas Hooker and about one hundred 
of his parishioners. They journeyed through the woods, 
and on foot, driving their cattle before them, but the sea¬ 
son was propitious, and they reached Hartford without 
accident. Here they located permanently, and at the same 
time gave stability to the feeble settlements of Windsor 
and Wethersfield, which, with Hartford, formed what is 
known as the Connecticut Colony. (See illustration on 
square 1633. Connect with 1637, II., and 1638, Tf III.) 

Calderon de la Barca succeeded Lope de Vega as the popular 
dramatist of Spain. 

1637. Massachusetts refugees, under Coddington, 
bought the Island of Aquiday, settled on it, and called 
it Rhode Island. They named their settlement Ports¬ 
mouth. (Connect with 1639, 1" II.) 

The Pequod War. The year 1637 forms an epoch 
in the early annals of Connecticut, on account of a war 
against the Pequods, which resulted in the entire destruc¬ 
tion of that tribe. 


* See note, p. 97. 


114 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

Ferdinand III. ascended the throne of Germany upon the death 
of his father, Ferdinand II. 

Death of Ben Jonson, English dramatist, aged 63 years. 

1038. Delaware, known as New Sweden from 
1638 until 1655. Swedes and Finns, under Peter Minuit, 
the former Governor of New Netherlands,* founded 
New Sweden and built Fort Christiana, near the present 
site of Wilmington, Delaware. (Connect with 1643, III. 
For events relating to Delaware, see following year-squares 
on the Chart, and their corresponding dates in the “ Chro¬ 
nological Index” : 1631, IY.; 1638, I.; 1643, III.; 
1651, 11-; 1654f; 1655, T I.; 1664, 1 I.; 1682, 1 I.; 
1692, ^ III.; 1694, *1 I.; I703.f For the explanation 
of the initial D. on the Chart, and a connected outline 
history of Delaware, see Appendix, p. xxii.) 

Harvard College founded at Cambridge {Newtown), 
Mass. It was named in honor of Bev. John Harvard, 
who bequeathed to the institution his library and half of 
his estate. The name of Newtown in which it was lo¬ 
cated was changed for that of Cambridge, in honor of 
the famous English university, of which some of the 
early settlers in Massachusetts were graduates. 

New Haven founded. A third colony, known as the 
New Haven Colony, was established in Connecticut in 
1638, by wealthy English Puritans who had arrived in 
Boston the previous year. The Bible w T as adopted as 
the law of the colony, and only church-members were 
allowed a voice in their assembly. (Connect with 1662,f 

p. 122.) 

Sir William Kieft succeeded Wouter Yan Twilier as 

* After Minuit’s deposition, in 1632, from the office of Governor of New 
Netherlands, he visited Stockholm, and offered the benefit of his experience 
in America to the Swedes, who, accepting the offer, appointed him governor 
of the Swedish colony about to sail for the New World. 

f See note, p. 97. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


115 


Governor of New Netherlands. (Connect with 1643, 
1 II., p. 116.*) 

1639. Origin of Maine. Charles I. granted a royal 
charter to Sir Ferdinando Gorges for lands between the 
Piscataqua and Kennebec Rivers; these lands were com¬ 
prised in the original grant made to Gorges and Mason in 
1622, and at the dissolution of their partnership, in 1629, 
formed the portion retained by Gorges and named New 
Somerset. The royal charter was merely a confirmation 
of the previous grant. The name of the domain was 
changed to Maine. (Connect with 1677, T I.) 

Newport was founded in the southeastern part of 
Rhode Island, near a curious old stone tower, by settlers 
from Portsmouth, a town situated in the northern part 
of the island. (Connect with 1644, 1" I.) 

1G40. Portugal, throwing off the yoke of Spain, resumed its 
independence, and the Duke of Braganza ascended the throne, under 
the title of King John IV. 

Death of Rubens, Flemish painter, aged 63 years. 

Death of Massinger, English dramatist, aged 55 years. 

1641. The scattered settlements in New Hampshire, 
on account of Indian encroachments, united and placed 
themselves under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts 
Bay Colony. (Connect with 1643, T I., and 1680, T II.) 

The Star Chamber, a court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at 
Westminster (England), was abolished in 1641. It was so called be¬ 
cause the ceiling was decorated with gilt stars. Its prerogative was 
to punish offenses for which the law had made no provision.! 

Execution of the Earl of Strafford, English statesman, aged 48 
years. (See foreign history, 1630, ir II.) 

Death of Sully, French statesman, aged 81 years. 

Death of Vandyke, Flemish painter, aged 42 years. 

Malacca captured from the Portugese by the Dutch, after nine 
months’ siege and blockaded (Examine year-square 1511.) 

* See note, p. 97. 

f See Brewer’s “ Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.” 

\ The Dutch held Malacca for 154 years, when they surrendered to a 
British besieging force in 1795. In 1818 it was restored to the Dutch Gov- 




110 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


1642. Montreal founded by the French. (See 1668.) 

Civil war in England between Charles I. and the Parliament. 

Mazarin’s ministry in France begun. 

Death of Galileo, Italian astronomer, aged 78 years. 

Death of Guido, Italian painter, aged 67 years. 

1643. New England Confederacy formed under the 
title of “ The United Colonies of New England .” To 
secure protection against the Dutch, French, and Indians, 
a confederacy was formed by four New England Colo¬ 
nies, viz., Massachusetts Bay Colony—which from 1641 
had included the New Hampshire settlements—Plymouth 
Colony, Connecticut Colony, and New Haven Colony.* 

An Indian war, brought about by Governor Kieft’s 
treachery, broke out in New Netherlands in 1643. It 
was in this war that the unfortunate Mrs. Anne Hutchin¬ 
son, and all but one of her family, were murdered by the 
natives. (Connect with 1647.) 

Peter Minuit, Governor of New Sweden, died at Fort 
Christiana in 1641. John Printz, a brave soldier, being 
appointed to succeed him, arrived in New Sweden in 
1643 ; he removed his headquarters from Fort Christiana 
to Tinicum Island in the Delaware Piver, twelve miles 
below Philadelphia. Thus the Swedes were the first 
European settlers on the territory afterward known as 
Pennsylvania. (Connect with 1683.) 

Accession of Louis XIV., aged five years, to the throne of France 
upon the demise of his father, Louis XIII. 

1644. At the solicitation of Boger Williams, the 
English Parliament granted a charter uniting the Provi¬ 
dence and Bhode Island Plantations into one colony. 
(Connect with 1663, T IT) 

ernment; but it again reverted to the British in 1824, in exchange for Ben- 
coolen in Sumatra. (See “ Appletons’ Cyclopaedia.”) 

* The Providence and Rhode Island Plantations were not permitted to 
join the confederacy unless they consented to become an appendage to 
Plymouth. This, of course, those settlements declined. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


117 


Union of the Connecticut and the Saybrooke Colonies. 
The only remaining proprietor of the Saybrooke Colony 
sold his interest in it, in 1644, to the Connecticut towns, 
and it became a part of the Connecticut Colony. (Con¬ 
nect with 1662.) 

A second Indian massacre in Virginia occurred in 
1664, during which a large number of the frontier set¬ 
tlers were murdered by the savages before aid could reach 
them. A vigorous war ensued, which ended in the expul¬ 
sion of the Indians from the vicinity of the York and 
James Rivers. (Connect with 1675, T II.) 

Innocent X. ascended the Papal throne. 

Battle of Marston Moot*,* July 2; royalists defeated by Cromwell. 

1645 . Clayborne^s Rebellion in Maryland. Clay- 
borne, who had formerly refused allegiance to the propri¬ 
etary of Maryland, and had repaired to England for the 
adjustment of his claims to posts on Kent Island in the 
Chesapeake, returned, and in 1645 again raised the stand¬ 
ard of rebellion. He compelled Governor Calvert to seek 
refuge in Virginia. In 1646, Governor Calvert, reappear¬ 
ing with a body of troops, repressed the revolt, put Clay- 
borne to flight, and resumed his position. (Connect with 
1649 and with 1655, T II.) 

Battle of Naseby, Northampton; Charles 1. defeated by Crom¬ 
well. (Connect with foreign history, 1646.) 

Alexis I., aged 15 years, ascended the throne of Russia upon the 
demise of his father, the Emperor Michael. 

Execution of William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, aged 72 
years. 

1646. Charles I. fled to Scotland, and. as a last resource, threw 
himself upon the protection of the Scottish army. Betraving the 
trust reposed in them, the Scots sold the King to the English Par¬ 
liament for £400,000. (Connect with foreign history, 1649, IT I.) 

1647 . Governor Stuyvesanfs arrival in New Am¬ 
sterdam. The cruelty and infamy of Kieft, Governor 

* Marston Moor, in Yorkshire, England. 


118 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


of New Netherlands, rendering him odious to the peo¬ 
ple, he was recalled to Holland, and Peter Stuyvesant 
was appointed his successor. Stuyvesant was a man of 
experience, a brave, honest soldier who, while in his coun¬ 
try’s service in the West Indies, had lost a leg in hon¬ 
orable warfare. He presided over the province about 
seventeen years, during which time it became populous, 
wealthy, and powerful. (Connect with 1651, T I.) 

Massaniello, the Neapolitan insurgent chief, revolted in Naples, 
and was assassinated. 

William II., Prince of Orange, son-in-law of Charles I. of Eng¬ 
land, succeeded to the office of Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic 
upon the death of his father, Frederick Henry. 

1648 . The Treaty of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years’ War 
in Europe. 

Frederick III., aged 39 years, upon the demise of his father, 
Christian IV., ascended the throne of Denmark. Frederick was the 
father of Prince George of Denmark, the consort of Queen Anne of 
Great Britain. 

1649 . Maryland passed the Toleration Act, which 
granted to all denominations liberty of conscience and po¬ 
litical equality. (Connect with 1655, T II.) 

Charles I. of England executed. Royalty abolished. The 
Commonwealth proclaimed. The Independents, a fanatical sect of 
Puritans who ruled Parliament, resolving to raise a democracy on 
the ruins of the monarchy, passed a resolution accusing Charles I. 
of treason, in making-war on his Parliament, and cited him before 
the High Commission Court to answer the charge. The King re¬ 
fused to acknowledge the legality of this tribunal, but was tried by 
it, condemned, and, on January 30, 1649, beheaded. A few days 
after the execution of Charles I. royalty, with all its accessories, was 
abolished, and the Commonwealth formally proclaimed. 

Charles, Prince of Wales, assumed the title of Charles II., King 
of England, though Parliament made it treason to recognize his 
claims. 

1650 . The Marquis of Montrose (James Graham) was the illus¬ 
trious commander-in-chief of all the forces to be raised in Scotland 
for the king’s service. He landed in Scotland, April 20, was defeated, 
taken prisoner, and hanged May 21. 

Charles II. arrived in Scotland, and was proclaimed King, July 15. 

Battle of Dunbar, Scotland, September 3. Many of the prisoners 
taken in this battle were sent to work the New England plantations. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


119 


Birth of William, Prince of Orange,* eight, days after the death 
of his father, William II., Stadtholder of Holland. * The States-Gen- 
eral ruled without a stadtholder. (Connect with foreign history, 
1652, IT III., and 1672, f II.) 

Death of Descartes, French philosopher, aged 54 years. 

1651 . As a security against the commercial rivalry 
of the Swedes, the Dutch built Fort Casimir (now New 
Castle) on the Delaware River. (Connect with 1654.) 

The first settlement on the territory afterward known 
as North Carolina, was made near the mouth of the Chow¬ 
an River, about 1651, by a few emigrants from Virginia. 
(Connect with 1661.) 

First of the Navigation Acts passed by the British 
Parliament . The Dutch were at this time the common 
carriers-at-sea for all Europe. In consequence, the republic 
had become the most formidable maritime nation of the 
age. To weaken this great naval power, the British Par¬ 
liament passed a law forbidding any foreign vessel to take 
a cargo into English ports, unless it were *of the products 
of the country whence the vessel came. This Navigation 
Act affected the trade of the colonies. (Connect with 
1660.) 

Charles If. was crowned at Scone; he advanced into England, 
and was defeated at Worcester. 

1652 . Ireton completed the subjugation of Ireland, and thou¬ 
sands of the Irish people were sent to the W T est Indies and the 
North American colonies. 

King Charles II. escaped to France. 

De Witt was made Grand Pensionary of Holland. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1672, 1 III.) 

War between the English and Dutch. Admiral Blake, of Eng¬ 
land, defeated the most celebrated of the Dutch commanders, De 
Witt and De Buy ter, but was surprised and defeated by Van 
Tromp. 

1653 . Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector of the Common¬ 
wealth. Cromwell, finding his Parliament refractory, dissolved it, 
and convoked an Assembly called the “ Little Parliament,” after- 

* This prince became King of Great Britain in 1689. (See in “Chrono¬ 
logical Index,” foreign history, 1689, f I., p. 133.) 




120 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

ward known as “ Barebone’s Parliament.” This Assembly was soon 
dispersed by & Council of State, which conferred upon Cromwell the 
title of Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Ireland, 
and Scotland. (Connect with foreign history, 1658,1F1F III. and IV.) 

Death of Van Tromp, Dutch admiral, aged 56 years. 

1654 . The Swedes considered the building of Fort 
Casimir by the New-Netherlanders (1651) an encroach¬ 
ment on their territory. Mutual jealousies ensued, and 
the Swedish governor surprised the Dutch garrison and 
captured the fort. (Connect with 1655, ^ I.) 

Abdication of Queen Christina, of Sweden. Her cousin, Charles 
X., of the house of Deux Ponts, asCended the throne. 

1655 . End or New Sweden. It was conquered by 
the Dutch and annexed to New Netherlands. The seiz¬ 
ure of Fort Casimir by the Swedes proved the ruin of 
their colony. The Dutch West India Company command¬ 
ed Governor Stuyvesant to drive the Swedes from the 
Delaware Diver, or compel their submission. In obedi¬ 
ence to this order, Stuyvesant sailed up the Delaware, 
and obliged the Governor of New Sweden to surrender 
the entire province. (Connect with 1664, °|[ I.) 

Civil War in Maryland from 1655 to 1658. The pas¬ 
sage of the Toleration Act in Maryland in 1649 had at¬ 
tracted to the province a large number of Protestants, 
who, soon outnumbering the Catholics in the Legislative 
Assembly, began an oppressive exercise of their power. 
Cromwell, knowing that the Proprietaries of Maryland 
were royalists, sent commissioners “to look after the plan¬ 
tations within the Chesapeake Bay that had acknowledged 
Charles II.” One of these commissioners was Clayborne 
(see 1645). Putting himself at the head of the Puritans, 
he excited a rebellion, deposed the governor, and set up 
a new government, the first act of which was to disfran¬ 
chise the Catholics. There were tw T o separate govern¬ 
ments, one at St. Mary’s, acknowledging Lord Baltimore, 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


121 


the other at Providence, near the present site of Annapo¬ 
lis, acting under power from commissioners. But at the 
Restoration, in 1660, Lord Baltimore w~as reinstated in his 
rights, and his brother, Philip Calvert, was recognized as 
governor. (Connect with 1691, f |[ II.) 

Alexander VII. ascended the Papal throne. 

War between England and Spain. The refusal of Spain to 
grant to English merchants free trade with her American colonies 
gave Cromwell a pretext for declaring war, during which Jamaica, 
a valuable Spanish possession in the West Indies, was taken by an 
English squadron commanded by Admirals Penn and Venables. 
(Connect with American history, 1681.) 

1656 . Alfonso VI., aged 13 years, ascended the throne of 
Portugal, upon the death of his father, King John IV. 

1657 . Deaths: Dr. Harvey, aged 79 years, English anatomist, 
and discoverer of the circulation of the blood; Robert Blake, aged 
58 years, British admiral. 

1658 . Dunkirk, in France, surrendered to the English after the 
battle of the Dunes or Sands.* 

Leopold I., aged 18 years, ascended the throne of Germany upon 
the death of his father, Ferdinand III. 

Death of Oliver Cromwell, aged 59 years. 

Richard, son of Oliver Cromwell, was proclaimed Lord Protector 
of the Commonwealth, but, resigning his power to the army in 1659, 
he retired to private life. (Connect with foreign history, 1660, IF I.) 

1060. After the Restoration, a second Navigation 
Act was passed by Parliament, giving to England the 
entire control of all the trade of the colonies. (See year- 
square 1651, T III.) 

Restoration of Monarchy in England.— The resignation of 
Richard Cromwell left England a prey to military dissension. Gen¬ 
eral Monk, having subdued contending factions, convoked a Parlia¬ 
ment, in which it was decided to re-establish monarchy, and recall 
the King. At the request of the nation, therefore, Charles II. re¬ 
turned, and, on the 29th of May, was proclaimed King of England, 
Ireland, and Scotland. This event, known in history as the Resto¬ 
ration, was hailed with enthusiasm by the people. 

Charles XI., aged five years, ascended the throne of Sweden upon 
the death of his father, King Charles X. 

Death of Velasquez, Spanish painter, aged 61 years. 

* Dunes, an ancient Saxon word, still used in England to designate hills 
of sand along the coast, which are blown together by the winds. (See “ Ap- 
pletons’ Cyclopaedia.”) 

6 



122 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

1061. Second Settlement in North Carolina . Some 
New England people settled on Cape Fear River, near the 
present site of Wilmington, North Carolina. The barren¬ 
ness of the soil and the hostility of the Indians soon caused 
the abandonment of the settlement. (Connect with 1663, 

II. , and 1664, f III., p. 124.) 

1062. Charles II. granted to the Connecticut Colony 
a royal charter, the privileges of which extended to the 
New Haven Colony. These two colonies retained their 
separate governments till 1665. (Connect with 1665, 

III. ) 

Death of Pascal, French philosopher, aged 39 years. 

1003. North Carolina.* Grant of the Carolinas .— 
The vast region between Albemarle Sound and the river 
St. John was bestowed by Charles II. upon Lord Claren¬ 
don and seven other court favorites, with full power to 
settle and govern it. The new proprietors named their 
lands Carolina, in honor of the king. (Connect with 
1664, T HI- For events relating to North Carolina, see 
following year-squares on the Chart, and their correspond¬ 
ing dates in the “ Chronological Index ” : 1651, If II.; 
1661f; 1663, II.; 1664,1111.; 1665, 1 I.; 1669 f; 
1711 f; 1712, 1II.; 1729, 1 I-; 1775, May 31; 1789, 
1 II., November. For the explanation of the initials 
N. C., on the Chart, and for a connected outline history 
of North Carolina, see Appendix, p. xxiv.) 

The settlements on Narragansett Bay, known as Provi¬ 
dence and Rhode Island Plantations, received a royal 
charter from Charles II. (Connect with 1686, 1 I.) 

1064. Origin of the name of New York . J The 

* It was not until 1729 that this territory was divided into two distinct 
provinces, known as North and South Carolina. 

f See note, p. 97. 

\ This province was known as New Netherlands from 1614 to 1664. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


123 


English had not ceased to regard New Netherlands as 
English territory, still basing their claims thereto on the 
discoveries made by the Cabots one hundred and sixty- 
seven years before. To substantiate this claim, Charles 

II. made to his brother, the Duke of York, a formal 

grant of all the territory between the Connecticut and 
Delaware Rivers, and Colonel Nichols was dispatched 
with a fleet to take forcible possession. When the Brit¬ 
ish fleet entered the harbor of New Amsterdam, Govern¬ 
or Stuyvesant sought to arouse the people to resistance, 
but his efforts were ineffectual, and he was obliged to sur¬ 
render the city. The name of the colony as well as its 
chief city, New Amsterdam, was changed to New York 
in honor of the Duke’s English title, and Fort Orange 
was named Albany in commemoration of his Scottish 
title. All the Atlantic coast, from Maine to Georgia in¬ 
clusive, was now in possession of the English. (Connect 
with 1667. For events relating to New York, see follow¬ 
ing year-squares on the Chart, and their corresponding 
dates in the “Chronological Index”: 1664, T I.; 1667*; 
1673, T IY.; 1674, I.; 1685,* also foreign history, 

1685, f I.; 1690, T I.; 1691, 1 I.; 1692, 1 III.; 1710, 

III. ; 1741,1II.; 1762,1 I-; 1765,1 III.; 1770, f I.; 
1777, Burgoyne’s invasion from June to October 17; 
1783, If II.; 1789, ^ I. For the explanation of the 
initials N. Y. on the Chart, and a connected outline his¬ 
tory of New York, see Appendix, p. vi.) 

New Jersey. —The grant made by* Charles II. to his 
brother the Duke of York included all the territory be¬ 
tween the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers; the Jersey 
lands formed a part of the royal gift. Before the con¬ 
quest of New Netherlands had been secured, the Duke 
* See note, p. 97. 


124 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

granted the whole country from the Hudson to the Dela¬ 
ware to two court favorites, Lord John Berkeley * and Sir 
George Carteret, both proprietors in Carolina. This tract, 
in compliment to Carteret, was named after the Island of 
Jersey, in the English Channel, of which Sir George had 
been governor. (Connect with 1665, T III. For events 
relating to Hew Jersey, see following year-squares on the 
Chart, and their corresponding dates in the u Chronologi¬ 
cal Index”: 1614, 1 L; 1618, T I.; 1623, f III.; 1664, 
1 II.; 1665, T HI.; 1674, II.; 1682, 1 I.; 1702, 
Till.; 17381; 1746f; 1757, T H- For the explanation 
of the initials H. J. on the Chart, and for a connected 
outline history of Hew Jersey, see Appendix, p. xxvii.) 

Albemarle County Colony founded by Virginia Emi¬ 
grants. \ As Virginia increased in strength and popula¬ 
tion, it sought to extend its possessions southward, and 
great inducements were held out to emigrants by the 
Virginia Legislature. In 1664 Roger Green, an enter¬ 
prising colonist, organized a party and established the 
Albemarle County Colony, at the mouth of the Chowan 
River. (Connect with 1665, T I.) 

1605. Clarendon County Colony founded, A few 
adventurers from Barbadoes, wishing to establish a lucra¬ 
tive lumber-trade with the West Indies, formed a settle¬ 
ment, known as the Clarendon County Colony, on Cape 
Fear River, near the deserted Hew England settlement 
made in 1661. (Connect with 1669,'f*) 

Union of the New Haven and Connecticut Colonies. 
The charter granted to Connecticut by Charles II., in 
1662, implied the merging of Hew Haven into the Con- 

* See year 1674, II. 

•f See note, p. 97. 

X Want of s P ace on tbe year-square 1664 of the Chart has prevented 
the mention of the Albemarle County Colony. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


125 


necticut Colony. For a time, the New Haven Colony 
resisted the loss of its individuality, but, by the wise 
policy of Winthrop, the union was effected, and in 1665 
both were definitively organized into one province under 
the same charter, and so remained till the American Revo¬ 
lution. (Connect with 1687, T I.) 

The first settlement made in New Jersey by its Eng¬ 
lish proprietaries was at Elizabethtown. Philip Carteret 
(brother of Sir George), having been appointed governor, 
brought out the colonists in 1665. In the vicinity of 
their encampment they found several families who, com¬ 
ing from Long Island under a license from Colonel 
Nichols, of New York, had settled here the year previous 
(1664), and, furthermore, had made good their title to the 
land by a direct purchase from the natives. Nichols had 
authorized the move before the grant made to Berkeley 
and Carteret was known in America. (Connect with 
1674, 1 II.) 

A fearful plague visited London and carried off more than 100,- 
000 people. 

Charles II., aged 4 years, son of Philip IV., ascended the Span¬ 
ish throne. lie was the last King of Spain of the Ilapsburg line. 
(Connect with foreign history, 1700, IT II.) 

Death of Poussin, French painter, aged 71 years. 

1G66. A great fire occurred in London, destroying thirteen 
thousand houses and eighty-nine churches. Loss of property valued 
£7,385,000. 

Death of Anne of Austria, aged 65 years, mother of Louis XIV. 

1667. The war between England and Holland, caused 
by commercial rivalries, was ended by the Peace of Breda. 
By this treaty, New Netherlands, which the English had 
occupied by force in 1664, was formally ceded to England 
by the Hutch Republic. (Connect with 1673, 1" IY.) 

Clement IX. ascended the Papal throne. 

Death of Jeremy Taylor, English author and divine, aged 54 
years. 


120 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

1608. The French settled St. Mary’s, north of Lake 
Huron. (Connect with 1673, Ilf I. and II.) 

Pedro II., aged 20 years, was made Regent of Portugal after the 
deposition of his brother, Alfonso VI., which was effected toward 
the end of the year 1667.* 

1669. Locke's Grand Model.\ The Proprietaries of 
Carolina, being nobles, wished to form an aristocratic gov¬ 
ernment. King Charles II. empowered them to grant 
patents of nobility, and Locke was appointed to devise a 
suitable plan of government. This is known as Locke’s 
Grand Model. Within a few years, however, the scheme 
was abandoned as impracticable. 

Death of Rembrandt, Dutch painter, aged 63 years. 

1670, South Carolina.;): Carteret County Colony 
founded. The first settlement in this province was made 
at Port Royal by English emigrants under William Sayle. 
They were known as the Carteret County Colony. Be¬ 
fore the close of the year, they removed to the Ashley 
River and founded Old Charleston. (Connect with 1680, 
If III. For events relating to South Carolina, see follow¬ 
ing year-squares on the Chart, and their corresponding 
dates in the 4 ‘Chronological Index” : 1670 # ; 1680, 1 III.; 
1686,111.; 1695 # ; 1702,111.; 1705; 1706,11.; 1712, 
III.; 1715,11.; 1719 # ; 1729,11. For the explanation 
of the initials S. C. on the Chart, and a connected outline 
history of South Carolina, see Appendix, p. xxix.) 

Christian V., aged 24 years, son of Frederic III., ascended the 
throne of Denmark. He was the brother of Prince George of Den¬ 
mark, consort of Queen Anne of Great Britain, and the maternal 
uncle of Charles XII. of Sweden. 

Clement X. ascended the Papal throne. 

1672. War between England and Holland. (See American 
history, 1673, IT IV.) 


* See note (t) on p. 143, and connect with foreign history, 1683, II. 
f Through inadvertence, this item has been omitted on the Chart. 

\ See note (*) referring to Carolina, p. 122. # See note, p. 97. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


127 


The office, of Stadtholder in Holland, after its suppression for 
twenty-one years, was restored to William III. Prince of Orange. 
(See foreign history, 1650, IF IV.) 

Assassination of John DeWitt, aged 74 years, Grand Pensionary 
of Holland. (See foreign history, 1652, IT III.) 

1673. Father Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, set out 
with Joliet and other Frenchmen to find the head-waters 
of the Mississippi, called by the Indians the “ Father of 
Waters.” Sailing down the Wisconsin they entered the 
Mississippi, June 17, and descended to the mouth of the 
Arkansas, where they became convinced that it flowed into 
the Gulf of Mexico.* Michigan traces its origin to Mar¬ 
quette, who founded the missions of St. Mary and St. Ig¬ 
natius. He also established the first mission in Illinois, 
in 1675, at Kaskaskia. (Connect with 1680, 1" I.) 

Fort Frontenac (now Kingston) was built on Lake 
Ontario by Count de Frontenac, Governor of Canada. 
(Connect with 1680, If I-> and examine 1758, August 27.) 

Charles II. assigned the whole of Virginia, for thirty- 
one years, to Lords Culpeper and Arlington. (Connect 
with 1677, 1II.) 

During the war between England and Holland, the 
Dutch recaptured New York. (Connect with 1674, T L) 

Death of Molidre, French poet, aged 51 years. 

Death of Salvator Rosa, Italian painter, aged 58 years. 

1674. Peace being proclaimed between Holland and 
England, New York was restored to the English. Major 
Edmund Andros was appointed governor of the province, 
by the Duke of York. He was recalled to England in 
1680. (See year 1686, T I.) 

Lord Berkeley sold out his interest in New Jersey to 
two English Quakers, Fenwicke and Byllinge. The next 
year (1675) Fenwicke brought out a Quaker colony and 


* Sec De Soto’s discovery in 1541. 


128 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


settled Salem near the Delaware. Byllinge, becoming in¬ 
volved in debt, made an assignment of his part of the 
purchase for the benefit of his creditors, and Penn was 
one of the chief agents for the transfer of the property. 
The Jersey lands were now jointly held by .Sir George 
Carteret and the Quakers. In 1676 it was mutually 
agreed to divide the country into East and West Jersey 
—Carteret receiving the eastern part, and Penn and his 
associates the western part, so that West Hew Jersey was 
substantially a Quaker province several years before Penn 
purchased East Hew Jersey from the Carteret heirs. (See 
1682, 11.) 

Death of Milton, English poet, aged 66 years. 

1075. King Philips Wap in New England. The 
peaceful intercourse that had existed between the Hew 
England colonists and the Indians ceased shortly after the 
death of the friendly Massasoit. Philip, his son, one of 
the ablest of the Indian chiefs, was the inveterate enemy 
of the whites, and to effect their destruction he formed a 
confederacy with the Hew England tribes. The first 
place attacked by the savages was Swanzey, a village 
within the precincts of the Hew Plymouth colony, and 
about thirty-five miles southwest from the Plymouth set¬ 
tlement. The war was next directed against the settle¬ 
ments in the Connecticut Yalley, from Hortlifield to 
Springfield, Mass., and thence to those in Maine and 
Hew Hampshire. The Indians were not overcome until 
the death of Philip, who was shot in 1676 by a traitor of 
his own tribe. 

Indians from Maryland commenced warlike inroads 
into Yirginia and committed many barbarities. (Connect 
with 1676.) 

Death of Turenne, French marshal, aged 64 years. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


129 


1676. Bacon’s Rebellion. Jamestown burned. The 
tyranny of Sir William Berkeley, Governor of Virginia, 
and his refusal to provide adequately for the defense of 
the people against the Indians, caused many of the plant¬ 
ers, under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon, to rise against his 
government. During this rebellion the governor was 
driven from Jamestown ; to prevent its falling again into 
his hands, it was burned to the ground by the insurgents. 
When the hope of a more liberal government was about 
to be realized, Bacon suddenly died, and the popular 
forces were obliged to disperse. Berkeley immediately 
resumed his power. All who had taken part in the re¬ 
bellion were relentlessly persecuted or put to death. 
(Connect with 1677, If H.) 

Innocent XI. ascended the Papal throne. 

Feodor II., aged 18 years, ascended the throne of Russia upon 
the death of his father, Alexis. 

1677. Maine became, by purchase, a district of Mas¬ 
sachusetts, and so remained until 1820, when it was ad¬ 
mitted into the Union as a State. (See 1639, T I.) 

Virginia a Proprietary Government. Charles II. ap¬ 
pointed Culpeper Governor of Virginia for life. Thus 
Virginia, from a royal province, became a proprietary 
government, and so remained till 1684, when it was again 
restored to the crown. (Connect with 1684, I.) 

Death of Spinoza, philosopher. 

1678. Titus Oates and Dr..Tongue falsely accuse the Jesuits of 
a conspiracy known in history as the “ Popish Plot.” 

1679. The “Habeas Corpus Act” passed by British Parliament, 
insuring the personal liberty of the subject. 

Death of Hobbes, English philosopher, aged 91 years. 

1680. La Salle, a Frenchman, under a commission 
from Louis XIV., engaged in explorations in the West, 
in company with the Jesuit Hennepin. After meeting 
with many reverses, La Salle returned to Canada. Father 


130 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Hennepin, with a part of the company, reached the Mis¬ 
sissippi River and explored it to the falls, named by him 
Falls of St. Anthony. (Connect with 1682, T II.) 

Hew Hampshire became a royal province in 1680,* 
under a governor appointed by the king, and an Assem¬ 
bly elected by the people. (Connect with 1741, T II.) 

The Old Charleston settlers removed to the junction 
of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, and laid the foundation 
of the present city of Charleston, South Carolina. (See 
1670, and connect with 1686, T II.) 

Deaths: Samuel Butler, English poet, aged 68 years. Sir Peter 
Lely, Dutch painter, aged 63 years. 

1681. William Penn obtained from Charles II. an 
extensive tract west of the Delaware, in payment of a 
claim against the English Government for £16,000 left 
him by his father. The king himself gave the tract the 
name of Pennsylvania, “ the woody land of Penn.” (See 
foreign history, 1655, T and connect with 1682, T I.) 

Death of Calderon de la Barca, Spanish dramatist, aged 80 years. 

1682 . Pennsylvania. —In 1682 William Penn ar¬ 
rived in America with a number of emigrants. He made 
a treaty of friendship with the Indians, which remained 
uninterrupted for more than seventy years. He increased 
the territory included in the original grant, by the pur¬ 
chase of East Jersey from the Carteret heirs; and also 
obtained from the Duke of York a grant of what is now 
the State of Delaware ; this region Penn called “ The 
Territories.” (Connect with 1683. For events relating to 
Pennsylvania, see following year-squares on the Chart, 
and their corresponding dates in the “ Chronological 
Index”: 1643, T III.; 1655, T II. of foreign history; 

* The date 1680 is given by Scott, Anderson, Goodrich, and Swinton, 
authors of school histories of the United States, whereas Bancroft, Bryant, 
and Quackenbos give the year 1679. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


131 


1674, 1 II.; 1681 * ; 1682, 1 I.; 1683 * ; 1692, f III.; 
1694, 1 I.; 1702, 1 III.; 1703*; 1718, f III.; 176T, 
1 II.; 1774, 1 IY.; 1775, May 10; 1776, July 4; 1790, 
1 IY.; 1791,11II, III.; 1792,11.; 1793,1 1.; 1794, 
1II.; 1800, 1 I. For the explanation of the initial P. 
on the Chart, and a connected outline history of Penn¬ 
sylvania, see Appendix, p. xxxi.) 

La Salle explored the Mississippi to the sea and, plant¬ 
ing the arms of France near its mouth, claimed the ter¬ 
ritory for France, and named it Louisiana, in honor of 
Louis XIV. f (Connect with 1687, 1 II.) 

The joint sovereigns, Ivan V. and Peter I., ascended the throne 
of Russia under the regency of their sister Sophia. They were the 
brothers of the late Czar Feodor II. 

Deaths: Claude Lorraine, Italian landscape-painter, aged 82 
years; Murillo, Spanish painter, aged 64 years; Prince Rupert of 
Bavaria, aged 62 years, nephew of Charles I. of England. 

1683 . Philadelphia, or the city of “ Brotherly Love,” 
was founded by William Penn, between the Delaware and 
Schuylkill Rivers, on lands purchased from the Swedes, 
who had bought them from the Indians. (See year-square 
1643, 1 HI.) 

Rye-House Plot, and execution of Lord William Russell and 
Algernon Sidney. 

Pedro II., regent of Portugal, was crowned king on the death of 
his brother, Alfonso VI. 

Turks repulsed in the siege of Vienna, by John Sobieski, King 
of Poland. 

Death of Colbert, French statesman, aged 64 years. 

1684 . Virginia became a royal province, and so re¬ 
mained until the Revolution. 

The Charter of Massachusetts declared void . The open 

* See note, p. 97. 

f La Salle then retraced his steps to Quebec, and finally embarked for 
France. In 1684 he returned to America with an expedition fitted out for 
the purpose of colonizing Louisiana. Sailing into the Gulf of Mexico, he 
failed to find the mouth of the Mississippi, and, meeting with many re¬ 
verses by land and sea, was at length murdered by one of his own men. 
(See American history, 1687, ^ II.) 


132 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


opposition offered by Massachusetts to the Navigation 
Acts and other laws imposed by England, exasperating 
Charles II., he resolved to deprive her of the charter 
which his father had granted in 1629. To carry out the 
king’s design the highest English court, in 1684, declared 
the charter of Massachusetts null and void.* (Examine 
1629, If I., and connect with 1692, ^flT I*> II*) 

Death of Pierre Corneille, French dramatic poet, aged 78 years. 

1085. New York became a royal province on the 
accession of James II. 

Accession to the throne of England of James II., brother of King 
Charles II.; born iu 1633, deposed 1689, and died in 1701. 

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. (See foreign 
history, 1598, IT I.) 

1086. The tyrannical Sir Edmund Andros was ap¬ 
pointed Governor of all New England by James II. The 
charters of the New England colonies were revoked, ex¬ 
cept in the case of Massachusetts, whose charter had been 
annulled in 1684 by Charles II. (Connect with 1687, If I.) 

Governor Colleton’s oppression in South Carolina led 
to the rebellion which ended in his deposition and exile 
in 1690. (Connect with 1695.) 

1087. The Connecticut Charter concealed in the 
famous “ Charter Oak.” Governor Andros entered the 
Legislative Assembly of Connecticut and demanded their 
charter. The Assembly, in order to gain time, prolonged 
the discussion until night. During the debate the lights 
were extinguished, and, in the confusion which followed, 
the charter was seized by Captain Wadsworth, who se¬ 
creted it in the hollow of an old oak-tree. Andros, not¬ 
withstanding, assumed the government, and ruled until 

* “On the 18th of June, 1684, the charter of Massachusetts was con¬ 
ditionally adjudged to be forfeited. The judgment was confirmed on the 
first day of the Michaelmas term.” (See “ Bancroft’s History of the United 
States,” vol. i., p. 480.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


133 


tlie dethronement of James II. The charter was then 
brought from its hiding-place, and the former government 
restored.* 

La Salle, aged 44 years, murdered in Texas by one of 
his associates. 

Death of Waller, English poet, aged 82 years. 

1C88. Revolution in England.— The illustration on the Chart 
represents the escape of the Queen of England (Mary of Modena, 
wife of James II.) to France in the disguise of a peasant, at the out¬ 
break of the revolution which placed William and Mary on the 
throne of England. 

1689 . King William?s War . Tlie King of France, 
Louis XIV., having afforded protection to James II. when 
driven from England in 1688, a war was kindled between 
the two nations in 1689, which extended to their colonies 
in America. It was called King William’s War, and 
lasted eight years. The Indians from Canada and Maine 
aided the French, and those of the Five Nations the Eng¬ 
lish. (Connect with 1690, and also with foreign history, 
1697,1 1.) 

Accession to the English throne of William III., Prince of 
Orange f (bom 1650, died 1702), and Queen Mary II. (born 1662, 
died 1694), daughter of James II. and Lady Anne Hyde. 

Alexander VIII. ascended the Papal throne. 

1690 . During King William’s War, Schenectady, 
New York, was destroyed by the French and Indians, 
and most of the inhabitants cruelly massacred. The 
assault was made one bitter night in February, and so 
little had the garrison within apprehended danger, that 
they had left the gate of the palisade unguarded, merely 
posting on either side snow images for sentinels.^ Later 

* The old tree, called the “ Charter Oak” in memory of this event, re¬ 
mained standing until 1856, when it was blown down during a violent 
storm. 

\ The mother of William III. was the sister of James II., consequently 
William and Mary were first-cousins. 

\ See illustration on the Chart. 


134 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


in the season the settlements on Salmon Falls River, N. H., 
and on Casco Raj, Maine, also Dover, the oldest place in 
New Hampshire,* presented scenes of similar atrocities. 

These repeated outrages arousing the colonists to a 
sense of danger, thej resolved, as a means of defense, to 
carry the war into the enemy’s country. Massachusetts 
organized a naval expedition, which, under Sir William 
Phipps, was to ravage the French settlements. Phipps 
captured Port Royal in Acadia and obtained considerable 
booty, f After this success a plan was formed for the 
conquest of Canada. Troops from New York and Con¬ 
necticut were sent against Montreal, and a naval force 
from Massachusetts sailed against Quebec. Both expe¬ 
ditions proved failures. 

Battle of the Boyne, July 1, gained by William III. over his 
father-in-law and uncle, James II. James II., aided by Louis XIV. 
of France, had landed in Ireland in the hope of regaining his crown. 
After his defeat he returned to France. 

1691 . Jacob Leisler, the leader of a popular party in 
New York, and his son-in-law, Milborne, were arraigned 

* Dover was settled in the spring of 1623 by the Laconia Company, or¬ 
ganized by Mason and Gorges. Major Walderne settled on the site of the 
present town of Dover, which is about four miles northwest of the early set¬ 
tlement, and built a strong garrison-house. Here, in 1676, during a time 
when peace reigned in this region, he was visited by four hundred Indians; 
two companies of troops being with him. He won the confidence of the 
Indians, and arranged a sham-fight between them and the colonial soldiers. 
When the guns of the Indians were discharged, the troops rushed in and 
disarmed them, after which two hundred were sent to Boston as prisoners. 
Several of these were executed on Boston Common, and the remainder were 
sold into slavery in the West Indies. During the first year of King Will¬ 
iam’s War, a powerful Indian force seized Dover by night, and destroyed 
four garrisons, killing twenty-three persons and capturing twenty-nine. 
Walderne, then 74 years old, and commander of the forces of New Hamp¬ 
shire, they captured and placed in a chair on a table within his own hall, 
where they slowly slashed him to death. Dover was the object of other 
disastrous attacks during the Indian wars, but was never abandoned by its 
intrepid people. (See Osgood’s “ New England.”) 

f By the Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, Port Royal was restored to the 
French. (See 1710, I.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


135 


for high treason, and hanged, by order of Governor 
Sloughter.* 

King William III. deprived Lord Baltimore of his pro¬ 
prietary rights, and Maryland was made a royal province. 
It so remained nntil 1715, when the proprietary govern¬ 
ment was restored in the person of the Kfth Lord Balti¬ 
more. (Connect with 1715, T II.) 

Innocent XII. ascended the Papal throne. 

The Bank of England was projected by William Paterson, a 
Scotch merchant, to meet the difficulty experienced by William III. 
in raising the supplies for the war against France. By the influ¬ 
ence of Paterson and Michael Godfrey, forty merchants subscribed 
£500,000 toward the sum of £1,200,000 to be lent to the govern¬ 
ment at eight per cent., in consideration, of the subscribers being 
incorporated as a bank. The scheme was violently opposed in Par¬ 
liament, but the bill obtained the royal assent April 25, 1694, and 
the charter was granted July 27th following. The bank commenced 
active operations January 1, 1695, at Grocers’ Hall, Poultry. (See 
1791, IF II., p. 249.) 

Deaths >Louvois, aged 50 years, war minister of Louis XIY. Tyr- 
connell (Richard Talbot), a devoted adherent of James II. He was 
created earl in 1685 by James II.; was made Lord-Lieutenant of Ire¬ 
land in 1687; received James there in 1689 with an army of nearly 
forty thousand men, and was then created duke. After the battle 
of the Boyne he accompanied his exiled monarch to France, and re¬ 
turned in 1691 with succors to Limerick, where he died August 14.f 

1692 . The Massachusetts Bay Colonies and Plymouth 
were united into one royal province. When the news of 
the English Revolution of 1689 reached America, the peo¬ 
ple of Boston seized and imprisoned Andros, and resumed 
their old form of government. They then petitioned 
William III. to restore their former charter. This the 
king refused to do, but, instead, he granted a new one, 

* For particulars see Appendix, p. viii. 

f “Ills Grace married Frances (the Belle Jenyns of the court of Charles 
II.), widow of George, Count Hamilton, and sister to Sarah, Duchess of 
Marlborough. Her ladyship, after the duke’s death, was permitted to 
erect a house (still standing in 1866) in King’s Street, Dublin, as a nunnery 
for poor Clares, and in this obscure retirement, burying all the attractions 
and graces which once so adorned the court of England, she died in 1730, 
at the age of 92 years.” (Sir Bernard Burke’s “ Extinct Peerages.”) 


136 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

which extended the limits of Massachusetts, but restricted 
its privileges. By the terms of the new charter, the 
province of Massachusetts embraced the colony of Plym¬ 
outh, Maine, and Nova Scotia as far north as the St. 
Lawrence Eiver; also the Elizabeth Islands, the islands of 
Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard. Sir William Phipps 
w T as appointed royal governor. 

The Salem Witchcraft . A strange delusion prevailed 
in Massachusetts at this time, known as the Salem Witch¬ 
craft. It was generally believed that certain persons ex¬ 
ercised a diabolical influence over whom they pleased. 
To these witches, as they were called, all misfortunes 
and accidents were attributed, and the fear of them 
amounted to a frenzy. A special court was appointed 
by the government of Massachusetts to try the accused; 
wuthin a few months twenty persons were tried, and exe¬ 
cuted. Accusations fell upon persons of the highest 
respectability, clergymen, magistrates, and even the gov¬ 
ernor’s wife.* 

Penn was deprived of his proprietary rights, and his 
provinces were annexed to New York by William III. 
till 1694. (Connect with 1694, T I.) 

May.—The naval battle off Cape La Hogue, France. James II. 
having obtained a fleet from Louis XIY., prepared to invade Eng¬ 
land. He was, however, anticipated, and his fleet, under the gallant 
Tourville, was defeated with great loss by Admirals Russell and 
Rooke. This was the last attempt made by James to reinstate him¬ 
self on the throne of his ancestors. He retired to St. Germain’s, 
where he passed the remainder of his life in seclusion and practices 
of piety. It was not, however, till 1697 that the King of France 
acknowledged, by the Treaty of Ryswick, William III. as King of 
England. 

The massacre of the Macdonalds, at Glencoe, Scotland.! 

* The illustration on the Chart represents the children of Parson Parris, 
of Salem, terrified in the presence of their old Indian servant, reputed a 
witch. 

f For details, see Lingard’s “ History of England.” 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


137 


1693. The illustration on the Chart represents Gov¬ 
ernor Fletcher, of New York, and Captain Wadsworth, 
of Connecticut, contending for power. Governor Fletch¬ 
er, who had received a commission from William III. to 
take command of the Connecticut militia, was thwarted 
by the people in a most ludicrous manner. Appearing 
suddenly at Hartford, Fletcher called out the militia. 
Meanwhile Captain Wadsworth, the hero of “Charter 
Oak,” collected the standing bands of Hartford on the 
parade-ground, ostensibly for military drill. Fletcher 
approached the militia and prepared to take command, 
ordering his secretary to read the king’s commission. 
“Beat the drum!” cried Wadsworth, as the secretary 
commenced reading. “ Silence! silence! Listen ! ” vo¬ 
ciferated the incensed Fletcher. “Drummers, do your 
duty, and let. the drill continue!” shouted Wadsworth. 
Again these conflicting commands were repeated, when 
Wadsworth, turning to Governor Fletcher, said, “If you 
interrupt our exercises again, I will make the sun shine 
through you! ” The stern tone of the leader and the 
threatening looks of the soldiers frightened Fletcher, who 
thought it prudent to return to New York. Thus a sec¬ 
ond time Wadsworth saved the liberties of Connecticut. 

' William and Mary College at Middle Plantation (Will¬ 
iamsburg, Virginia) was chartered in 1692, but the build¬ 
ings were not erected until 1693. Rev. James Blair was 
the first president. 

1694. Penn’s proprietary rights were restored by 
William III. 

The capital of Maryland was transferred from St. 
Mary’s to Providence, named afterward Annapolis, in 
honor of Queen Anne. 

Death of Queen Mary II., of England, at the age of 32 years. 


138 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

1695. Madagascar rice-seed was brought to South 
Carolina. This cereal has since formed the chief staple 
of the State.* 

Deaths: Huygens, Dutch natural philosopher, aged 66 years; 
La Fontaine, French fabulist, aged 74 years. 

1690. Deaths: Mme. de S6vign6, French epistolary writer, aged 
70 years; La Bruyere, French author, aged 50 years. 

1697. King William’s War continued to afflict the 
colonies till the fall of 1697, when the Treaty of Ryswick 
brought about a cessation of hostilities, both in Europe 
and in America. In March of 1697, an attack upon Ha¬ 
verhill, Mass., was memorable for the subsequent exploit 
of Hannah Dustin, who, with an infant only a few days’ 
old, her nurse, and a boy named Samuel Leonardson, was 
carried off to an Indian camp on an island in the Merri- 
mac River, near Concord, N. II. The poor infant was 
killed with the usual savage cruelty. The sight of this 
prepared the mother’s heart for her bloody reprisal. One 
day when the boy was at work chopping for the Indians, 
he casually asked one of the savages how and where he 
struck a man with a hatchet. The Indian, pleased to 
show that bit of sylvan skill, told him. That night the 
three captives, with hatchets, slew the ten sleeping 
guards, and Hannah, remembering her infant, scalped 
them. Then they dropped down the river in a canoe to 
Haverhill.f A monument erected on the spot (now Bos- 
cawen, N. H.) commemorates the deed. It consists of a 
massive granite pedestal, on which is a statue of the hero¬ 
ine, seven and a half feet high, holding a tomahawk in 
one hand and a bunch of scalps in the other. 

1697. The Peace of Ryswick, f signed September 22, ended 
King William’s War. 

* See Appendix, p. xxix. 

\ See Bryant’s “ History of the United States,” vol. iii., p. 110. 

\ Ryswick, in Holland. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


139 


Charles XII., aged 15 years, ascended the throne of Sweden upon 
the death of his father, Charles XI. 

1699 . D’Iberville, a Canadian, conducted a colony 
from France to Biloxi. It was the first European settle¬ 
ment within the present State of Mississippi. 

Capital of Yirginia removed from Jamestown to Mid¬ 
dle Plantation. 

Northern alliance against Charles XU. of Sweden. 

Frederic IV., aged 23 years, ascended the throne of Denmark 
upon the death of his father, Christian V. 

Death of Racine, French dramatic poet, aged 60 years. 

1700. Clement XT. ascended the Papal throne. 

Charles II., the last King of Spain of the Hapsburg line, dying 
without issue, bequeathed his crown to his kinsman, the Duke 
d’Anjou, grandson of Louis XIY. of France. The duke was pro¬ 
claimed King of Spain, under the title of Philip Y. (born 1683, died 
1746). 

Death of Dryden, English poet, aged 69 years. 


A LIST 

Of some of the most Prominent Men who closed their 
Career during the Seventeenth Century. 

1601 . Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (55). 

1616 . Shakespeare, English poet and dramatist (52). 

1616 . Cervantes, Spanish novelist (69). 

1626 . Bacon, English philosopher (65). 

1630. Kepler, German astronomer (59). 

1632 . Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (38). 

1634 . Wallenstein, Austrian general (51). 

1635 . Lope de Vega, Spanish poet and dramatist (73). 
1637 . Ben Jonson, English dramatist (63). 

1640 . Rubens, Flemish painter (63). 

1641 . Sully, French statesman (81). 

1641 . Van Dyck, Flemish painter (42). 

1642 . Galileo, Italian astronomer (78). 

1642 . Guido, Italian painter (67). 

1657 . Harvey, English physician (79). 

1660 . Velasquez, Spanish painter (61). 

1662 . Pascal, French philosopher (39). 

1665 . Poussin, French painter (71). 

1667 . Jeremy Taylor, English divine (54). 

1667 . Cowley, English poet (49). 

1669 . Rembrandt, Dutch painter (63). 

1672 . De Witt, Dutch statesman (74). 

1673 . Moliere, French dramatist (51). 

1673 . Salvator Rosa, Italian painter (58). 

1674 . Milton, English poet (66). 

1675 . Turenne, Marshal of France (64). 

1680 . Butler, English poet (68). 


PROMINENT MEN—SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 141 

1682 . Murillo, Spanish painter (04). 

1682 . Claude Lorraine, Italian landscape painter (82). 
1684 . Corneille, French dramatist (78). 

1686 . Conde, French general (65). 

1686. Carlo Dolci, Tuscan painter (70). 

1695 . Huygens, Dutch philosopher (66). 

1695 . La Fontaine, French fabulist (74). 

1699 . Racine, French poet (60). 

1700 . Dryden, English poet (69). 


EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 


142 


LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


I 

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EUR OPE AN SO VEREIGNS—SEVENTEENTH CENTER Y. 143 


* Portugal, which was united to Spain in 1580, threw off the Spanish 
yoke in 1640, and declared its independence under John IV., Duke of Bra- 
ganza. 

f Philip V. of Spain (Duke of Anjou) was the grandson of Louis XIV. 
of France. In 1724 he abdicated the throne in favor of his son Louis, who 
died after a reign of seven months; Philip then resumed the crown, which 
he retained until his death in 1746. 

X Pedro II. was made Regent of Portugal in 1668, after his brother’s 
deposition, which took place late in the year 1667. Alfonso VI., the de¬ 
posed monarch, died in 1683, when Pedro II. was crowned king. 

|| (See note \ on p. 262.) 


/ 









































' 











EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 




7 







































* 











« 












♦ 

























































EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 


A prominent feature of the eighteenth century is the 
establishment of American independence. Many influ¬ 
ences contributed, under the direction of Divine Provi¬ 
dence, to the success of the English colonies in their 
struggle with the mother-country; but the final triumph 
was mainly due to the moral strength which the patriots de¬ 
rived from the consciousness that their cause was just, and 
from their unconquerable determination not to submit to 
the tyranny of England. Yet, considering the vast power 
and almost limitless resources of Great Britain, it may be 
doubted whether the efforts of the colonies would have 
resulted in independence, had not other powerful influ¬ 
ences operated in their favor. Among these influences 
may be mentioned the encouragement extended to them 
by France, Spain, and Holland. Becoming embroiled 
with those countries, England was constrained to divide 
her military strength and naval resources, so that, when 
the final test came in 1781, she was unable to cope single- 
handed with the indomitable spirit of the youthful re¬ 
public, aided as it was by the armaments of France. Of 
special avail, too, was the experience the colonists had 
acquired in the wars between France and England, when 
America was the theatre of operations. Among the Con¬ 
tinentals of 1776 were sons of the men who had been 



148 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


trained in Queen Anne’s "War (1702-1713). Many of tlie 
patriots had seen service during King George’s War (1744- 
1748), and during the French and Indian War (1754-1763). 
They had stood side by side with the regular troops of 
the mother-country, and.had met in battle the veterans of 
France. Their officers had made themselves competent 
in actual warfare to conduct regular military operations, 
and were skilled in the strategy of Europe. Their com¬ 
mon soldiers, already qualified by the hardships of a 
pioneer life to undergo the privations of war, had been 
trained in the strictest discipline of camp and field. And, 
more than this, the colonies, in their efforts to defend 
their homes against the common enemy, had augmented 
their military power, and had become united into one 
brotherhood, on account of mutual interest; and thus 
were better prepared to enter upon a prolonged struggle 
against one of the strongest powers of the Old World. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 


1701 . Detroit founded by the French. (Examine 

1702, 1 IV.) 

The Collegiate School of the Colony of Connecticut 
was chartered in 1701, and opened at Saybrook. (In 
1718 it was removed to New Haven, and was then named 
Yale College. Connect with 1716, T I., and 1718, T I.) 

Prussia became a kingdom, under the Elector of Brandenburg, 
who assumed the title of King Frederic I.* This honor was secured 
through the influence of the Emperor of Germany, in return for 
Prussia’s promise of a vigorous support to the Austrian claimant of 
the Spanish throne. 

The War of the Spanish Succession begun. It was caused by 
the rival claims of an Austrian and a French prince to the throne of 
Spain—the Archduke Charles, son of the Emperor Leopold I., and 
the Duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. of France. The Em¬ 
peror began hostilities against France and Spain, and was joined in 
1702 by England and Holland. (Connect with foreign history, 

1703, IT I.) 

Death of James II.t at St. Germains, aged 68 years. Ilis son, 
known in history as “The Pretender,” was acknowledged by Louis 
XIV. as King James III. of England. (Connect with foreign his¬ 
tory, 1708, IT III.) 


* Frederic I., through his mother, was first cousin to William III. of 
England, and by his marriage with Sophia Charlotte, only daughter of the 
Electress Sophia, he became the brother-in-law of George I. (first English 
monarch of the Brunswick line). Queen Sophia Charlotte died in 1705, 
leaving an only son, Frederic William I. (See foreign history, 1713.) 

f James II. of England and Louis XIV. of France were first cousins, 
Henrietta Maria (the mother of James) and Louis XIII. (the father of 
Louis XIV.) being brother and sister. 





150 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


The “ Grand Alliance ” at the Hague, between England, Holland, 
and the Empire, was to prevent a Bourbon prince from ascending 
the throne of Spain. 

1702. The War of the Spanish Succession engaged 
almost all the states of Europe—the “ Grand Alliance” on 
one side, against France and Spain on the other. Eng¬ 
land’s special cause for grievance against France was that 
France had acknowledged the claims of the son of James 
II. to the English throne. This w T ar involved the Eng¬ 
lish, French, and Spanish colonies in America in what is 
called Queen Anne’s War. 

In America hostilities were begun by Governor James 
Moore, of South Carolina, who led an expedition against 
the Spaniards in Florida. The town of St. Augustine 
was captured' and plundered, but, the fortress proving too 
strong for an assault, Governor Moore raised the siege 
and returned to Charleston. (Connect with 1705.) 

The Jerseys were united in one royal province. (See 
Appendix, page xxviii., and connect with 1738.) 

Mobile founded by the French . It was the original 
seat of French colonization in the Southwest, and the 
capital of the colony of Louisiana until 1723, when the 
seat of the colonial government was transferred to New 
Orleans. (See 1712, T I., and 1718, T II.) 

Queen Anne (born 1664, died 1714), daughter of James IT. and 
Lady Anne Hyde, ascended the throne of England upon the death 
of her brother-in-law, William III.* 

May 4.—England, joining the “Grand Alliance” in the War of 
the Spanish Succession, declared hostilities against France and 
Spain. 

1703. The people of Delaware, being dissatisfied 
with their connection with Pennsylvania, were allowed 
by Penn to establish a separate Legislature; they had, 
however, the same Governor as Pennsylvania until the 

* See third note on page 262. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


151 


Eevolution. (Examine 1682, T 1, and Appendix, page 
xxiv., f 1.) 

During the War of the Spanish Succession the Archduke 
Charles (second son of the Emperor Leopold I.) assumed the title 
of Charles III., King of Spain, and prepared to take possession of 
that kingdom. He was supported by the English, Dutch, and 
Portuguese. (Connect with foreign history, 1705, ITIT I. and III.; 
1711, IF I.; 1712, IT I.) 

Marlborough (John Churchill), commander-in-cliief of the allied 
forces against France and Spain, began his successful military career 
on the Continent. (Connect with foreign history, 1704, IF I.) 

Peter the Great of Russia laid the foundation of St. Petersburg, 
for the future capital of his empire. (See foreign history, 1709, 
IF I.) 

1704 . During Queen Anne’s War, Deerfield, in 
Massachusetts, was destroyed by the French and Indians. 
Just before dawn, after the sentinels had retired from 
their post, the savages crept stealthily along, till they 
were within gunshot of the garrison, and then by means 
of -the heavy snow-drifts, which served as a ladder, they 
scaled the palisades, and, before an alarm could be given, 
they had already begun their murderous work of scalp¬ 
ing men, women, and children. All who survived the 
massacre were carried as captives to Canada.* (Connect 
with 1707, 1 I.) 

The “Boston News Letter” was the first newspaper 
published in America. (See 1710, T II.) 

Battle of Blenheim, in Bavaria, gained by Marlborough and 
Prince Eugene of Savoy over the French and Bavarians. (Examine 

* “Among the captives were Mr. Williams, the minister of Deerfield, 
his wife and five children. They were driven many miles through the snow; 
and at last Mrs. Williams, who was sick, sank from exhaustion, and was 
killed before her husband’s eyes. After remaining a prisoner many months, 
Mr. Williams was ransomed and returned to his friends, with all his childreu 
but a daughter seven years old. Years rolled on, and Deerfield was rebuilt. 
One day, a woman dressed like a squaw entered the town. Her face was 
unlike an Indian’s, and the people asked her who she was. She answered 
that she was the lost daughter of Mr. Williams; that she was married to 
an Indian, and had several children in Canada. The people begged her to 
stay with them; but she would not leave her husband and children, and 
went back to Canada.”—Quackcnbos’s “ History of the United States.” 



152 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


foreign history, 1736, IF II., and connect with foreign history, 1706, 
IT II.) 

The important fortress of Gibraltar surrendered to Sir George 
Rooke, who commanded the English fleet on the Spanish coast. 
(Connect with foreign history, 1779, 1F1F I. and II., pages 226, 227.) 

Stanislaus Leczinski, aged 27 years, through the influence of 
Charles XII. of Sweden, became King of Poland upon the deposition 
of Frederic Augustus I., Elector of Saxony. (See foreign history, 
1709, 1 I.) 

Deaths—Bossuet, aged 77 years, and Bourdaloue, aged 71 years, 
French pulpit orators; Locke, aged 72 years, English philosopher. 

1705 . A second warlike expedition, undertaken by 
the South Carolinians, terminated more successfully than 
that of 1702. Governor Moore, aided by the Creeks, at¬ 
tacked the Apalachee Indians in Georgia—allies of the 
Spaniards—and after defeating them and desolating their 
villages, made their beautiful lands tributary to the Eng¬ 
lish. (Connect with 1706.) 

Joseph I., aged 27 years, ascended the throne of Germany, upon 
the death of his father, Leopold I. (Connect with foreign history, 
1711, IF I.) 

Queen Anne visited Cambridge and conferred knighthood on 
Isaac Newton. (Connect with foreign history, 1727, IF III.) 

The Earl of Peterborough * and Sir Cloudesley Shovel proceeded 
to Spain. The earl pursued a rapid course of conquest in Catalonia 
and Valencia, in which provinces Charles III. was received as king. 
(Connect with foreign history, 1707, 1F1 II. and III.) 

Death of Catharine of Braganza, aged 67 years, widow of Charles 
II. of England. She was the daughter of John IV. of Portugal, and 
sister of Pedro II., the monarch then on the Portuguese throne. 

1706 . Spanish and French vessels from Havana at¬ 
tempted to capture Charleston, South Carolina, but w T ere 
repulsed with loss. The attempt on Charleston was in 
retaliation for the injuries inflicted on the Spaniards and 
their Indian allies in the South by the Carolinians. (See 
years 1702, T II., and 1705.) 

Death of D’Iberville, Canadian navigator, aged 61 
years. (See 1699, T I.) 

* Charles Mordaunt, first Earl of Monmouth and third Earl of Peter¬ 
borough. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


153 

John V., aged 17 years, ascended the throne of Portugal upon 
the death of his father, Pedro II. 

May 23.—Battle of Ramillies, in the Netherlands; Marlborough’s 
victory over Villeroi, Marshal of France, and Maximilian Emanuel, 
the Elector of Bavaria. (Connect with foreign history, 1708, IT I.) 

Death of Pierre Bayle, French philosopher and critic, aged 59 years. 

1707 . During Queen Anne’s War an exj^edition 
which was fitted out against Fort Koyal, in Acadia, by 
Massachusetts, Khode Island, and New Hampshire, 
proved a failure. (Connect with 1710, If I.) 

The union of England and Scotland took effect May 4th. The 
Scottish Parliament ceased, and both countries were included under 
the common title of Great Britain. (See f. h., 1801, T I.; note*, p. 274.) 

April 25.—Battle of Almanza, Spain. The Earl of Galway, with 
English, Portuguese, and Dutch troops, was totally defeated by the 
Duke of Berwick (James Fitz James, Marshal of France*), com¬ 
mander of the French and Spanish armies. 

Sir Cloudesley Shovel, English admiral, returning from the siege 
of Toulon, was wrecked on the rocks of the Scilly Islands, during 
the night of October 22. 

1708. July 11.—Battle of Oudenarde, in the Netherlands, gained 
over the French, by Marlborough and Prince Eugene. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1709, IT II.) 

Incorporation of the British East India Company.! (Connect 
with foreign history, 1751, IT III.) 

The Pretender sailed from Dunkirk with a French army. He 


* See foot-note to foreign history, 1734, page 164. 
f The British East India Company was originally an association of Eng¬ 
lish adventurers, to whom, on the last day of the sixteenth century, Queen 
Elizabeth granted a charter for trading in the East Indies. At first each 
member of the company managed his affairs on his own account, and was 
bound only to conform to certain general regulations. In 1612 they ob¬ 
tained a license from the Great Mogul to establish a factory at Surat, north 
of Bombay, and the following year, uniting their capital, they intrusted 
the management of their business to a board of directors. In 1640 an 
English settlement was made at Madras, and the fortress of St. George 
built the next year. Bombay, which in 1662 was ceded to Charles II. as a 
part of the dowry of his Portuguese queen, Catharine of Braganza, was 
transferred to the East India Company in 1669. In 1698 the English ob¬ 
tained another grant of land, on which they built Fort William, and thus 
laid the foundation of Calcutta. These formed eventually the three presi¬ 
dencies, each having a president and a council, appointed by a court of 
directors. The East India Company, during the first century of its exist¬ 
ence, was simply commercial, and gradually acquiring great wealth and in¬ 
fluence, lent large sums of money to the British Government, and received 
corresponding charters and privileges. The contentions of rival companies 





154 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


arrived on the coast of Scotland, but was driven back by Sir George 
Byng, and obliged to abandon the enterprise. (Connect with foreign 
history, 1719, f II.) 

Death, at Kensington, of Prince George of Denmark,* * aged 55 
years, consort of Queen Anne. 

1709 <> Battle of Pultowa, Russia; total defeat of Charles XII. 
of Sweden by Peter the Great of Russia. Frederic Augustus I., 
Elector of Saxony, was restored to the throne of Poland. (Con¬ 
nect with foreign history, 1733.) 

September 2.—Battle of Malplaquet in the Netherlands. Marl¬ 
borough and Prince Eugene defeated the French. (Connect with 
foreign history, 1711, 1II., and 1712, IF II.) 

Steele published, under the name of “ Isaac Bickerstafli,” the 
first number of the “ Tatler,” April 2. 

Death of Pfcre la Chaise, Jesuit, aged 75 years. He was con¬ 
fessor of Louis XIV. for thirty-four years. 

1710. A second expedition sent out by the New 
England colonists against Port Royal, in Acadia, cap¬ 
tured that town, which, in honor of Queen Anne, was 
called Annapolis. Acadia, under the name of Nova Sco¬ 
tia, became a British province. (Examine 1713, 1748,f 
1755, 1 III.) 

The first Post-Office in America was established in 
New York. (See 1704, T II.) 

1711. Indian Massacre in North Carolina. The Tus- 
caroras in North Carolina, exasperated by the unjust en¬ 
croachments of the colonists upon their lands, attacked 
the plantations along Pamlico Sound and the Roanoke 
with such fury that in one night one hundred and thirty 
of the inhabitants were slain. (Connect with 1712, T II.) 

Death of the Emperor Joseph I. without male heirs. He was 
succeeded by his brother, Charles VI., who, under the title of Charles 
III., was the competitor of the Bourbon prince for the Spanish throne. 

led to a union in 1702, and in 1708 a new charter was granted, incorporat¬ 
ing them under the name of “ The United British East India Company.” 
A formidable rival arose during the reign of Louis XIV., in a French East 
India Company. This company had a station at Chandernagore, on the 
Hoogly, and another station on the coast of the Carnatic, where their fort 
was called Pondicherry. (See foreign history, 1751, III.) 

* Prince George of Denmark was the maternal uncle of Charles XII. of 
Sweden. f See foot-note, page 97. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


155 


“ It could now be no longer the interest of the foreign powers to 
add the territories of Spain to those of Austria, and thus to estab¬ 
lish the supremacy of the house of Hapsburg in Europe.” A truce 
between England and Spain was the forerunner ot the Peace of 
Utrecht.* (Connect with American history, 1713.) 

December 7.—The great Duke of Marlborough, accused of pecu¬ 
lation, lost the royal favor, and was dismissed, December 31, from 
all his offices. He was restored to favor, however, in 1714, by 
George I. (Connect with foreign history, 1722.) 

The discovery of the ruins of Herculaneum was made by well- 
diggers about this date.f 

Addison issued the first number of the “ Spectator,” March 1. 
(Connect with foreign history, 1715, IT II.) 

The Dauphin Louis, aged 50 years, only legitimate son of Louis 
XIV., died of small-pox, April 14. His eldest son, Louis, Duke of 
Burgundy, took the title of Dauphin. (Connect with foreign his¬ 
tory, 1712, IF I.) 

1712 . Louisiana, named in lionor of Louis XLV\, 
was granted by that monarch to Anthony Crozat, with a 
monopoly of trade. Crozat established a colony at Fort 
Kosalie, the site and name of which had been selected 
by D’Iberville in 1700. This was the beginning of the 
present city of Natchez. Disappointed in the financial 
results of his schemes, Crozat transferred his rights to 
Louisiana, in 1717, to the Mississippi or West India 
Company, originated by John Law in 1716. This com¬ 
pany held the monopoly of trade in Louisiana for a term 
of twenty-five years. (Connect with 1717, page 158; and 
1729, If III., page 162.) 

The Tuscaroras continued the war in North Caro¬ 
lina. They were finally overthrown in 1713, by Colonel 
Moore, son of Governor James Moore, with troops from 
South Carolina. The Indians who survived escaped north¬ 
ward, and, joining the Iroquois, formed the sixth nation 
of that confederacy. 

* A city of Holland. 

f Herculaneum, an ancient city of Southern Italy, was destroyed a. n. 79 
by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The date of the discovery of its re¬ 
mains varies—some historians assign the year 1709, others 1711, and others 
again 1713. 


156 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Great consternation pervaded the court of France, occasioned by 
the sudden death, in less than a month (Feb. 18 to March 8), of the 
Dauphiness, the Dauphin, and of their eldest son, the Duke of Brit¬ 
tany. These melancholy events had an important bearing on the 
course of public affairs in Europe. At the death of the only son of 
Louis XIV., ten months previous, the Duke of Burgundy, the eldest 
son of the deceased Dauphin, became the acknowledged heir to the 
French throne. He was a prince whom the nation idolized, and of 
whom, as the pupil of the admirable Fenelon, the highest expecta¬ 
tions had been formed. The young Dauphiness, his cherished wife, 
was the daughter of Victor Amadeus II., Duke of Savoy, and Mary 
Anne of Orleans.* The personal charms of this princess, enhanced 
by rare loveliness of character, had made her the idol of the old 
king and his whole court. Suddenly she was attacked by malignant 
fever (the small-pox), which carried her off Feb. 12 ; within a week 
(Feb. 18) her husband (aged 80 years), struck by the same fatal con¬ 
tagion, followed her to the tomb, and their oldest child, the Duke 
of Brittany, died eighteen days later (March 8). “The•life of a 
sickly infant of a year old (the future Louis XV.) now alone inter¬ 
posed between Philip V. of Spain and the French throne; and unless 
peace should be concluded without delay, the allies saw that the 
two crowns might be, after all, united, and thus the main object for 
which they had expended so much blood and treasure be frustrated. 
This argument, together with the recent triumphs of Villars,+ and 
the known determination of Great Britain to secede from the league, 
at length prevailed, and, after much tedious opposition, peace was 
agreed upon, to be signed the following year.}: 

July 24.—A detachment of Prince Eugene’s army, commanded 
by Lord Albemarle, was signally defeated at Denain (department of 
Nord, in France), by Villars, Marshal Duke of France. This cele¬ 
brated victory of the French marshal saved France, and greatly con¬ 
tributed to the Peace of Utrecht. (For Eugene, see 1717, page 159: 
for Villars, see 1734, 1 II., page 164.) 

Death of Boileau-Despreaux, aged 75 years, French poet, satirist, 
and critic. 

1713 . Peace of Utrecht ended Queen Anne’s War in 
Europe and in America. Result: Spain and her Ameri¬ 
can colonies were left to the Bourbon king Philip V., 

* Mary Anne of Orleans, the mother of the young Dauphiness of France, 
was the daughter of the beautiful and fascinating Henrietta, of England, 
and Philip, Duke of Orleans. Her maternal grandparents were Henrietta 
Maria and Charles I. of England; her paternal ones, Anne of Austria and 
Louis XIII. of France. It is through this princess that Don Carlos of Spain 
claims to be descended from the blood royal of England. 

+ See foreign history, 1712, ^[11. 

% “ Student’s History of France.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


157 


under the condition that the crowns of France and Spain 
were never to be united ; England received from France 
Nova Scotia and other possessions in North America, 
and, from Spain, Gibraltar, and certain commercial ad¬ 
vantages*; the Duke of Savoy (Victor Amadeus II.) re¬ 
ceived the Island of Sicily, with the title of king. (See 
foreign history, 1720, 1.) 

Frederic William I., aged 25 years, ascended the throne of Prus¬ 
sia upon the demise of his father, Frederic I. George I. of England 
was his maternal uncle and also his father-in-law ; he having mar¬ 
ried, in 1706, Sophia Dorothea, the only daughter of that monarch. 
(See foreign history, 1740, IT III.) 

1714 . Accession of George I. of England (born 1660, died 1727), 
first king of the house of Brunswick ; he was the son of Ernest Au¬ 
gustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburg, Elector of Hanover, and 
Princess Sophia, granddaughter of King James I. 

Treaty of Eastadt,f between France and Germany, 

1715. A general Indian War in South Carolina. The 
Yamassees joined by the Catawbas, Cherokees, and Creeks, 
were defeated by Governor Craven and driven into the 
swamps of Florida. (See 1729, T III.) 

Maryland ceased to be a royal province. Benedict 
Leonard Calvert, fifth Lord Baltimore, was restored to 
his proprietary rights. At his death, which occurred 
during tins year, his rights passed to his son and heir, 
Charles Calvert, sixth baron. (Examine 1691, T II.) 

Louis XV., aged five years, succeeded to the throne of France 
upon the demise of his great-grandfather, Louis XIV. 

“ The Spectator ” was brought to a close in August. 

Le Sage, French novelist, published “ Gil Bias de Santillane.” 

Death of Archbishop Fenelon, aged 64 years, French prelate and 
author. 

Death of Malebranche, aged 77 years, French philosopher. 

1716 . The trustees of Saybrook College, Connecti- 

* Among the commercial advantages acquired by Great Britain “ was 
the odious privilege of the asiento, or monopoly for providing the Spanish 
colonies with slaves from Africa.”—“ Student’s History of France.” (See 
note, page 166, relating to war with Spain, 1739.) 

f Rastadt, a city in the grand duchy of Baden. 


158 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


cut, voted for its removal to New Haven. (Connect with 
1718,11.) 

John Law, Scottish financier, projected his banking 
and Mississippi schemes, the origin of the West India or 
Mississippi Company. (Connect with 1717—.) 

Austro-Turkish War (1716-1718) was carried on by Austria and 
their allies the Venetians, to recover the Morea (the southern pen¬ 
insula of Greece), which the Turks had wrested from Venice. The 
theatre of the war was the valley of the Lower Danube. Prince 
Eugene, commander of the imperial forces, defeated the Turks at 
the battle of Peterwardein,* August 5. (Connect with foreign his¬ 
tory, 1717.) 

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu t accompanied her husband on his 
embassy to Constantinople. (Conuect with foreign history, 1721, 
1II.). 

Death of Leibnitz, German philosopher, aged 70 years. 

1717 . Law obtained extended privileges for bis 
bank. Crozat resigned his rights to Louisiana to the 
Mississippi or West India Company, originated by Law 
in 1716. (Connect with foreign history, 1718, II., and 
1720,1 III.) 

* A fortress and town of Austria in the Slavonian military frontier, on 
the right bank of the Danube. 

f Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (born 1690—died 1762), a lady dis¬ 
tinguished for her literary attainments, was the eldest daughter of Evelyn 
Pierrepont, Duke of Kingston, and Lady Mary Fielding, daughter of the 
Earl of Denbigh, the great-uncle to Fielding the novelist. The remarkable 
wit and beauty of Lady Mary Pierrepont secured her access, even in child¬ 
hood, to the society of the most cultivated men in England. At the age of 
eight years she passed what she deemed the happiest day of her life in the 
Kit-Cat club, into which she had been elected in a frolic. In 1712 she 
married Mr. Edward Wortley Montagu, who, upon the accession of George 
I., was appointed a Commissioner of the Treasury. Lady Mary’s personal 
beauty and charms of conversation were at that period unrivaled, and 
elicited the enthusiastic admiration of the courtly and polished circles into 
which she was introduced. In 1716 she accompanied her husband in his 
embassy to Constantinople; while in this city she corresponded with Pope, 
Addison, and other eminent literati of the time, to whom she communicated 
many interesting and curious facts respecting the manners of the Turks. 
She is also memorable for having introduced the practice of inoculation 
into.England (1721). Her “Letters” place her at the head of female 
epistolary writers of Great Britain, though frequently their “ moral tone is 
not high, for the career of Lady Mary had not been such as to cherish a 
very scrupulous delicacy.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 159 

Prince Eugene defeated the Turks and took Belgrade.* (Con¬ 
nect with foreign history, 1718, IT II.) 

1718 . The Saybrook College was removed to New 
Haven and named Yale College, in honor of its benefac¬ 
tor, Elihu Yale. 

New Orleans founded by the French under Bienville. 
(Connect with 1728.) 

Death of 'William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, 
aged 77 years. 

Law’s Company was declared the Royal Bank in France. (Con¬ 
nect with foreign history, 1720, IT III.) 

The Peace of Passarowitz, f January 24, ended the war of Austria 
and Venice against the Turks.! 

King Charles XII. of Sweden (36) killed at the siege of Fred- 
erickshald, Norway.# (Connect with foreign history, 1719, IT I.) 

1719 . Proprietary government in Carolina over¬ 
thrown by the rising of the people, who deposed Gov¬ 
ernor Johnson and elected in his stead Colonel James 
Moore. (Connect with 1729, *[ I.) 

The states of Sweden restored the ancient Constitution, and 
elected as queen, Ulrica Eleanora, aged 31 years, sister of Charles 
XII. (Connect with foreign history, 1720, i IT.) 

Marriage of the Pretender, James Edward, to Clementina So- 
bieski, granddaughter of John Sobieski, King of Poland, who in 
1683 had saved Europe from the Turkish invasion, by raising the 
siege of Vienna. (Connect with 1745, foreign history, IT III.) 

Daniel De Foe published his “Robinson Crusoe.” 

Deaths: Madame de Maintenon, aged 84 years, widow of Louis 
XIV., and foundress of St. Cyr, an institution for the education of 
the daughters of the nobility of France; Addison, English essayist, 
aged 47 years. 

1720. The hereditary Duke of Savoy, Victor Amadeus II., had 
received in 1713 the title of King of Sicily, which he now renounced 

* A city in Servia, Turkey, on the right bank of the Danube. 

f A city in Servia, Turkey. 

\ This war proved a mortal blow to the power of Venice in the East. 
The Turks retained the Morea, but ceded to Austria the Banat, Servia, 
and a portion of Wallachia, Bosnia, and Croatia. 

# “ The result of the career of Charles XII. was the overthrow of 
Swedish ascendency in North Germany, to be replaced by Prussia, and of 
Swedish control of the Baltic, to be replaced by that of Russia.”— Prof. 
Goodyear. 



160 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


for that of King of Sardinia. Sicily, reunited to Naples, was con¬ 
firmed to the Emperor Charles VI. (For Sardinia, see 1730, IF III., 
page 163; for Naples, 1734, IT I., page 164.) 

With the consent of the states, Queen Ulrica Eleanora trans¬ 
ferred the crown of Sweden to her husband, Frederic of Hesse- 
Cassel. (Connect w ith foreign history, 1751, ir II.) 

The rage for speculative schemes terminated disastrously—in 
France, by the explosion of the Mississippi Scheme, or Law’s Bub¬ 
ble*; in England, by the bursting of the South Sea Bubble.t (Con¬ 
nect with foreign history, 1721, IT III.) 

* “ John Law, of Edinburgh, was made Comptroller-General of the Fi¬ 
nances of France, upon the strength of a scheme for establishing a bank, 
and an East India and a Mississippi Company, by the profits of which the 
national debt of France was to be paid off. The bank, under the protection 
of the Duke of Orleans, Regent of France, began its operations at Paris in 
1716, and the deluded rich subscribed for shares both in the bank and the 
companies. In 1718 Law’s was declared a royal bank, and the shares rose 
to upward of twenty-fold the original value; so that, in 1719, they were 
worth more than eighty times the amount of all the current specie in France. 
In 1720 this fabric of false credit fell to the ground, spreading ruin 
throughout the country. Law was obliged to quit France, for fear of a vio¬ 
lent death. He died in poverty at Venice in 1729.”—Hayden’s “ Dictionary 
of Dates.” It may be further remarked that “ the Mississippi scheme was 
considered by many to have had something of a solid basis. Connected 
with a bank, and patronized by large grants of land in Louisiana and the 
country watered by the Mississippi, it was expected that immense sums 
would be realized by agriculture and commerce. An exclusive trade with 
Louisiana also promised considerable advantage; and the frustration of the 
hopes of the projector may be attributed, in a great degree, to the frantic 
eagerness of the people, who, in the hope of gain, had been induced to pay 
for the stock such an exorbitant premium as to give promise of return only 
to the wildest enthusiasm.” 

f The South Sea Bubble was a stock-jobbing scheme devised by Sir John 
Blunt, one of the directors of the South Sea Company. That company, 
which was regarded as a sort of rival of the Bank of England, was first 
proposed in 1711, by the Lord Treasurer, Robert Harley, as a means to 
provide for the floating debt of Great Britain, then amounting to nearly 
ten millions sterling. The resources of the new corporation were to be de¬ 
rived principally from its trade to the South Seas and to Peru, of which it 
was to enjoy the monopoly. Government consented to Harley’s project, 
and the company was organized, and prospered. Unfortunately, the ex¬ 
ample of Law’s Mississippi scheme in Paris created a rage for speculation 
even in England ; and, “ in 1720, the directors of the South Sea Company 
made an offer to the British Government to buy up the irredeemable an¬ 
nuities, amounting to £800,000 per annum, which had been granted during 
the reigns of William and Anne. They, moreover, pledged themselves to 
pay off the entire national debt, if the different public securities were re¬ 
duced to one fund in their hands, and if certain commercial privileges were 
guaranteed to them. They offered, besides, to provide the Government with 
seven million and a half sterling, if their terms were accepted.” The min- 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


1G1 


1721. Dr. Boylston, of Massachusetts, introduced 
inoculation into Boston, with the most successful results, 
after its introduction into England. (See foreign history, 
1721, 1II.) 

Innocent XIII. ascended the Papal throne. 

Inoculation for small-pox introduced into England by Lady Mary 
Wortley Montagu. (See foot-note to foreign history, 1716, page 
158, and connect with foreign history, 1796, IT II.) 

The estates of the directors and others engaged in the South 
Sea Scheme, amounting to more than two millions sterling, forfeited 
for the relief of the sufferers. 

Death of Matthew Prior, English poet, aged 57 years. 

1722 . Death of Marlborough, English general, aged 72 years. 

1723 . The Emperor Charles VI. obtained from his hereditary 
states their acknowledgment of his Pragmatic Sanction,* which se¬ 
cured the succession to his daughter, Maria Theresa. (Connect with 
foreign history, 1731, IT I., and'1740, IT IV.) . 

Death of Sir Christopher Wren, English architect, aged 91 years. 

1724 . Benedict XIII. ascended the Papal throne. 

Philip V. of Spain abdicated the throne in favor of his son 
Louis, and retired to the monastery of San Ildefonso. After reign¬ 
ing about seven months (January 18 to August 31), King Louis, 
aged 17 years, died of small-pox. Philip V. was then forced to 
resume his crown. (Connect with foreign history, 1746, IT IV.) 

1725 . Accession to the throne of Russia of Catherine I. upon 
the death of her husband, Peter the Great. 

1726 . November 2.—Death of Sophia Dorothea of Zelle, aged 
60 years, consort and first cousin of George I., and mother of George 

istry consenting to all the conditions proposed, the company, in order to 
raise the gigantic capital needed to meet its obligations, at once issued 
circulars, setting forth the incredible advantages of its trade to the South 
Seas, and invited annuitants to exchange their government stock for those 
of the South Sea Company. Meanwhile, the most absurd rumors were cir¬ 
culated, to enhance the value of the shares, such as that Gibraltar and 
Port Mahon were to be exchanged for Peru. The shares soon rose from 
130 to 1,000; public delusion was at its height. “ Days were not long 
enough, nor counting-rooms large enough, to accommodate the eager crowd; 
but desks were ranged along the streets, and lined with a host of clerks, to 
receive subscriptions. So uncurbed was the mania for speculation, that the 
most outrageous schemes were started in all directions, and taken up with 
equal avidity by the deluded public. But at last a crisis came, and the 
bubble burst. The company was unable to fulfill more than a very small 
fraction of its promises to pay; and multitudes who had dreamed them¬ 
selves rich, awoke to beggary.” (See foreign history, 1721, 1[ III.) 

* For explanation of the term “ Pragmatic Sanction,” see foreign his¬ 
tory, 1740, foot-note, p. 167. 



1(52 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


II. She had been repudiated by her husband, and confined in the 
castle of Ahlen in 1694, and was never acknowledged as queen. 

1727. Accession of George II. of England (born 1683, died 1760) 
son of George I. and Sophia Dorothea of Zelle. 

Accession of Peter II. to the throne of Russia, aged 12 years—the 
last male of the Romanoff dynasty. He was the son of the disin¬ 
herited prince Alexis, only son of Peter the Great. (Connect .with 
foreign history, 1730, IF IV.) 

Death of Sir Isaac Newton, English philosopher, aged 85 years. 

1728. Tlie French built Fort Niagara. (Connect 
with 1731, If II.) 

Behring, a Danish navigator, in the service of Russia, was the 
first to explore the Sea of Kamtschatka. He discovered the exist¬ 
ence of a strait between Asia and America in 1728, but did not 
enter it until 1741. (Connect with foreign history, 1741, IF IV.) 

1729. King George II. of England purchased the 
Carolinas from the proprietors for eighty thousand dol¬ 
lars, and they became separate royal provinces, under 
the title of North and South Carolina. 

The city of Baltimore founded. In 1729 the Assem¬ 
bly of Maryland passed an act entitled u An act for erect¬ 
ing a town on the north side of the Patapsco, in Balti¬ 
more County.” On January 12, 1730, a town of sixty 
acres was laid out by the county surveyor and commis¬ 
sioners west of Jones’s Falls, and called Baltimore, in 
honor of Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore.* 

The French at Fort Rosalie massacred by the Natchez 
Indians. This fold, on the site of Natchez, was built by 
Crozat in 1712. The tribe of the Natchez Indians dwelt 
chiefly in a single village near Fort Bosalie. Alarmed 
by the encroachments of the French at Fort Bosalie, 
who demanded their village as a site for plantations, the 
Natchez, whose temple of worship was there, began to 
grow hostile; and this feeling was stimulated by the 

* According to Bryant, the city was laid out in 1729 on lands belong¬ 
ing to Charles Carroll, and Frederick was founded sixteen years later. (See 
“Bryant’s History of the United States,” vol. iii., p. 80.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


163 


Chickasaws, who lived north of them, on the same side 
of the Mississippi. Around Fort Rosalie a French set¬ 
tlement had been planted. Encouraged by their neigh¬ 
bors, the Natchez fell upon this settlement (November, 
1729) and massacred two hundred men, and made cap¬ 
tives of the women and children. The negro slaves joined 
the Indians.* (Examine 1712, T I., apd connect with 
1730.) 

1730 . The Natchez Indians exterminated by the 
French . The frightful massacre that occurred at Fort 
Rosalie, late in 1729, “gave great alarm to the inhabitants 
of New Orleans and its vicinity, who numbered, at that 
time, about six thousand, a third of whom were negro 
slaves. The settlers were in fear of an insurrection 
among the negroes, as w T ell as Indian forays, and w T ere in 
great distress. The adults fortified the little town ; and 
a military leader, with a body of seven hundred Choctaw 
warriors, surprised the Natchez while feasting over their 
victory. Other forces from New Orleans soon arrived, 
and the Natchez were dispersed (1730), some fleeing to 
the Chickasaws, and others across the Mississippi. Only 
a few made their escape. The great chief—• Child of the 
Sun’—and four hundred of his people were‘sent to Santo 
Domingo, and sold as slaves. Thus that ancient tribe was 
destroyed.” f 

Clement XII. ascended the Papal throne. 

Accession of Christian VI., King of Denmark, aged 31 years, 
upon the death of his father, Frederic IV. 

Accession of Charles Emanuel, King of Sardinia, upon the abdi¬ 
cation of his father Victor Amadeus II. 

Accession of Anne, aged 37 years, to the throne of Russia, upon 
the death of Peter II. She was the niece of Peter the Great. 

1731 . The West India, or Mississippi Company, re- 

* See Lossing’s “ Cyclopaedia of United States History.” 

\ Lossing’s “ Cyclopaedia.” 


164 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


signed Louisiana to the French crown. (Connect with 
1751 and 1762, 1 II.) 

The French built a fort at Crown Point, on Lake 
Champlain, which they called Fort Frederic. (Connect 
with 1749, T II., and 1753, 1 II.) 

Treaty of England with the Emperor Charles YT. to guarantee 
the Pragmatic Sanction. (Connect with foreign history, 1740, 
IT IV., and see foot-rtote, page 167.) 

Death of Daniel De Foe, English author, aged 70 years. 

1732. George Washington, son of Augustine Wash¬ 
ington, and Mary Ball (his second wife), was born in 
Westmoreland County, Virginia, February 22d (February 
11th, old style). (Connect with 1743.) 

1733. Georgia, the last of the thirteen original colo¬ 
nies, founded . George II., in 1732, had granted all the 
land between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers to 
twenty-one trustees; in 1733, James Oglethorpe, with 
one hundred and twenty emigrants, founded Savannah, 
at the mouth of the Savannah River. (For events relat¬ 
ing to Georgia, see following year-squares on the chart, 
and their corresponding dates in the Chronological Index, 
1740, 1742, 1 I., and 1752, T II. For the explanation 
of the initial G. on the chart, and a connected outline 
history of Georgia, see Appendix, page xxxiv.) 

War of the Polish Election, caused by the rivalry between Stanis¬ 
laus Leczinsky and Frederic Augustus II. of Saxony. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1735.) 

1734. Philip V. of Spain, having wrested Naples from the 
house of Hapsburg, erected it into a separate kingdom for his third 
son, Don Carlos, who was crowned at Palermo King of the Two 
Sicilies, July 3, 1734; the following year his claims were recognized 
by the Treaty of Vienna. (See foreign history, 1735, and connect 
with foreign history, 1759, 1 II., 1799, IT I., 1806, 1 III.) 

Death of the Duke of Villars, French marshal, aged 81 years. 
James Fitz-James, Duke of Berwick,* and Marshal of France, was 

* The Duke of Berwick was a natural son of King James II. of Eng¬ 
land. The great Duke of Marlborough was his maternal uncle. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


165 


killed at the age of 64 years, at the siege of Philipsburg, a fortress 
on the Rhine. 

1735. End of the War of the Polish Succession. Preliminaries 
of peace signed at Vienna, October 3d. Conditions: Augustus of 
Saxony acknowledged King of Poland ; Lorraine and Bar given to 
Stanislaus during his life, to revert to France at his death. (Con¬ 
nect with 1766.) Francis, Duke of Lorraine, received, in compen¬ 
sation for his duchy, the right of succession to Tuscany. Don 
Carlos, third son of Philip V. of Spain, was acknowledged King of 
Naples or of the Two Sicilies. 

1736. Marriage of Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria 
(daughter of the Emperor Charles VI.), to Francis, Duke of Lor¬ 
raine. Upon the death of John Gaston, the last of the Medici, July 
9, 1737, the Duke of Lorraine became Grand Duke of Tuscany. 
(See foreign history, 1745, 11 1. and II.) 

Death of the great Austrian general, Prince Eugene of Savoy- 
Carignan, aged 73 years, son of the Count of Soissons and Olympia 
Mancini, a niece of Cardinal Mazarin. He ranks as one of the five 
greatest generals of modern times—the other four being Marlbor¬ 
ough, Frederic the Great, Napoleon, and Wellington. “In many of 
his political opinions the prince was far in advance of his age. He 
saw the error of the house of Austria in encouraging the growth of 
Prussia, and in conferring on her chief the royal title.”* (See 
foreign history, 1701, 11., and 1871.) 

1737 . Richmond, Virginia, founded by William 
Byrd. (Connect with 1742, 1 II.) 

Open rupture between George IT. and his son Frederic, Prince 
of Wales. (Connect with foreign history, 1751, 1IV.) 

Death of Pergolese, Italian musical composer, aged 27 years. 

1738 . Hew Jersey, which, in 1702, had been made 
a royal province, under the Governor of Hew York, but 
with a distinct Legislative Assembly, was granted, in 
1738, a separate governor appointed by the king. 

Definitive Treaty, confirming the preliminaries of 1735, was 
signed at Vienna, November 18. 

1739 . The Spanish Intercolonial War f was caused 

* See “Appletons’ Cyclopaedia.” 

f This was purely a commercial war. The celebrated Asiento treaty 
between England and Spain, which was signed at Utrecht in 1713, secured 
to England for thirty years, among other privileges, “ the right of sending 
a permission or asiento ship, as it was called, of five hundred tons every 
year with all sorts of merchandise to the Spanish colonies in America, and 
also the right of importing negro slaves from the coast of Africa.” The 


166 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


by England’s refusal to accede to the measures adopted 
by Spain to prevent contraband trade with the Spanish- 
American colonies. (Connect with 1740 and 1742, 1" I.) 

During the first year of the Spanish War, Admiral 
Yernon, of the British navy, captured the town of Porto 
Bello, on the Isthmus of Darien, in retaliation for depre¬ 
dations committed by the Spaniards. The next year, 
Yernon resolved to attack Carthagena,* * the strongest 
place in South America. Captain Lawrence Washington 
' held a commission in one of the American regiments sent 
in 1741 to the aid of the admiral, and during the expedi¬ 
tion, which, however, proved unsuccessful, a strong friend¬ 
ship sprang up between the youthful officer and his vet¬ 
eran commander. (Connect with 1743.) 

1740 . During the war between England and Spain f 
General Oglethorpe, receiving orders to invade the Span¬ 
ish territory, marched into Florida, and laid siege to St. 
Augustine. Sickness and other causes soon compelled 
him to raise the siege and return to Georgia. (Connect 
with 1742, T I.) 

Benedict XIV. ascended the Papal throne. 

Ivan VI., an infant aged two months, was declared Emperor 
of Russia, upon the death of his maternal great-aunt, the Empress 
Anne. (Connect with foreign history, 1741, IT II.) 

May.—Accession, at the age of 28 years, of Frederic II. (after¬ 
ward the Great) to the throne of Prussia. He was the son of Fred¬ 
eric William I., the late king, and Sophia Dorothy, only daughter of 
George I.; consequently George II. was his maternal uncle. (See 
foreign history, 1713.) 

October.—Death of the Emperor of Germany, Charles VI. (58), 


abuses and contraband trade growing out of these privileges produced acts 
of violence, which finally culminated in open hostilities. The term asiento 
is the Spanish for treaty. “ After continuing about five years with no im¬ 
portant result in America, the Spanish Intercolonial War became merged 
into King George’s War.” (See American history, 1744.) 

* Carthagena (on the Caribbean Sea) is a seaport of New Granada, now 
the United States of Colombia, 
f See 1739, f I. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


167 


without male issue. As early as 1723 Charles VL had obtained 
from his hereditary states their acknowledgment of the Pragmatic 
Sanction,* which, in default of male heirs, guaranteed the succes¬ 
sion to hi3 eldest daughter, Maria Theresa. The great European 
powers had pledged themselves to support this arrangement. Nev¬ 
ertheless, after the death of the emperor, the Elector of Bavaria 
(afterward Emperor Charles VII.), the Elector of Saxony, and the 
Kings of Spain and Prussia, repudiating the Pragmatic Sanction, 
and claiming to have greater rights to the inheritance than Maria 
Theresa, declared war against her. This war is known in the his¬ 
tory of Europe as that of the Austrian Succession. (Connect with 
foreign history, 1741, II 1.; 1742, HIT I. and II.; 1744, HIT I., II., 
and IH., and with American history, 1744.) 

December.—Frederic II. of Prussia began his first Silesian War.f 
(Connect with foreign history, 1742, H I., and 1744, IT Ill.) 

1741 . Final separation of New Hampshire from 
Massachusetts, one hundred years after its first union 
with the latter province. It remained under the jurisdic¬ 
tion of its own governor until the American Revolution. 

The Negro Plot in New York. It was a supposed 
conspiracy to burn the city of New York and massacre 
the inhabitants. 

* See foreign history, 1723. “Pragmatic Sanction is a technical term 
which has been applied to several other instruments besides that drawn up 
by Charles VI. The literal meaning of pragmatic may be deduced from 
its etymology, which is from a Greek word signifying “ business,’’ so that 
the terms pragmatic sanction literally imply nothing more than a sanction 
of the business , or a business sanction. It may be added that the forces 
raised to secure the succession of Maria Theresa are sometimes called “ the 
pragmatic army.” 

f Frederic II. advanced, as a pretext for this war, the claims of his 
ancestors to four principalities in Silesia, which had been relinquished to 
Austria under the pressure of circumstances. The real motive was his 
desire to strengthen Prussia by the augmentation of territory, and thus 
raise her to the rank of a first-class power. In anticipation of the war, he 
quietly increased his army to 100,000 men; meanwhile, he dispatched an 
embassador to Maria Theresa, promising his support to the Pragmatic 
Sanction, provided she would relinquish to him certain lands in Silesia. 
This proposition was of course indignantly rejected, whereupon Frederic 
II. immediately invaded Lower Silesia (December 13), in order to occupy 
it as a security for his claims. In six weeks he returned to Berlin in tri¬ 
umph. Rejoining his army in the spring (1741), the fate of Silesia was 
decided by the victory the Prussians gained over the Austrians on April 10 at 
the battle of Mollwitz (a hamlet of Silesia). Frederic’s invasion of Silesia 
was the signal for the general European war of the Austrian Succession. 


168 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


The illustration on the year-square 1741 represents Maria The¬ 
resa before the Hungarian Diet. Finding that all others had de¬ 
serted her cause, she appealed to her Hungarian subjects to place 
her on the throne of Austria. They responded by brandishing their 
sabers and shouting, “We will die for our King Maria Theresa! ” 
(Connect with foreign history, 1742, 1HTI. and II.) 

By a revolution in Russia, the infant emperor, Ivan VI., was de¬ 
posed, and Elizabeth (aged 31 years), daughter of Peter the Great, 
was placed on the imperial throne. Her unfortunate predecessor 
was brought up as an idiot, in a miserable imprisonment, and event¬ 
ually murdered. 

Death of Rollin, aged 80 years, French historian. 

Death, on Behring Island, of the Danish navigator Behring, aged 
61 years. (Connect with foreign history, 1728.) 

1742 . The disastrous failure of Admiral Vernon’s 
fleet before Carthagena, in 1741, encouraged the Span¬ 
iards to send an expedition from Havana for the invasion 
of Georgia and South Carolina. By means of an art¬ 
ful stratagem, Oglethorpe repelled the attack and saved 
Georgia, after which the Spanish armament returned to 
Cuba. Charleston was greatly alarmed by this threaten¬ 
ing force, and, had the Spaniards been aware of its weak¬ 
ness, they might have captured it with ease. 

Richmond, the present capital of Virginia, incorpo¬ 
rated by law as a town. (Connect with 1779, the last 
paragraph of American history.) 

George II. of England mediated peace between Maria Theresa 
of Austria and his nephew, Frederic II. of Prussia. (Connect with 
foreign history, 1744, 1 III.) 

Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, refused to acknowledge the 
Pragmatic Sanction, and accepted the imperial throne of Germany, 
with the title of Charles VII. He continued the War of the Aus¬ 
trian Succession until his death in 1745. (See foreign history, 1745, 

Death of Massillon, French pulpit orator, aged 79 years. 

1743 . Lawrence Washington, half-brother of George 
Washington, having married the beautiful Anne Fairfax, 
retired with his bride to his estate on the Potomac, which, 
in honor of his friend Admiral Vernon, he named Mount 
Vernon. (Connect with 1739, II., and 1752, T III.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


169 


George II., who up to this period of the War of the Austrian 
Succession had assisted Maria Theresa only by subsidies, now en¬ 
gaged more actively in the struggle. Without any formal declara¬ 
tion of war, the King of England, accompanied by his second son, 
the Duke of Cumberland, crossed over to the Continent, and, fight¬ 
ing in person at the head of his army, defeated the French under 
the marshal-duke of Noailies, at the battle of Dettingen,* a village 
of Bavaria. (Connect with foreign history, 1644, IT I., II., and 

January 20.—Death of Cardinal Fleury, aged 90 years, prime 
minister of Louis XV. from 1726 until his death in 1743. 

Death of Richard Savage, aged 45 years, English poet. 

1744 . King George's War . The war known in the 
Old World as that of the Austrian Succession extended 
to the English and French colonies in America as soon 
as the news crossed the Atlantic that England, in sup¬ 
port of the Pragmatic Sanction, had openly engaged 
in hostilities against France. In America, this war was 
called King George’s War—or the Anglo-French War. 
(Connect with foreign history, 1744, 'f I., and American 
history, 1745.) 

March 20.—War declared by France against Great Britain. 
March 31.—Great Britain, retaliating, declared war against France. 
The cause of this formal declaration of hostilities by France was 
that Great Britain had not only for six years contributed to the 
War of the Austrian Succession by largely subsidizing Maria The¬ 
resa, but had recently taken a direct part in it, by invading the 
Continent, and defeating the French army at Dettingen. A series 
of battles, both by land and by sea, then followed between the two 
nations. (See foreign history, 1745, T III.) 

Louis XV. declared war against Maria Theresa and the United 
Provinces. 

Frederic II., after his unprincipled seizure of Silesia, had con¬ 
cluded a treaty with Maria Theresa, by which, in return for the 
cession of the conquered province, he engaged to observe a strict 
neutrality during the rest of the war. Notwithstanding his solemn 
engagements, the King of Prussia renewed hostilities against Maria 
Theresa, took Prague, and entered upon a second Silesian war. 
(Examine foreign history, 1740, T V.; 1742, T I., and connect with 
1756). 


* Historians differ as to the precise date of this battle—some saying it 
was fought on the 16th of June; others, on the 27th of that month. 

8 



170 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Commodore Anson,* English navigator, who, in September, 
1740, had sailed from England with a squadron of six vessels for 
the purpose of inflicting damage upon the commerce of Spain, re¬ 
turned to Spithead (off the south coast of England) in June, 1744, 
having completed a voyage around the world. (Examine Chrono¬ 
logical Index, page 60, 1520, IT II., and page 71, 1579.) 

Death of Pope, aged 56 years, English poet. 

1745 . During King George’s War, Louisburg, on 
Cape Breton, off the coast of Nova Scotia, was captured 
from the French, by New England colonists, under Sir 
William Pepperell, aided by Commodore Warren. The 
capture of this fortress, which was of such strength as to 
be called the Gibraltar of America, was the most im¬ 
portant event of the war in America. The stronghold, 
however, was restored to the French, in 1748, by the 
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. (Connect with 1748, and with 
1758, July 26.) 

Upon the death of the Emperor Charles VII., his son, Maximilian 
Joseph, made peace with Maria Theresa, and secured his hereditary 
states of Bavaria by voting for her husband, Francis, as emperor. 

Accession of Francis I., aged 37 years, to the imperial throne of 
Germany. (Connect with foreign history, 1736, IF I.) 

April 30.—Battle of Fontenoy.f The allied army of England, 
Holland, and Austria, under the Duke of Cumberland, second son 
of George II., was defeated by the French, under Marshal 
Saxe4 

September.—Rebellion in Scotland in behalf of the young Pre¬ 
tender Charles Edward.* The English army was defeated by the 
Highlanders at Preston Pans. | (Connect with foreign history, 1746, 
IT 1.) 

Death of Dean Swift, aged 78 years, English author. 

1746 . The first college in New Jersey was founded 
at Elizabethtown. (Examine 1665, T III., p. 125, and 
connect with 1757, T II.) 

* Read Walter’s narrative of Lord Anson's voyage, and Byron’s narra¬ 
tive of his adventures, in the ship Wager. 

f Fontenoy, a village of Belgium. 

\ See foreign history, 1750, III. 

* France, as a direct means of annoying her adversary, had not only 
prompted the rebellion, but gave to it material aid. 

|| Preston Pans, a village in Scotland, near Edinburgh. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


in 


Tlie battle of Culloden* ended the Stuart Rebellion in Scotland. 
Charles Edward concealed himself for a time, in the mountains, and 
eventually escaped to France. (See foreign history, 1745, T IV.) 

An earthquake occurred in Lima (Peru), October 28; in three 
minutes the city was in ruins. Callao, a town near Lima, was sub¬ 
merged by the sudden elevation of the sea, caused by the earth¬ 
quake, and, of twenty-three ships in the harbor, nineteen were 
sunk, and the other four carried to a considerable distance inland. 

Frederic V., aged 23 years, was crowned King of Denmark upon 
the death of his father, King Christian V. 

Ferdinand VI. (Bourbon), at the age of 23 years, succeeded his 
father, Philip V., on the throne of Spain. 

1747. William IV. (aged 36 years), Prince of Orange-Nassau 
Diez, and son-in law of George II. of England, was elected heredi¬ 
tary Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic by the Orange party, which 
had regained its former ascendency. (See note, p. 262, and connect 
with foreign history, 1751, IT I., p. 372.) 

1748 . Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ended King George’s 
War of tlie Austrian Succession. It was agreed that all 
conquests made during this war should be restored. Ac¬ 
cordingly, Louisburg was given back to the French. (Con¬ 
nect with 1745, and also with 1758, July 26.) 

Death of Thomson, English poet, aged 48 years. 

Death of Isaac Watts, English sacred poet, aged 74 years. 

1749 . George II. of England granted to the Ohio 
Company, composed of London merchants and Virginia 
and Maryland land speculators, 500,000 acres of land west 
of the Alleghanies, on and near the Ohio River, f The 

* This celebrated battle derives its name from its proximity to Culloden 
House, a family seat in Inverness, Scotland. The English troops were led 
by the Duke of Cumberland ; the Highlanders were commanded by Charles 
Edward in person. “Lochiel’s Warning,” by Thomas Campbell, has refer¬ 
ence to this battle. 

| The right to make this assignment was based on the old claim—the 
Cabot discovery. At this period the English colonies dotted the Atlantic 
seaboard from Newfoundland to Florida, and, assuming as their western 
boundary the Pacific Ocean, they naturally advanced a title to the unexplored 
intervening regions. It was this last pretension especially that brought 
them into collision with the French, who claimed all the interior of the 
country adjacent to the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi, and their tribu¬ 
taries, upon the ground that they had explored and occupied it. In addi¬ 
tion to their colonies of long standing in Canada and Nova Scotia, and their 
military, religious, and commercial stations along the Great Lakes and at 
other points northward and westward, the French had, in 1718, planted a 


172 LINTON S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


conflicting claims of the French and English to this re¬ 
gion or territory was the cause of hostilities even before 
the formal declaration, in 1756, of the war known as the 
Old French and Indian War. (Connect with 1753, T I.; 
1754, TfTf I., II., and III.; 1755, I- and II.; and 1756, 

ii.) 

The important fort, Presque Isle,* on Lake Erie, near 
the present site of Erie, was built in 1749 by the French 
under Jean Cceur. (See 1753 and 1763.) 

1750. Joseph Emanuel (aged 36 years) succeeded to the throne 
of Portugal upon the death of his father, John V. 

Death of S. Bach, German musical composer, aged 55 years. 

Death of Marshal Saxe, Marshal of France, aged 57 years. 
Count Maurice, of Saxony, so celebrated as Marshal Saxe, was a 
natural son of Frederic Augustus I., 15th Elector of Saxony and 
King of Poland. He was considered one of the ablest officers in 
the French service. (See foreign history, 1745, IF III.) 

1751 . The sugar-plant was brought from the island 
of Hayti by Jesuits, and cultivated in Louisiana. 

William V., son of William IV., succeeded, at the age of three 
years, to the office of Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. During 
his minority, his mother governed as regent. (Connect with for¬ 
eign history, 1795, IT I.) 

Adolphus Frederic, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and Bishop of 
Lubeck, aged 41 years, became King of Sweden on the death of Fred¬ 
eric of Hesse-Cassel. (See foreign history, 1771, IT II., p. 187.) 

Clive, by his victory at Arcot, secured the supremacy of his 
countrymen in India. The rivalry existing between the French and 


colony at New Orleans, and even at an earlier date had established trading- 
posts within the surrounding territory, to which, in 1682, La Salle had given 
the name Louisiana. They now designed to connect their Canadian settle¬ 
ments with those at the South, by a chain of forts extending from Lake 
Ontario to the Ohio, and down that river and the Mississippi to New Or¬ 
leans. This project, carried into effect, would not only haVe facilitated trade 
between Canada and Louisiana, but would also have proved a barrier to 
the extension of English colonization beyond the Alleghany Mountains. 
George II.’s grant of lands to the Ohio Company interfering with the mag¬ 
nificent schemes of the French, soon led to open warfare. (See Chrono¬ 
logical Index, 1753.) 

* Soon after the close of the Old French and Indian War (1763), the 
fort being deserted, fell into decay. General Wayne renovated it in 1194, 
and in 1796 died .there. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


173 


British East India Companies led to frequent acts of hostilities. In 
1746, during the War of the Austrian Succession, Madras was seized 
by the Governor of Pondicherry; and, although it was restored at 
the Peace of Aix-la-Ohapelle, the French, by intrigues with the 
native princes, still endeavored to extend their empire in India, at 
the expense of the English. The Nabob of Arcot, the capital of the 
Carnatic, alone held out against the French, and he was closely be¬ 
sieged in his last stronghold. In 1751 Robert Clive,* a poor clerk 
in the employ of the English Company, having obtained a commis¬ 
sion, raised a force of five hundred men, most of whom were Sepoys 
or native soldiers, and, suddenly advancing against Arcot, a city of 
100,000 inhabitants, he defeated the French and their native allies, 
and established the supremacy of the English. (Connect with foreign 
history, 1757, 11 III.) 

Death of Frederic, Prince of Wales, aged 44 years, father of 
George III. (See foreign history, 1737, H I.) 

1752 . June 15.—Franklin, by liis electrical kite, as¬ 
certained the nature of lightning, after which he invented 
the lightning-rod. (See illustration on the Chart.) 

Georgia became a royal province. (See 1733, and 
Appendix, p. xxxv.) 

Death of Lawrence Washington , aged 31^ years. 
“ Lawrence left a wife and an infant daughter to inherit 
his ample estates. In^ case his daughter should die with¬ 
out issue, the estate of Mount Yernon, and other lands 
specified in his will, were to be enjoyed by her mother 
during her lifetime, and at her death to be inherited by 
his brother George.’’ f It was by the provisions of this 

* “ Clive was indeed, as Chatham once called him, a heaven-born gen¬ 
eral, who, with no military training, had shown consummate military genius. 
With nearly as little study of politics, he displayed nearly as great abilities 
for government. Energy—which, perhaps, of all human qualities is t he 
one most conducive to success—energy and fearlessness were peculiarly his 
own. Whatever gratitude Spain owes to her Cortes, or Portugal to her 
Albuquerque, this, and in its results more than this,.is due from England 
to Clive. Had he never been born, I do not believe that we should, at 
least in that generation, have conquered Hindostan; had he lived longer, 
I doubt if we should, at least in that generation, have lost North America.” 
(Lord Mahon’s “ History of England,” vol. iv, p. 339.) In the latter part 
of his life, Clive became a prey to melancholy, under the morbid influence 
of which he put an end to his existence, in 1774, at the age of 50 years. 

f Irving’s “ Life of Washington.” 


174 LINTON'8 HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


will that George Washington came into possession of 
Mount Yernon. 

Great Britain adopted the Gregorian Calendar, or New Style, 
by omitting eleven days after September 2, and dated the next day 
September 14, instead of September 3. January 1 was made the 
commencement of the legal year, instead of March 25. (See 1582.) 

Death of Cardinal Alberoni (88). In 1715 he was made Prime 
Minister of Spain, but afterward fell into disgrace, and was ban¬ 
ished. 

1753 . Major Washington’s Journey to the French 
Forts. The French regarded the English grant to the 
Ohio Company as an encroachment upon their posses¬ 
sions. They therefore strengthened Fort Niagara, and 
also Fort Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, and established 
posts at Le Boeuf * and Venango.f A remonstrance was 
sent by Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, to the French 
commander, demanding his withdrawal from the Ohio 
Valley. This mission was intrusted to George Washing¬ 
ton, then a young man of two-and-twenty, who started 
from Williamsburg, October 31, on a perilous journey of 
more than five hundred miles. On his arrival at the 
French fort (Le Boeuf), he was politely received by the 
commander, St. Pierre, who, however, positively refused 
to withdraw his troops. (See illustration on the Chart. 
Connect with 1754.) 

Death of Sir Hans Sloane, British physician and naturalist, aged 
93 years. 

1754 . Fort Du Quesne. The French having refused 
to abandon the Ohio Valley, a party of laborers, under 
the protection of militia, was sent out by the Ohio Com- 

* Fort Le Boeuf, on French Creek, fifteen miles south of Lake Erie, 
now the town of Waterford, Pennsylvania. 

f Fort Venango, at the junction of French Creek and the Alleghany 
River, on the present site of Franklin, Pennsylvania. After the surrender 
of Canada, in 1760, these four forts, as well as all others that had been 
built by the French, were garrisoned by English troops, and during Pon¬ 
tiac’s war, in 1763, they became points of special attack by the infuriated 
Indians. (See foot-note under 1763, II., p. 183.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


175 


pany to build a fort at the junction of the Alleghany 
and Monongahela Rivers. Virginia troops were enlisted 
to garrison it under Colonel Frye, with Washington sec¬ 
ond in command. While they were still on the march, 
they learned that the French had captured the unfinished 
fort and completed it for themselves, giving it the name 
of Fort Du Quesne, in honor of the Governor of Canada. 
(See plan of this fort on the Chart.) 

Washington's First Battle . Washington, with a recon- 
noitering party, having advanced as far as Great Mead¬ 
ows, about forty-five miles from Fort Du Quesne, learned 
that a party of French was near at hand with hostile de¬ 
signs. lie hastily threw up a rude stockade (afterward 
called Fort Necessity), and advancing to meet the French, 
May 28, defeated them. This was the first blood shed in 
the war. 

While at Fort Necessity, Colonel Frye died, and the 
command devolved on Washington. A large body of 
French troops having been sent from Fort Du Quesne to 
attack him, he was forced, after a severe conflict, to sur¬ 
render, J uly 4. 

Death of Fielding, English novelist, aged 47 years. 

1755. Braddock's Defeat and. Death . In the spring 
the British Government sent out two regiments under 
General Braddock, as commander-in-chief. These were 
to be strengthened by militia from the colonies. Gen¬ 
eral Braddock proceeded against Fort Du Quesne at the 
head of twenty-five hundred men, with Washington as 
aid-de-camp. When within seven miles of the fort, his 
army fell into an ambuscade of French and Indians, and 
was utterly routed, July 9. Braddock was slain, and his 
troops fled in a panic. 

The disastrous overthrow of Braddock’s army was 


176 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL 


partly atoned for by the defeat of the French at the bat¬ 
tle of Lake George,' x ' in which their commander, Gen¬ 
eral Dieskau, was wounded and taken prisoner. 

Acadia, or Nova Scotia, was iuvaded by the English, 
and the innocent Acadians were driven with barbarous 
cruelty from this province.! (See 1710, T I.) 

The great earthquake of Lisbon occurred ou the 1st of Novem¬ 
ber, 1755. “ The rumbling sound below the surface was imme¬ 

diately followed by the shock which threw down the principal por¬ 
tions of the city. In the short space of six minutes it is believed 
that 60,000 persons perished. Multitudes of people sought safety 
from the falling buildings by crowding upon the marble quay which 
had just been constructed at great expense. It suddenly sank with 
them like a ship foundering at sea; but, when the waters closed 
over the place, no fragments of the wreck, none of the boats and 
vessels near by, that were drawn into the whirlpool, and not one of 
the thousands of bodies carried down, reappeared upon the surface. 
Over the spot the water stood 600 feet deep; and beneath this, 
locked in the fissured rocks, in chasms of unknown depth, lie the 
relics of what was the life and wealth of this portion of the earth’s 
surface in the middle of the eighteenth century.”]; The shock of 
this awful earthquake extended 5,000 miles; it was felt on the Alps, 
on the coast of Sweden, and even in Scotland. In Spain, a large 
part of Malaga was reduced to ruins. One half of Fez, in Morocco, 
was destroyed, and more than 12,000 Arabs perished there. About 
half of the Island of Madeira became waste, and 2,000 houses on the 
Island of Mitylene (in the Grecian Archipelago) were overthrown.# 

Death of Montesquieu, aged 66 years, French author. 

1756 . The Old French and Indian War—tbe se¬ 
verest of the intercolonial struggles—was caused by the 
conflicting claims of France and England to territory in 
America. Although hostilities were not formally pro¬ 
claimed by England until the spring of 1756, war—fore¬ 
shadowed as early as 1753, by the imprisonment of 

* Near the site of this battle, at the southern extremity of Lake George, 

William Johnson (commander of the brave colonial troops who defeated 
Dieskau) erected a fort, which, in compliment to the third son of the 
late Prince of Wales, he called Fort William Henry. (See 1757, I.) 

f The story of the expulsion of the Acadians is the groundwork of 
Longfellow’s poem of “ Evangeline.” 

% See Appletons’ “ Cyclopaedia.” 

# Haydn’s “ Dictionary of Dates.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


177 


English traders found in the contested districts—actually 
began at the first clashing of arms in the Ohio Yalley in 
1754, and continued, with little intermission, until the 
period of its formal declaration in the Old World. (Con¬ 
sult years 1753, 1754, and 1755.) 

The only success of the colonial forces during the 
year 1756 was the chastisement of the Indians, who had 
desolated the frontier settlements of Pennsylvania, and 
killed or carried into captivity nearly a thousand of the 
inhabitants. Colonel John Armstrong, with about three 
hundred men, surprising the Indians at Kittanning, their 
chief town on the Alleghany River, killed their princi¬ 
pal warriors, and left their stronghold a smoking ruin. 
Lord Loudoun, who had been appointed by the British 
Government commander-in-chief of all the troops in the 
English colonies, at length arrived in America, but at¬ 
tempted nothing of consequence, except to make prepa¬ 
rations for the campaign of the next year. 

Meanwhile, the French, under their energetic com¬ 
mander, the Marquis de Montcalm, captured Fort Os¬ 
wego,* on Lake Ontario. The possession of this fort 
secured to the French the command of Lakes Ontario 
and Erie, and of the country of the Six Nations. 

Seven Years’ War in Europe, or the Third Silesian War. The 
cause of this war may be traced, first, to Maria Theresa, who, un¬ 
able to resign herself to the permanent severance of Silesia from 
her empire, resolved at all hazards to recover it; secondly, to the 
dislike borne Frederic II. by most of the crowned heads of Europe, 
and their desire to see him reduced to the condition of an Elector 
of Brandenburg. The belligerent parties were: Austria, allied with 
France, Russia, Saxony, Bavaria, and the rest of the empire, on the 
one side; and on the other, Prussia allied with England and four of 
the smaller German states—Hesse-Cassel, Brunswick, Gotha, and 
Lippe. (Connect with foreign history, 1757, 1758, 1759, IT I.) 

* Fort Oswego was built and garrisoned by Governor Shirley, of Massa¬ 
chusetts, about the period of Bvaddock’s defeat and death. 



178 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


1757. August 9.—The French under Montcalm cap¬ 
tured Fort William Henry.* 

The college which in 1746 was founded at Elizabeth¬ 
town, Hew Jersey, was removed in 1757 to Hassau Hall, 
Princeton. (See 1746.) 

Record of the Seven Years’ War in Europe: Battle of Kolin, 
Bohemia, gained by Austria or her allies; a victory before the walls 
of Prague (capital of Bohemia), at Rossbach (in the province of 
Saxony (Prussia), and at Leuthen (Silesia), gained by Prussia or 
her allies. Sweden became an ally of Austria in 1757. 

William Pitt (afterward Earl of Chatham) was placed at the 
head of the British ministry. 

Lord Clive’s victory at the battle of Plassey t (near Calcutta) 
laid the foundation of the British Empire of India. (See foreign 
history, 1751, U III. and 1876.) 

Death of Colley Cibber, aged 87 years, English dramatic author 
and actor. For a time he was poet laureate. 

Death of Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet, aged 71 years, author of 
“The Gentle Shepherd.” 

1758. War Record in North America. —Three ex¬ 
peditions were planned by the English: one, against 
Louisburg; another, against Ticonderoga, at the outlet of 
Lake George; a third, against Fort Du Quesne. 

English Disasters. —July 6.—In a skirmish near Ti¬ 
conderoga, between the French and the advanced guard of 
Abercrombie’s army, Lord Howe was killed. July 8.— 

* See foot-note under 1755, II., p. 176. 

f In 1756, while Great Britain was engaged in hostilities on the Conti¬ 
nent of Europe, the Nabob of Bengal, Surajah Dowlah, surprised and capt¬ 
ured Calcutta, the chief seat of British commerce in India. Contrary to a 
promise of kind treatment, one hundred and forty-six Englishmen, who 
comprised the garrison, were thrown into a dungeon called the Black Hole 
of Calcutta. It was but eighteen feet squai’e, and miserably ventilated; 
the next morning only twenty-three of the prisoners were found partially 
alive ; the horrors endured during that night are without a parallel. When 
the news of these atrocities reached Madras, Clive, with his accustomed 
energy and dispatch, marched to Calcutta and regained possession of the 
town and the English fort; then, pursuing the combined forces of France 
and the native princes, he gained over them the memorable battle of Plassey, 
June, 1757. This victory, while it mainly contributed to the downfall of 
French influence in India, firmly established the English dominion in that 
country. A few years after these events the British East India Company 
secured the rich and populous district of Bengal. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 179 

General Abercrombie was repulsed by the French, under 
Montcalm, at Ticonderoga. 

English Victories. —July 26.—Louisburg was captured 
by Amherst and Wolfe. (See 1745.) August 27.—Fort 
Frontenac,* near the outlet of Lake Ontario, was capt¬ 
ured and destroyed by a detachment from General Aber¬ 
crombie’s army, under Bradstreet. November 25.—Fort 
Du Quesnef was captured by Washington, commander of 
the advanced guard of Forbes’s army, and its name 
changed to Fort Pitt, in compliment to William Pitt 
(afterward Earl Chatham), who had recently been placed 
at the head of the British ministry. (See foreign history, 
1757,1II.) 

Record of the Seven Years’ War in Europe.—Frederic II. of 
Prussia recovered Schweidnitz, a fortress in Silesia; besieged Olmiitz, 
in Moravia; retired into Bohemia; took Koniggratz, a Bohemian 
town; defeated the Russians near Zorndorf, a village in Pomerania, 
Prussia; was defeated by the Austrian Marshal Daun, October 14, 
at Hochkirchen, a village in the present kingdom of Saxony; and 
concluded a new treaty with England, December 7. 

Clement XIII. ascended the Papal throne. 

1759. The campaign of this year had for its object 
the reduction of Canada, and the entire expulsion of the 
French from America. Three expeditions were planned : 
the first and most important, against Quebec,:): was in¬ 
trusted to General Wolfe; the second, against Ticonde- 
roga and Crown Point, was given to General Amherst, 

* Fort Frontenac, now Kingston, was built in 1673, by Count de Fron¬ 
tenac, Governor of Canada. (See Chronological Index, i 673, II.) 

f Soon after the capture of Fort Du Quesne or Fort Pitt, Washington 
returned to Virginia, and was elected to the House of Burgesses, as the 
Legislature of the colony was called. When he took his seat in that body, 
the Speaker rose and thanked him in the name of his country for his dis¬ 
tinguished services. Washington rose to reply—blushed—stammered— 
trembled—but could not say a word. “ Sit down, Mr. Washington,” said 
the Speaker; “ your modesty equals your courage, and that surpasses the 
power of any language I possess.” (Quackenbos’s “ History of the United 
States.”) 

\ See 1608, f II. 


180 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


who had superseded Abercrombie; the third, against 
.Niagara,* was placed in command of General Prideaux. 

The siege of Niagara was begun on the 6th of July; 
Prideaux being hilled by the bursting of a shell, the com¬ 
mand devolved upon Sir William Johnson, to whom the 
French garrison surrendered a few days after. Ticonde- 
roga was captured by Amherst in July, and Crown Point 
in August. 

Siege and Surrender of Quebec . On the 26tli of June 
General Wolfe, w T ith 8,000 troops and a large fleet, arrived 
opposite Quebec, which w r as strongly fortified and held by 
Montcalm. Taking possession of Point Levi.f across the 
river, Wolfe opened a severe cannonade upon the town; 
but little injury was inflicted, however, on account of the 
distance of his guns. He then changed his post, and 
landed his troops below the Montmorency,f where he 
attempted to storm the French camp; his efforts being a 
second time frustrated, he formed the bold design of scal¬ 
ing the Heights of Abraham,-)* above the town. This his 
troops accomplished at night, by means of a narrow path 
up the cliffs, and on the morning of September 13, to the 
consternation of Montcalm, the English were draw r n up 
in battle array on the plains above. The engagement 
which followed was short, bloody, and decisive. Wolfe, 
thrice wounded, died in the moment of victory, as the 
French were beginning to flee. Just before he expired, 
he was roused by the cry, “ They fly, they fly! 15 “ Who 

fly ? ” exclaimed the dying general. Being told that it 
was the enemy, he replied, “ Now, God be praised, I die 
happy!” And so he perished, having gained the proud¬ 
est victory yet won by English arms in the New World. 
The brave Montcalm was carried off the field mortally 
* See 1728, p. 162. f Examine the Map on the Chart. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


181 


wounded. When told that he must die, he replied, “ So 
much the better, for then I shall not live to see the sur¬ 
render of Quebec.” * Five days later, September 18, the 
city was surrendered to the English commander, General 
Townshend, leaving Montreal the only place of impor¬ 
tance in Canada in possession of the French. 

Record of the Seven Years’ War in Europe. The battle of Ku- 
nersdorf (Brandenburg) was gained by the Austrians, who also re¬ 
captured Dresden f and the greater part of Saxony. The battle of 
Minden, in Westphalia, was a Prussian victory, upon which occasion 
Ferdinand of Brunswick drove back the French over the Rhine, and 
saved Westphalia and Hanover. 

Don Carlos, who, in 1734, was crowned King of the Two Sici¬ 
lies, now (1759) succeeded his brother, Ferdinand VI., on the throne 
of Spain, under the title of Charles III. He then transferred the 
kingdom of the Two Sicilies to his third son, Ferdinand IV. (For 
Spain, see 1788, f I., p. 246; for Naples, 1799, IF I., p. 258.) 

Death of Handel, German musical composer, aged 75 years. 

1700 . All Canada surrendered to England. After 
the capitulation of Quebec in September, 1759, the 
French troops intrenched themselves at Montreal. Early 
in 1760 they made an attempt to recapture Quebec; but, 
after gaining some signal advantages, they were forced 
to retire before a British fleet sent by Pitt to the relief 
of the city. In September an overwhelming force un¬ 
der General Amherst appeared before Montreal. Vau- 
dreuil, the governor-general, deeming the enemy too 
strong to be resisted, immediately surrendered not only 
the city of Montreal, but the whole of Canada, together 
with Detroit and Mackinaw. (Connect with 1763, T I.) 

Accession to the English throne of George III. (Brunswick)— 
born 1728, died 1820—son of Frederic Lewis, Prince of Wales, and 
Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. 

Record of Seven Years’ War in Europe. Prussia was victorious 

* “ A small column on the Plains of Abraham marks the spot where 
Wolfe received his death-wound, and in the government gardens at Quebec 
there stands an obelisk 60 feet in height erected in honor of himself and 
his gallant enemy Montcalm.” (Appletons’ “ Cyclopaedia.”) 

\ Dresden, the capital of Saxony. 



182 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


at the battle of Pfaffendorf (Silesia), and at the battle of Torgau (in 
the province of Saxony), Prussia. (Connect with foreign history, 

1761, IT III.) 

1761 . The Cherokees, who had been ravaging Caro¬ 
lina, in 1760 and 1761, were finally defeated. 

The Family Compact, concluded by the Bourbons of France, 
Spain, and Naples, was followed by an immediate declaration of 
war on the part of England. (Connect with American history, 

1762, IT I.) 

Marriage of George III. of England to Charlotte, Princess of 
Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 

Frederic the Great, of Prussia, when reduced almost to the last 
extremity in his military operations, was saved by the death of 
Elizabeth, Empress of Russia. (Connect with foreign history, 1762, 

TI.) 

Death of Richardson, aged 72 years, English novelist. 

1762 . During the war between England and Spain, 
Havana, on the Island of Cuba, was captured by a British 
armament, aided by colonists from Hew England and Hew 
York. (See foreign history, 1761, T I.) 

Louisiana, by a private convention at Fontainebleau, 
was ceded by France to Spain, in whose possession it re¬ 
mained till 1800 . (Connect with 1800 , T II.) 

Accession of Peter III. to the throne of Russia, upon the death 
of the Empress Elizabeth, his maternal aunt. He was the first em¬ 
peror of the dynasty of Holstein-Gottorp. Being a warm friend of 
Frederic the Great, he withdrew the Russian forces from Germany, 
and, on April 7, concluded peace with Prussia, which was imme¬ 
diately followed by a treaty between Prussia and Sweden. A few 
months later (July), the Emperor of Russia was deposed and mur¬ 
dered, at the instigation of his wife, who ascended the throne, under 
the title of Catherine II. 

Death of Lady Mary W. Montagu (72), English authoress. 

1763 . The Peace of Paris ended the old French 
and Indian War* in America. By the treaty,France re¬ 
linquished all her claims and possessions in Horth Amer¬ 
ica, except two small islands south of Hewfoundland, 
retained as fishing-stations. “ Great Britain acquired all 

* The result of this war was, that England became the ruling power in 
North America. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


183 


Canada, Acadia, Cape Breton, and its dependent islands, 
with Eastern Maine,” * and all the lands on the eastern 
side of the Mississippi, except the city and island of Or¬ 
leans ; lastly, the tract between the Ohio and the St. Law¬ 
rence, on which the French had erected their forts, and 
which had been a proximate cause of the war. To Spain, 
France yielded the island and city of New Orleans, and 
confirmed to her that portion of Louisiana west of the 
Mississippi which had been assigned her in 1762, at Fon¬ 
tainebleau. Spain, on her part, surrendered to Great 
Britain the Floridas, in exchange for Havana. (Connect 
with 1762, 1II., and 1783, 1 IV.) 

Pontiac's Conspiracy . The Indian tribes, still friendly 
to the French, saw with dismay the transfer of their lands 
to the English, whom they hated. Hardly had the Eng¬ 
lish taken possession of the posts at the West and around 
the Lakes, when Pontiac, a famous chief of the Ottawas, 
organized a formidable conspiracy for their destruction. 
So secret and well concerted was the plot, that all the 
posts west of Fort Niagara, with the exception of Detroit 
and Fort Pitt, were surprised, and their garrisons made 
prisoners or massacred.f Finally, in 1764, the Indians, 

* Bancroft, “ ITistory of the United States.” 

\ “ At Fort Presque Isle was an unusually strong block-house, with a 
courageous and skillful garrison. On the morning of the 15th of June it 
was surrounded by two hundred Indians. The garrison at once retired to 
the block-house, where they held out against an assault that had no cessa¬ 
tion for two days and a half. At last the savages resorted to mining. The 
mine reached the house of the commanding officer, which the assailants 
set on fire, nearly stifling the garrison with the smoke and heat. When it 
became evident that the mine had reached a point beneath the feet of the 
besieged, and that further resistance would be hopeless, they surrendered, 
but only on condition that they should be permitted to depart unmolested. 
The promise, however, was broken; they were all bound and taken prison¬ 
ers to Pontiac’s camp. Three days later Fort Le Boeuf was surrounded 
and set on fire. The garrison of thirteen men cut a hole through the rear 
wall of the block-house and escaped, while the savages in front believed 
them to be perishing in the flames. About half of the thirteen reached 


184: LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


being overawed by the English, sued for peace. (See 
illustration on the Chart.) 

The Treaty of Hnbertsburg,* between Austria and Prussia, ended 
the Seven Years’ War in Europe. The result of this war was to 
raise Prussia to the rank of one of the five great European powers. 
The other four were Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prance. 
(See foreign history, 1756.) 

1764 . The royal assent given to the Grenville Act 
for taxing the American colonies. (Connect with 1765, 

ii.) 

Through the influence of Prussia and Russia, Stanislas Augustus, 
Count Poniatowski, was chosen King of Poland by the Diet.f 

Joseph, son of the Emperor Francis I. and Maria Theresa, was 
elected King of the Romans. 

Birth of Bernadotte, afterward King of Sweden, and of Sidney 
Smith, afterward Sir Sidney Smith. 

Death of Hogarth, English painter, aged 67 years. 

1765 . The Stamp Act. At the close of the French 
and Indian War, England, finding herself oppressed with 
a heavy debt, had determined upon a system of colonial 
taxation. The Americans denied the right of Parliament 
to impose taxes upon them, inasmuch as they had no rep¬ 
resentative in the House of Commons; and asserted that 

Fort Pitt, the remainder dying of hunger by the way. Fort Venango, still 
farther southward, was captured by a band of Senecas, who gained admit¬ 
tance on some pretext of friendship. They butchered the entire garrison 
at once, tortured Lieutenant Gordon to death by slow process, and then 
laid the whole work in ashes. Soon afterward the same band made a futile 
demonstration against Niagara. . . . Pontiac’s conspiracy had failed in its 
grand object. But it had resulted in the capture and destruction of eight 
out of the twelve fortified posts attacked, generally in the massacre of their 
garrisons; it had inflicted upon the English the wreck of several costly 
expeditions, and had carried terror and desolation into some of the most 
fertile valleys on the frontiers of civilization. This able chief afterward 
succeeded in rallying some of the tribes of the Illinois country, and was 
joined by a considerable number of French traders; but his followers gradu¬ 
ally fell away, and in 1766 he gave in his formal submission to Sir William 
Johnson. In 1769 a Kaskaskia Indian, being bribed by an English trader 
with a barrel of liquor and the promise of additional reward, followed the 
great chief into the forest where East St. Louis now stands, and assassi¬ 
nated him.” (Bryant’s “ History of the United States.”) 

* A village in the kingdom of Saxony, f See for. his., 1772, I., p. 188, 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


185 


their own expenditures and losses during the war had 
been as great as they could bear. Remonstrances were 
sent to the king from the various colonies, but without 
effect. The climax of their grievances was reached by 
the passage of the Stamp Act, March 22. This act im¬ 
posed a duty on all deeds, notes, and other legal instru¬ 
ments used in the colonies, declaring all writings on un¬ 
stamped materials to be null and void. 

A general uprising of the colonies followed the pas¬ 
sage of the Stamp Act. The Virginia Legislature was in 
session when the news arrived; the leaders of the House 
being overawed, Patrick Henry, a young lawyer, present¬ 
ed live resolutions declaring that the right of taxation 
belonged to the colonies alone, and that the Stamp Act 
was destructive of liberty. These resolutions he support¬ 
ed with such resistless eloquence that they were carried, 
notwithstanding powerful opposition. This action of 
Virginia was followed by public meetings and protests in 
the other colonies. (See illustration on the Chart.) 

The first Colonial Congress, therefore, composed of 
twenty-eight delegates, met at Hew York, October 7, 
and agreed upon a Declaration of Rights, a memorial to 
both Houses of Parliament, and a petition to the king. 

Accession of Joseph II., aged 24 years, to the imperial throne of 
Germany, upon the demise of his father, Francis I. 

Death of Young, English poet, aged 81 years. 

1760. March 18.—Great Britain repealed the Amer¬ 
ican Stamp Act, but at the same time issued a decree as¬ 
serting the right of Parliament to bind the American 
colonies in all cases whatever. (See specimens of the 
stamps, and connect with 1767, T I.) 

Christian VII., aged 17 years, ascended the throne of Denmark, 
upon the death of his father, Frederic V. 

The great statesman, William Pitt, created Earl of Chatham, Au¬ 
gust 4. 


186 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Death of Stanislas Leczinski, former King of Poland, aged 89 
years. The duchy of Lorraine was then annexed to France. (Con¬ 
nect with 1735.) 

1767. A tax was laid on glass, paper, tea, and paint¬ 
ers’ colors by the British Parliament. (See illustration, 
and connect with 1768.) 

The boundary-line separating Maryland and Pennsyl-" 
vania, which had always been a point of dispute between 
the two colonies, was finally amicably adjusted by Mason 
and Dixon, English surveyors.* 

1768. Orders were issued to General Gage, the com¬ 
mander-in-chief of the British troops in America, to sta¬ 
tion a military force in Boston, that, by overawing the 
people, the magistrates might be assisted in maintaining 
peace, and the custom-house officers in enforcing the 
odious taxation acts. Accordingly, two regiments arrived 
from Halifax late in September. Their presence greatly 
increased the public excitement. (Connect with 1770, 

I., II., and III.) 

Death of Laurence Sterne, English author and divine, aged 55 
years. 

1769. Clement XIV. ascended the Papal throne. 

Watt obtained the first patent for his steam-engine. Richard 
Arkwright received a patent for his spinning-frame. 

The “Letters of Junius”—a series of political letters which still 
hold their place among the standard works of the English language 
— appeared at intervals, from January 21, 1769, to January 21, 1772, 
in the “Public Advertiser,” one of the leading London journals, the 
printer of which was Mr. Woodfall. They were leveled against the 
ministers and other great public men of the day, and were so severe 

* In 1849, cightv-two years after the adjustment of the boundary be¬ 
tween Maryland and Pennsylvania by Mason and Dixon, the stone at the 
northeast corner of Maryland having been removed, and a desire being 
manifested to have the former surveys revised, commissioners were ap¬ 
pointed by the States of Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, who called 
to their aid Lieutenant-Colonel James D.Jjraham, of the United States 
Topographical Engineers. Colonel Graham corroborated in all important 
points the work of the old surveyors. He, however, detected some errors, 
and published an interesting report of his survey. (See Appletons’ “ Cyclo¬ 
paedia.”) 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX\ 


1ST 


that, for one of them (a letter to the king), the printer was prose¬ 
cuted. “Who Junius was, still remains a mystery. Burke, Hamil¬ 
ton, Francis, Lyttleton, and Lord George Sackville have been fixed 
upon successively as their author. The preponderance of evidence 
seems to point toward Sir Philip Francis.” (See foreign history, 
1818, IT V.) 

Corsica was ceded to France in 1768 by the Genoese. After a 
brave struggle, under the patriot Pasquale Paoli, to secure inde¬ 
pendence, the Corsicans were finally subjugated, and their island 
annexed to France in 1769. Paoli, becoming an exile, sought refuge 
in England. 

The year 1769 was remarkable for the birth of men of note, 
among whom were Napoleon Bonaparte; Arthur Wellesley, after¬ 
ward Duke of Wellington; of Soult and Ney, afterward marshals; 
Alexander von Humboldt, German naturalist; George Cuvier, French 
naturalist; Brunei, the civil-engineer; Chateaubriand, French au¬ 
thor; Thomas Lawrence, English portrait-painter; Robert Stew¬ 
art, afterward Lord Castlereagh and Marquis of Londonderry, Brit¬ 
ish statesman; Tallien, French revolutionist; and Mehemet Ali, 
Viceroy of Egypt. 

Falconer, Scottish poet, author of “ The Shipwreck,” was him¬ 
self shipwrecked in the frigate Aurora. 

1770 . The first outbreak of the American Revolu¬ 
tion took place in New York. The British soldiers sta¬ 
tioned in that city provoked the u Sons of Liberty ” by 
cutting down their liberty-pole, and a riot followed, Janu¬ 
ary 17. 

March 5.—An affray, known as the Boston Massacre, 
occurred between the citizens of Boston and some of the 
king’s soldiers, in which the people were fired upon, three 
of their number killed, and several wounded. 

On the same day (March 5) the British Parliament 
issued an act abolishing ali duties which had been im¬ 
posed upon the American colonies by the act of 1767, 
except that on tea. (Connect with 1773.) 

Marriage of the Dauphin of France to Marie Antoinette, daugh¬ 
ter of Maria Theresa of Austria. (See 1774, foreign history, f I.) 

Death of Akenside, English poet, aged 49 years. 

1771. First publication of the “ Encyclopaedia Britannica,” pro¬ 
jected and edited by William Smellie. 

Accession of Gustavus IIL, aged 25 years, to the throne of Swe¬ 
den, upon the death of his father, Adolphus Frederic. 


183 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Birth of Sir Walter Scott, and of Lingard, English clergyman 
and historian. 

Death of Thomas Gray, English poet, aged 55 years; of Smollett, 
British novelist and historian, aged 50 years. 

1772. The British schooner Gaspee, while cruising 
in Narragansett Bay, and harassing the American marine, 
ran aground, and was burned by a party from Providence, 
Rhode Island. 

First partition of Poland by Kussia, Austria, and Prussia. (Con¬ 
nect with foreign history, 1793, IF II.) 

Warren Hastings was appointed Governor of Bengal. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1786, 1 III.) 

Birth of Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duke d’Enghein. He 
was executed in 1804, by order of Napoleon. 

Deaths: Swedenborg, aged 83 years, Swedish philosopher and 
theosophist. James Brindley (56), projector of the Duke of Bridge¬ 
water’s Canal. 

1773. The “Boston Tea Party.” It was the right 
of taxation, claimed by the British Parliament, that the 
colonies resisted. The contest reached its climax when 
the East India Company was permitted to ship to Amer¬ 
ica cargoes of tea free of the English duty, in order to 
sell the commodity, even with the addition of the odious 
American duty, at a rate much below the London prices. 
At Charleston, South Carolina, the tea was landed, but 
stored in damp cellars, where it quickly spoiled. At 
Philadelphia and New York, the vessels not being per¬ 
mitted to cast anchor, were forced to return with their 
cargoes to England. At Boston, the people would not 
allow the tea to be brought ashore, while the royal gov¬ 
ernor, Thomas Hutchinson, forbade the ships to leave 
the port. The difficulty was soon settled by a party of 
men, disguised as Indians, who boarded the ships at the 
wharf, drew up the chests of tea from the holds, and 
emptied their contents into the water. This prompt and 
decisive measure is known in history as the “ Boston Tea 
Party.” (See illustration on the Chart.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


189 


Accession of Victor Amadeus (46) to the throne of Sardinia, 
upon the death of his father, Charles Emanuel. 

The Order of Jesuits abolished by Clement XIV.* 

Death of Philip Dormer Stanhope, the celebrated Lord Chester¬ 
field—fourth earl—aged 78 years. 

1774. The Boston Port Bill passed. When intel¬ 
ligence of the tea-riot reached England, the anger and 
indignation of the king and his ministry knew no bounds. 
Retaliatory measures were at once resolved upon. Penal 
laws framed by the British Parliament, and following 
each other in quick succession, were dispatched to Amer¬ 
ica, with stringent orders for their enforcement. The 
first of the series, the “Boston Port Bill,” closed that 
harbor to all commerce and navigation, and “ transferred 
the board of customs to Marblehead, and the seat of gov¬ 
ernment to Salem.” Another act took from the Gen¬ 
eral Court, and gave to the Crown or to the royal gov¬ 
ernor, the appointment of the Council and of all other 
officials, even the selection of jurors; this law was a 
direct subversion of the charter of Massachusetts. A 
third act prohibited town-meetings to be held, without 
the governor’s consent. A fourth act ordained that all 
persons accused of murder committed in support of the 
Crown should be sent to England for trial. An addi¬ 
tional act authorized the quartering of troops at the peo¬ 
ple’s expense. 

To carry out these obnoxious acts, General Gage was 
appointed royal Governor of Massachusetts in the place 
of Governor Hutchinson. Four more regiments arrived 
in Boston, so that the town was now strongly garrisoned, 
and the people found themselves virtually under martial 
law. Gage began his operations by fortifying Boston 
Heck, meanwhile seizing the arsenals and magazines of 
* See foreign history, 1814, II., and note, p. 303. 


190 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


the province, and carrying off all the military stores he 
could find. 

It was then evident that the British Government ex¬ 
pected to reduce the Americans to submission by coercive 
means, and that the rights of the latter could be secured 
only by offering an armed resistance. Accordingly, it 
was resolved to prepare for the emergency, and in this 
resolution Massachusetts was nobly sustained by all the 
colonies. In less than three weeks after the news of the 
“Port Act” had reached Boston, “the continent, as one 
great commonwealth, made the cause of Boston its own.” 
To keep the different colonies advised of one another’s 
proceedings, and to render their actions harmonious, com¬ 
mittees of correspondence were organized in various locali¬ 
ties, and friendly assistance in the form of grain, cattle, 
money, etc., was promptly forwarded to the relief of the 
needy in Boston. Salem and Marblehead, scorning to 
enrich themselves at the expense of a sister town, gen¬ 
erously offered to the merchants of Boston the free use 
of their wharves and warehouses. 

Preparations for the impending conflict went on qui¬ 
etly but energetically. Men capable of bearing arms 
were formed into companies, and daily exercised in mili¬ 
tary drills ; while others were busily engaged in collect¬ 
ing supplies of arms and ammunition. Later in the year 
a large body of men were enrolled, who pledged them¬ 
selves to be ready for action at a moment’s notice; hence 
their name, “ minute-men.” The proposal for a general 
convention of colonial delegates was seconded with en¬ 
thusiasm. Accordingly, on September 5, the first Con¬ 
tinental Congress met in Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia, 
all the colonies being represented except Georgia, whose 
governor had prevented the election of delegates. Pey- 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


191 


ton Randolph, of Virginia, was chosen president, and 
Charles Thomson, of Pennsylvania, secretary. Among 
other distinguished members were Washington, Richard 
Henry Lee, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia; Rutledge, 
Gadsden, and Middleton, of South Carolina; John Jay, 
of Hew York, the first Chief-Justice of the United States; 
the two Adamses, of Massachusetts, and others of like 
standing. Early in the session a resolution was adopted 
commending the people of Massachusetts for their oppo¬ 
sition to the offensive and unjust laws of Parliament. 
Those laws were then enumerated, and the repeal of 
them declared to be “ essentially necessary to restore har¬ 
mony between Great Britain and the colonies.” Finally, 
Congress drew up a formal Bill of Rights, issued Ad¬ 
dresses to the People of Great Britain and to the Anglo- 
American Colonies, and an affectionate Petition to the 
King.* “These able state papers glow with the love 
of liberty ; they display a determination too firm to be 
shaken, to defend and preserve it at every hazard; they 
contain the strongest professions of attachment to the 
mother-country and of loyalty to the king. A desire of 
independence is expressly disavowed.” Patrick Henry 
was the chief orator of the assembly. “ It is well known 
that he and John Adams were even then of opinion that 
the conflict must ultimately be decided by force; and 
that Washington and Lee thought that the measures 
adopted would obtain a redress of grievances.” After a 
session of fifty-one days, Congress adjourned on the 26th 

* When the state papers reached London, the Earl of Chatham pro¬ 
nounced upon them the following eulogium in the House of Lords: “ For 
solidity of reason, force of sagacity, and wisdom of conclusion under a com¬ 
plication of difficult circumstances, no nation or body of men can stand in 
preference to the General Congress at Philadelphia. The histories of 
Greece and Rome give us nothing equal to it, and all attempts to impose 
servitude upon such a mighty continental nation must be in vain.” 


192 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


of October, to meet the 10th of the ensuing May, 1775, if 
the difficulties with England were not previously adjusted. 

Chatham, exhausting the power of his eloquence, stren¬ 
uously urged the Government to recede at once from its 
w T rong position, and to adopt a conciliatory policy toward 
the American colonies. His views, replete with wisdom, 
were seconded by Burke, Camden, Fox, Barre, Dunning, 
and other enlightened statesmen in Parliament; but 
George III. throughout the discussions remained inflexi¬ 
ble, and would listen to no terms of conciliation short of 
the absolute and almost servile submission of the colo¬ 
nies ; hence the Revolution, forced upon them, as it were, 
was inaugurated when the first collision with arms took 
place at Lexington the following year. (See 1775.) 

Louis XVI., aged 20 years, succeeded his grandfather, Louis 
XV., upon the throne of France. 

Deaths: Oliver Goldsmith (43), English author. Robert, first 
Lord Clive (49), British general and statesman. (See foot-note to 
foreign history, 1751, IF III.) 

1775. The Revolutionary War. All hopes of an 
accommodation seemed well-nigh extinguished, when 
Parliament not only scornfully rejected the petitions for 
redress of grievances drafted by the Continental Con¬ 
gress of 1774, but, pronouncing the American colonies to 
be in a state of rebellion, voted that military force might 
be used to bring them into subjection. General Gage’s 
army at Boston was then re-enforced by six thousand 
troops. Meanwhile the Americans, though fully resolved 
to maintain a purely defensive attitude until their adver¬ 
saries should strike the first blow, delayed not to prepare 
for the approaching conflict. They secured the forts, 
arsenals, and magazines within their reach, and encour¬ 
aged the militia and minute-men to exercise themselves 
in the use of arms. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


193 


Skirmish at Lexington. General Gage, learning that 
the patriots had a large amount of ammunition stored 
at Concord, a town twenty miles from Boston, detailed 
eight hundred picked soldiers to proceed thither by night 
and destroy the magazine. When, at dawn on the 19th 
of April, 1775, the royal forces reached Lexington, a 
town about half-way between Boston and Concord, they 
found, to their surprise, a company of volunteers already 
drawn up to oppose them. Major Pitcairn, who com¬ 
manded the British advance, riding forward, cried out: 
“ Disperse, ye rebels, disperse ! throw down your arms 
and disperse ! ” Being unheeded, he ordered his grena¬ 
diers to fire. A slaughter rather than a battle followed ; 
eight of the patriots being killed and several wounded. 
This was the first blood shed in the War of the American 
Revolution. The British proceeded to Concord and de¬ 
stroyed the stores; but on their return they were closely 
pursued by the minute-men, who poured upon them a 
galling fire from behind every fence and house and barn, 
and from every thicket. Their retreat became a rout, 
during wdiich they sustained a loss of two hundred and 
seventy-three men, while the Americans lost forty-nine 
killed and thirty-four wounded. “ With one impulse, the 
whole country now sprang to arms; with one spirit, the 
colonies pledged themselves to each other, to be ready 
for the extreme event.” With one heart the continent 
cried, u Liberty or death ! ” * General Gage soon found 
himself closely besieged in Boston by an army of twenty 
thousand volunteers. 

The forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point were posts 
of great importance, not only on account of their position 
on the great highway to Canada, but also because they 

* Bancroft’s “ History of the United States.” 

9 


194 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

contained a large amount of cannon and other military 
stores. On the lOtli of May, Ethan Allen and Benedict 
Arnold, with a band of brave volunteers, known as the 
“ Green Mountain Boys,” succeeded, without striking a 
blow, in capturing Ticonderoga, and two days later Seth 
Warner took peaceable possession of Crown Point. The 
ammunition thus secured proved of infinite value to the 
provincial army. 

Battle of Bunker Ilill. Shortly after these events 
(May 25) a large re-enforcement of British troops under 
Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne arrived in Bos¬ 
ton. To render the blockade of that city complete, the 
Americans determined to fortify Bunker’s Hill, on the 
peninsula of Charlestown; accordingly, on the evening 
of the 16th of June, a detachment of a thousand men, 
under Colonel Prescott, began their secret march; but, 
instead of Bunker’s Hill, they took possession of Breed’s 
Hill, an eminence nearer Boston. By early dawn their 
defenses were already far advanced. As soon as the 
formidable redoubt which had arisen in the night as 
if by magic became visible to the enemy, a brisk can¬ 
nonade was opened from a British ship in the harbor, 
without, however, preventing or retarding the work. 
Later in the day a land-force of three thousand regu¬ 
lars, under Howe and Pigot, was sent from Boston to 
carry the works by storm. Twice the British ascended 
the hill, and twice were they driven back by the mur¬ 
derous fire of the patriots. The scene was appalling. 
The- village of Charlestown, having been fired by order of 
Gage, was burning furiously; the hill was covered with 
the bodies of the “ red-coats.” The brave provincials 
were making ready to meet a third attack, when it was 
discovered that their ammunition was nearly exhausted, 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


195 


so that the third assault of the British proved successful, 
and the colonial troops were forced to retreat. Thus 
ended, on the evening of the 17th of June, the celebrated 
battle of Bunker Hill, as Breed’s Hill is still called. The 
royal forces secured possession of the battle-field, “ but, if 
a victory, it was more disastrous and humiliating than 
an ordinary defeat; the real advantage remained with 
the provincials.” The courage displayed by the Ameri¬ 
cans during the engagement raised their spirits, imparted 
self-confidence, and prepared them for approaching con¬ 
flicts. The loss of the British in killed and wounded 
amounted to one thousand and fifty-four men, that of 
the Americans to about four hundred and fifty, the 
lamented General Joseph Warren being of the num¬ 
ber.* In October of this year, General Gage was re¬ 
lieved of his command, and was succeeded by General 
Howe. 

May 10. A few hours after the capture of Ticon- 
deroga, the second Continental Congress met, accord¬ 
ing to agreement, in Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia. 
Even at this late date all hope of reconciliation was 
not extinct, and committees were appointed to draw 
up a final petition to the king. At the same time, 
the delegates, being resolved, at all hazards, to main¬ 
tain “ their chartered rights,” took measures to raise 
money and troops, preparatory to war, should war be 
forced upon them. 

The troops around Boston were adopted as the Con¬ 
tinental army, and on June 15 Washington was unani- 

* “ His enemies recognized his worth by their exultation at his fall. 
By his countrymen he was most sincerely and universally lamented; his 
mother would not be consoled. His death, preceded by that of his wife, 
left his children orphans, till the continent, at the motion of Samuel 
Adams, adopted them in part at least as its own.”—Bancroft’s “ History of 
the United States.” 


196 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


mously elected commander-in-chief.* On July 2 he 
reached his headquarters at Cambridge, and the next day 
assumed command. During the remainder of the year 
he devoted his energies to converting the undisciplined 
militia, amounting to fifteen thousand men, into an effi¬ 
cient army, with which he kept the British besieged in 
Boston. 

Meanwhile the people in other provinces were not 
inactive. Preparations for the impending struggle with 
England were going on everywhere. The patriots of 
North Carolina, taking the initiative, had met at Char¬ 
lotte, Mecklenburg County, May 31, and proclaimed their 
independence of Great Britain. This proclamation is 
known in history as the “ Mecklenburg Declaration.” 
In July, Georgia, which had not before taken part in the 
movement, joined her sister colonies and sent delegates 
to Congress. 

Campaign in Canada. The year 1775 closed with the 


* First Continental Army, 1775. 


George Washington. . 

COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 

Date of appointment. 

Artemas Ward. 

MAJOR-GENERALS. 


Charles Lee. 



Philip Schuyler. 



Israel Putnam. 



Seth Pomeroy. 

BRIGADIER-GENERALS. 


Richard Montgomery. 



David Wooster. 



William Heath. 



Joseph Spencer. 



John Thomas. 



John Sullivan. 



Nathanael Greene... . 


. .. .June 22, 1775. 

Horatio Gates. 

ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 
































V 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 197 

invasion of Canada. Its object was not to molest the 
inhabitants, but to drive the British out of the province, 
and thus prevent them from using it as a base of opera¬ 
tions. Two expeditions were organized : one, under Gen¬ 
eral Montgomery, descending Lake Champlain, captured 
Fort St. John’s, on the Sorel, and entered Montreal No¬ 
vember 13 ; the other, under Benedict Arnold, traversed 
the woods and marshes of Maine, and, being joined by 
Montgomery, undertook the siege of Quebec. The as¬ 
sault was made December 31, when Montgomery was 
slain and Arnold severely wounded. The Americans 
continued the siege till May, 1776, when, British re¬ 
enforcements arriving, they were compelled to abandon 
their enterprise and leave Canada. 

Pius VI. ascended the Papal throne. 

1776. Second Year of the Revolutionary War. 
Before the close of 1775, most of the royal governors 
had already sought refuge on board English ships; 
Dunmore, of Virginia, being of the number. This 
despotic official had embroiled himself with the people 
as early as April, 1775, by seizing their powder, stored 
in the magazine at Williamsburg. Having been com¬ 
pelled by Patrick Henry to pay for' the powder, and be¬ 
coming justly alarmed for his personal safety, Dunmore 
fled from the province. On New-Year’s-day, 1776, he 
reappeared in a British man-of-war and wreaked his ven¬ 
geance on Virginia by burning Norfolk, then her richest 
and largest town, containing seven thousand inhabitants. 

The prominent event of 1776 was the formal declara¬ 
tion of American independence. The chief military 
operations were: 1. The siege of Boston by Washing¬ 
ton’s army, and the evacuation of the city by the British, 
March 17. 2. An unsuccessful attack by the royal forces 


198 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


on Charleston, South Carolina, June 28. 3. Washing¬ 
ton’s campaign in New York and New Jersey. 

Siege and Evacuation of Boston. From the day of 
Washington’s arrival at Cambridge (June 2, 1775) to 
March 17, 1776, Boston, with its ten thousand British 
soldiers, was a closely beleaguered city. Early in the 
spring of 1776, Washington, learning that a large body 
of troops was coming direct from England to the relief 
of Howe and his army, resolved to attack the besieged 
before they should become strengthened by a re-enforce¬ 
ment. Accordingly, on the night of the 4th of March, 
the American general sent a detachment to fortify Dor¬ 
chester Heights, a situation that gave him complete com¬ 
mand of Boston. Howe, realizing the impossibility of 
dislodging the provincials, deemed it expedient to evacu¬ 
ate the city. On the 17th of March he embarked with 
his whole army for Halifax, taking with him fifteen hun¬ 
dred loyalists, and on the same day Washington entered 
Boston amid the joyous acclamations of the inhabitants. 

Attach on Charleston . Several weeks before Howe 
evacuated Boston, he had dispatched southward an expe¬ 
dition by sea, under Sir Henry Clinton. Washington 
rightly conjecturing that its destination was New York, 
immediately sent General Charles Lee * to the defense of 

* Charles Lee, an Englishman by birth, died in Philadelphia, 1782, aged 
fifty-two years, is said to have held a commission in the British army when 
but eleven years of age. His first practical experience of warfare was in 
America in 1755 (during Braddock’s expediti<?n to Fort Duquesne), and 
again at Ticonderoga in 1758, where he was severely wounded. In 1760 
he returned to England; two years later he accompanied the British army 
to Portugal, and distinguished himself during that campaign, but failed to 
secure further promotion. Disappointed ambition caused him to leave 
England, and to become a “soldier of fortune,” serving in Germany, 
Poland, and Russia. He twice returned to England, and endeavored to 
secure advancement and actual service. His failure to accomplish his ends 
soured his disposition ; he violently opposed the ministry, and at the break¬ 
ing out of the Revolution in America he espoused the cause of freedom. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


199 


that city. Lee reached New York the same day (Febru¬ 
ary 4) that the British arrived in its harbor. Thus foiled, 
Clinton sailed to the Carolinas. Late in May he was 
joined by Sir Peter Parker and Lord Cornwallis, who 
had come directly from England with the avowed pur¬ 
pose of invading the Southern provinces. On the 4tli of 
June the whole fleet appeared off Charleston. The en¬ 
trance to the harbor was defended by a fort built of sand 
and palmetto-logs, which had been hastily thrown up on 
Sullivan’s Island; it was afterward galled Fort Moultrie, 
in honor of its brave commander. On the 28th of June 
the combined fleet and land forces of the British made a 
desperate attack upon the works, but, after ten hours’ 
fighting, were compelled to retire with heavy loss.* The 
fleet, shattered and disabled, after a brief delay for refit¬ 
ting, sailed for New York, carrying Clinton’s army on 
board. The Southern colonies had now a respite from 
the horrors of war till December, 1778. (Connect with 
1778, T XI., page 220.) 

Congress assigned him an important position in the Continental Army, but 
his military talents, though of a high order, were often obscured by petty 
ambition and intense selfishness, which on certain occasions carried him 
almost to the verge of treason. After the battle of Monmouth in 1778, 
being court-martialed for misconduct and disrespect to the commander-in¬ 
chief, he was suspended from command for a year. Finally, for an im¬ 
pertinent letter he addressed to Congress, he was dismissed from the serv¬ 
ice. He then retired to a plantation in Virginia, where his only com¬ 
panions were his books and his dogs. While on a visit to Philadelphia in 
1782, he was attacked by fever and died after a few days’ illness. (See 
note under VIII., 1776, page 203.) 

* “ Many heroic deeds, that will live in history, were performed that day. 
The first republican flag unfurled in the South waved over the palmetto fort. 
Early in the action it was cut down by a cannon-ball, and fell upon the 
beach. Sergeant Jasper leaped over the parapet, recovered the flag, fast¬ 
ened it to a staff, and again set it up amid a shower of balls from the Brit¬ 
ish fleet. Governor Rutledge rewarded the hero by presenting him his own 
sword and a lieutenant’s commission. The former he accepted, but mod¬ 
estly declined the latter, saying that since he could neither read nor write, 
he was not fit to be an officer.” (Quackenbos’s “ History of the United 
States.”) 


200 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Declaration of Independence , July I 1776. At the 
commencement of the conflict with Great Britain, the 
American colonies had sought only a redress of grievances; 
but, now that all hopes of peace upon honorable terms had 
vanished, they were heartily prepared to sever their con¬ 
nection with the mother-country and to assert their inde¬ 
pendence. The Continental Congress was in session in 
Philadelphia, and there, on the 7th of June, Richard 
Henry Lee, of Virginia, offered a resolution that “these 
united colonies are,.and of right ought to be, free and 
independent States.” After an earnest debate, the reso¬ 
lution was adopted by Congress, and on the 4th of July 
a “ Declaration of Independence,” written by Thomas 
Jefferson, of Virginia, was published to the people, pro¬ 
claiming “the United States of America absolved from 
all allegiance to the British crown.” The old Liberty 
Bell,* in the State-House of Philadelphia, rang out the 
glad tidings, which were received with joy all over the 
land. 

Washington'*s Campaign in New York and New Jer¬ 
sey. Soon after the evacuation of Boston, Washington, 
taking care to leave several regiments behind for the 
defense of that place, moved the greater part of his army 
to New York, where he fixed his headquarters. He had 

* “ The bell had been imported from London twenty-three years pre¬ 
viously, and by a strange coincidence it bore the following text inscribed 
on the metal: ‘Proclaim liberty throughout the land unto all the inhabit¬ 
ants thereof.’ The old bell-ringer stood at his post all day, ready to an¬ 
nounce the Declaration by a joyous peal, and his boy was stationed below 
to give him the signal as soon as the resolution was adopted. As time 
went on, the story is that the old man shook his head, and repeated, ‘ They 
will never do it! they will never do it! ’ At last the boy appeared, clap¬ 
ping his hands and shouting, ‘ Ring ! ring! ’ Then the bell ‘ proclaimed 
liberty/ and the whole city was filled with rejoicing. The Liberty Bell is 
still preserved at Independence Hall in the old State-House at Philadelphia, 
the same room in which the Declaration was adopted.” (Hassard’s “ His¬ 
tory of the United States.”) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


201 


justly surmised that this city, on account of its important 
central position, would be the next point of attack. Early 
in July, General Howe arrived from Halifax and took 
possession of Staten Island. Four days afterward (July 
12) he was joined by his brother, Admiral Lord Howe, 
and later by the mercenaries from Germany.* Sir Henry 
Clinton and Lord Cornwallis arrived in August with the 
regiments that had been repulsed at Charleston. The 
disparity between the forces of the British and those of 
the Americans, in regard to number, to experience, and 
equipment, was of course very great. The design of the 
invaders was to get possession of New York. After try¬ 
ing to bring the revolted colonies to terms without fight¬ 
ing, Howe resolved to assume the offensive, by making 
an immediate assault upon their troops already drawn 
up on Long Island, under General Putnam. A bloody 
engagement, known as the battle of Long Island, took 
place August 27, 1776. The Americans lost about two 
thousand men, of whom eleven hundred were prisoners. 
Among the captured were Generals Sullivan and Stir- 
ling. 

Under the cover of a dense fog, Washington drew off 
his shattered forces from Long Island to New' York,f but 

* These were the Hessians, the Waldeckers, Brunswickers, etc., that 
their respective rulers had hired to George III. for service in the American 
war. 

f “ After the retreat of the army from Long Island, when it was all- 
important to understand the plans of the enemy, Washington applied for a 
discreet and practiced officer to enter the enemy’s lines and procure intelli¬ 
gence. Nathan Hale, a young officer of twenty-one years of age, a gradu¬ 
ate of Yale College, volunteered for the service. He penetrated the British 
camp in disguise, and made drawings and memoranda conveying all the desired 
information ; but on his way back he was apprehended and taken before 
Howe, by whom he was ordered to execution the next morning (September 
22). He was refused a Bible and the aid of a clergyman; the letters he 
had written to his mother and sister were destroyed, and he was hanged. 
The youthful patriot said with his last breath, ‘ I only regret that I have 
but one life to lose for my country.’ Hale’s burial-place is unknown, and 


202 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


as lie could no longer retain this post without immi¬ 
nent danger of being surrounded, he retired to Harlem 
Heights,* and on September 15 the British took posses¬ 
sion of the citj.f Pursued by Howe, the colonial army 
retreated farther northward to White Plains, where, be¬ 
ing overtaken, a partial engagement occurred (October 
28), in which "the enemy again had the advantage. Wash¬ 
ington withdrew his forces,:): under the cover of night, 
to an impregnable position among the hills of Horth 
Castle. 4 * Instead of following up his victory, Howe 
made a retrograde movement toward Fort Washington, || 
on the Hudson. 

Washington, who apprehended that the design of the 
enemy was to enter Hew Jersey and proceed to Phila¬ 
delphia, resolved, at all hazards, to forestall his manoeu¬ 
vres. Leaving a force, under Charles Lee, at Horth Cas- 

no monument has been erected to him by the nation in whose service he 
met an ignominious death. Like Andre, he was a gentleman of education 
and high character; if by the laws of war both equally merited the death, 
the risk of which they took, there is this marked difference in their fates— 
that to Andre was given a fair and impartial trial upon the evidence, and 
that his countrymen remembered, after the lapse of a century, to give his 
body a grave and his memory a monument among the most honored of Eng¬ 
land’s dead.” (Bryant’s “ History of the United States.”) 

* In the northern part of New York Island. 

\ They retained it as their permanent headquarters till its evacuation, 
November 25, 1783, a period of seven years and two months. 

% Washington, knowing that his troops were in no condition to cope 
with the well-disciplined army of the British, determined to confine his tac¬ 
tics to harassing and wearing out his adversary, without risking a pitched 
battle. This policy, adopted by the Roman tactician Fabius Maximus, had 
saved Rome when, in the third century before the Christian era, Italy was 
invaded by Hannibal, the great Carthaginian general. Washington’s char¬ 
acteristic prudence and caution won for him the appellation of the Ameri¬ 
can Fabius. 

# North Castle is five miles north of White Plains. 

| Fort Washington, on the eastern side of the Hudson, was situated in 
New York Island, eleven miles above the city, and contained a strong gar¬ 
rison of two thousand men, under Colonel Magaw. On the Jersey side of 
the river, nearly opposite Fort Washington, stood Fort Lee, likewise well 
fortified, and commanded by General Greene. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


203 


tie, the American commander crossed over to the west¬ 
ern side of the Hudson with the main body of his army, 
which he posted behind the Hackensack, in the vicinity 
of Fort Lee, till.the approach of Cornwallis obliged him 
to begin his masterly retreat into Pennsylvania. Mean¬ 
while, however, he had witnessed from Fort Lee the as¬ 
sault made upon Fort Washington and the surrender of 
its garrison (November 16), after which he had advised 
the evacuation of Fort Lee. The retreat across New 
Jersey—from Hackensack, through Newark, New Bruns¬ 
wick, Princeton, and Trenton, to the Pennsylvania side 
of the Delaware River—was made under circumstances 
of the deepest depression and gloom; * many of the pro¬ 
vincials, being without shoes, left blood-stained tracks on 
the frozen ground. So close was the chase that often¬ 
times the van of Cornwallis’s army could descry the rear 
of the retreating one. On the 8th of December,f Wash¬ 
ington put an end to the pursuit $ by crossing the Dela- 

* “ While retreating through the Jerseys, Washington had sent several 
urgent orders to General Charles Lee, whom he had left in command of the 
garrison at Northcastle, to hasten his march to the Delaware and join the 
main army, which at that time sadly needed to be re-enforced; but, for 
reasons of his own, Lee, instead of yielding a ready obedience, at first de¬ 
layed, and then advanced leisurely. Having imprudently taken quarters at 
a distance from the main body of his troops, he was captured by the British 
and put in close confinement. General Sullivan, who had been made a 
prisoner at the battle of Long Island, and recently exchanged, then succeed¬ 
ed in the command, and immediately conducted the forces to Washington’s 
camp behind the Delaware, arriving there about the middle of December.” 

f On the day that Washington crossed the Delaware (Dec. 8), an expe¬ 
dition under Clinton and Sir Peter Parker took possession of Rhode Island 
without resistance. (See 1778, VII., page 218, and.1779, IX., page 226.) 
On Dec. 12, Congress left Philadelphia, and retired to Baltimore. 

\ “ It is undoubtedly true that Washington gave evidence of superior 
generalship in this retreat through the Jerseys ; and it is not less true that 
he proved himself to be possessed of the nobler endowments of exalted 
patriotism. Painful, indeed, it is to see what trials and perplexities and 
humiliations waited upon his every step. But trials are not sent without 
design. Washington was formed of that material which is purified and 
strengthened by trial. Bravely did he endure; profoundly learned and 
wise did he become by endurance; and no man of his day ever attained 


204 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


ware and securing all the small craft that plied up and 
down the river for many miles. 

Meanwhile, Cornwallis having cantoned his army in 
detachments at different posts in New Jersey, was await¬ 
ing the freezing of the river, to enable him to seize his 
prize. The American chief, however, anticipated him, 
and by a bold stroke retrieved the fortunes of the cam¬ 
paign. On Christmas-night he recrossed the Delaware 
into New Jersey, and the next morning (December 26), 
falling suddenly upon the Hessians at Trenton, gained 
a signal victory. With his prisoners and spoils, he has¬ 
tened back into Pennsylvania, resolved to renew the con¬ 
flict at an early date. 

Death of David Hume, aged 63 years, Scottish historian. 

1777. The Third Year of the Revolutionary War. 
The campaign of Washington in New Jersey and Penn¬ 
sylvania, and that of the British general, Burgoyne, 
in Northern New York, were the great eveilts of this 
year. 

Campaign in New Jersey* Encouraged by his recent 
success, Washington, on the 2d of January, again took 
post at Trenton. Cornwallis appeared next day ready to 
join battle, but, as his army far outnumbered that of the 
patriots, Washington, eluding the attack, retreated during 
the night, leaving his camp-fires burning, and marched 
to Princeton, .where he won another victory, which was 
saddened, however, by the loss of the gallant General 
Mercer. As soon as the British commander heard the 
report of musketry and saw the deserted camp—divining 
the cause—he hurried off in pursuit of the foe, but, being 

such vast influence as he did by the irrefragable proofs which he exhibited 
of the purity, integrity, and decision of his character and conduct.” (Spen¬ 
cer’s “History of the United States.”) 

* It was a continuation of the campaign begun the preceding year. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


205 


unable to overtake them, he soon gave up the chase, and, 
proceeding to New Brunswick, retired into winter quar¬ 
ters. Meanwhile the Americans had intrenched them¬ 
selves in an unassailable position at Morristown; here 
Washington occupied himself in recruiting his forces 
and in sending out detachments to harass the British, 
who, before the return of summer, were driven from all 
their posts in New Jersey except Amboy,* New Bruns¬ 
wick, and Paulus Hook.f Near the end of May, the 
Continental army moved from Morristown to a strong 
position at Middlebrook.J Wishing to draw Washington 
from his stronghold and thus bring on a general engage¬ 
ment, Howe left New York on the 12tli of June and con¬ 
centrated the main body of his troops at New Brunswick, 
within ten miles of Middlebrook. Baffled in his designs, 
the British commander, on the 30th of June, crossed over 
with his entire force to Staten Island, leaving the Ameri¬ 
cans in undisputed possession of New Jersey. “Thus 
ended a campaign glorious to the fame of Washington.”* 

Military Expeditions to Connecticut , Long Island , and 
Rhode Island {1777). While the main armies of New 
Jersey were in a state of comparative inactivity, General 
Howe sent two thousand men from New York to destroy 
a large quantity of stores which the Americans had col- 

* Now Perth Amboy, on Raritan Bay, at the mouth of Raritan River, 
and at the south end of Staten Island Sound. 

f Paulus Hook was on the west bank of the Hudson, and opposite New 
York. The site is now occupied by Jersey City, which in 1820 was char¬ 
tered under the name of the City of Jersey, but by a subsequent charter 
(1838) it received its present name—Jersey City. 

X A village on the Raritan River. 

# “Washington’s military glory now rose to its meridian. Indeed, 
nothing in the history of war shows a leader in a more advantageous point 
of light than the last events of this campaign did the commanding gen¬ 
eral.—Hannibal made war for revenge; Caesar and Napoleon for ambition; 
Washington for justice, for the rights of his country and of mankind.”— 
Willard’s “ Historv of the United States.” 


206 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


lected at Danbury, Connecticut. The expedition was 
conlided to the Tory general Tryon, ex-Governor of New 
York, and is known as “ Tryon’s first raid into Connecti¬ 
cut.” The stores w r ere destroyed and the town was 
burned, but Tryon’s troops were finally worsted and 
driven back to their vessels by the militia.* Retaliation 
soon followed. Valuable supplies, arms, and ammunition 
belonging to the British, were deposited at Sag Harbor, 
on the east end of Long Island ; in May, Colonel Meigs, 
with a party of Connecticut militia, crossed the sound, 
destroyed the stores, burned several British vessels, and 
carried off ninety prisoners, without the loss of one of 
his men. Another interesting episode of the period was 
the capture of General Prescott, the commander of the 
royal forces in Rhode Island. The feat was accomplished 
in the silence of the night of July 10, by Colonel Barton 
and forty daring volunteers, who, surprising the general 
in bed, at his headquarters near Newport, carried him 
off a prisoner. Prescott was afterward exchanged for 
Charles Lee,f whose capture by the British had been 
effected much in the same way. 

Campaign in Pennsylvania . It began in the summer 
of this year (1777), and was undertaken by the British 
to secure possession of Philadelphia. Leaving Clinton 
to guard New York, Howe embarked eighteen thousand 
men from Staten Island and sailed southward; finding 
the navigation of the Delaware obstructed, he entered 
the Chesapeake, and on August 25 landed at the head of 
Elk River4 Meanwhile Washington, on learning the 

* The Americans had to deplore the loss of the brave General Wooster, 
a veteran in his sixty-eighth year, who, with General Sullivan, aided by 
Arnold as a volunteer, commanded the militia. 

f See first note under ^ VIII., 1776, page 203. 

\ The place of anchorage was fifty-four miles south of Philadelphia. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


207 


destination of the British fleet, had crossed the Delaware, 
and by forced marches reached Philadelphia, “ resolved 
to protect the city, which was the seat of Congress, and 
in some measure was regarded as the capital of the coun¬ 
try.” Here he met for the first time the brave young 
nobleman, the Marquis de Lafayette, who, in sympathy 
with right and justice, had left his native France to fight 
for American freedom. Congress, justly appreciating the 
disinterestedness and generosity of the illustrious foreign¬ 
er, had already conferred upon him the honorary commis¬ 
sion of major-general in the Continental army.* 

In order to intercept Howe’s progress, and thus the 
more effectually thwart his designs upon Philadelphia, 
Washington moved his troops south ward, f The bel¬ 
ligerent armies met at Chad’s Ford £ on Brandywine 
Creek, where, on September 11, a severe battle was 
fought, in which the Americans were signally defeated ; # 

* “ Lafayette from the first attached himself to Washington with an af¬ 
fectionate reverence, the sincerity of which could not be mistaken, and soon 
won his way into a heart which, with all its apparent coldness, was naturally 
confiding, and required sympathy and friendship; and it is a picture well 
worthy to be hung up in history—this cordial and enduring alliance of the 
calm, dignified, sedate Washington, mature in years and wisdom, and the 
young, buoyant, enthusiastic Lafayette.”—Irving’s “ Life of Washington.” 

f “ It was about this time that Henry Lee, of Virginia, of military 
renown, made his first appearance. He was in his twenty-second year, and 
in the preceding year had commanded a company of Virginia volunteers. 

. . . His adventurous exploits soon won him notoriety, and the popular 
appellation of ‘ Light-horse Harry.’ He was favorably noticed by Washing¬ 
ton throughout the war. Perhaps there was something besides his bold, 
dashing spirit which won him this favor. There may have been early recol¬ 
lections connected with it. Lee was the son of the lady who first touched 
Washington’s heart in his school-boy days, the one about whom he wrote 
rhymes at Mount Vernon and Greenway Court—his ‘lowland beauty.’”— 
Irving’s “ Life of Washington.” “ Light-horse Harry ” was the father of 
General Robert E. Lee, of equal military renown—whose death occurred 
in 1870. 

% Chad’s Ford was thirty miles west-southwest of Philadelphia. 

# This battle is rendered memorable as being the first in which La¬ 
fayette and the brave Pulaski, a native of Poland, were engaged, the former 
of whom was wounded. 


208 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


their loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners was full 
twelve hundred men; that of the enemy about five hun¬ 
dred. During the night after the battle Washington re¬ 
treated to Chester, the next day to Philadelphia, and 
finally to Pottsgrove on the Schuylkill, that he might the 
better protect his military stores at Eeading. A little 
over a week after the battle of Brandywine, General 
Wayne, who with a detachment of fifteen hundred men 
had been sent to get in the rear of Howe’s advancing 
army and cut ,off his baggage-train, was surprised by a 
midnight attack (September 21), when near Paoli,* and 
defeated with great loss. The British entered Philadel¬ 
phia on September 26.f Eight days before the capture 
of the city, Congress had adjourned, to meet first at Lan¬ 
caster and afterward at York; at the latter place they 
continued to hold their sessions till the recovery of Phila¬ 
delphia the following year. 

The principal events of the remainder of this cam¬ 
paign were: 1. An attack made by the American com¬ 
mander (October 4), on a detachment of the enemy at 
Germantown, six miles from Philadelphia, which, though 
at first promising victory, terminated in defeat. 2. The 
opening of the Delaware to the British fleet, by the capt¬ 
ure (November 16) of Forts Mifflin and Mercer.;); A 
few weeks previous (October 22) an unsuccessful assault 
had been made upon these forts by a body of Hessians 
under Count Donop, during which the Hessians were 
repulsed with great loss, and their gallant leader killed. 

As the season advanced, both armies took up winter- 

* Paoli, nineteen miles west by north of Philadelphia. 

f They held possession of the city only eight months and three weeks— 
evacuating it on June 18, 1778. 

X These forts were on opposite sides of the Delaware River. Fort 
Mifflin was at Mud Island, near the Pennsylvania shore, and the other, Fort 
Mercer, was at Red Bank, on the Jersey side. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


209 


quarters—the British in the city and suburbs of Philadel¬ 
phia ; the Americans first at White March, fourteen miles 
from Philadelphia, from which, on December 11, they 
moved to Valley Forge.* The condition of the Ameri¬ 
can army, at this date, was deplorable in the extreme. 
Ill-fed, scantily clad, and unpaid, these worn and weary 
but brave and patriotic men were encouraged to endure 
the toils of the march and the hardships of Valley Forge 
by the noble example of their matchless commander, 
who, though he never lost confidence in the God of bat¬ 
tles,! was, on account of the circumstances of his posi¬ 
tion, a greater sufferer than his suffering men. (Connect 
with 1778, T III., page 214.) 

The Campaign in Northern New York . While Wash¬ 
ington was struggling with adverse fortune in Pennsyl- 
K vania, events, with more fortunate results to the Ameri¬ 
cans, were going on in New York. During the spring 
of 1777, General Burgoyne had arrived in Canada with a 

* Valley Forge was on the Schuylkill River, twenty-two miles from 
Philadelphia. 

f “ While at Valley Forge, Washington occupied the house of Isaac 
Potts. One day, while Potts was on his way up the creek, he heard a voice 
of prayer. Softly following its direction, he soon discovered the general 
upon his knees, his cheeks wet with tears. Narrating the incident to his 
wife, he added with much emotion, ‘If there is any one to whom the Lord 
will listen, it is George Washington, and under such a commander our 
independence is certain.’” But strange as it may now appear, at the very 
time this great and good man was struggling amid grief and care to keep 
his army together, “an intrigue was set on foot to prejudice the minds of 
the people against him, and thus to get his office for General Gates. This 
movement is known as the Conway cabal , from its chief promoter, General 
Conway, a cunning, restless Irish adventurer, who, before coming to Amer¬ 
ica, had served thirty years in the French army. Even Congress so far 
gave way as to appoint this man inspector-general. Washington, in the 
calmness of his righteous mind, turned not aside from his public duties to 
notice his private enemies. But the people took his part; and, the more 
for this magnanimity. The army were so indignant, that at length, all who 
had been engaged in the plot, whatever had been their former services, 
were now afraid of their resentment and kept out of the way. General 
Conway’s office was given to Baron Steuben.” (For an account of Baron 
Steuben, see note under III., page 214.) 


210 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


re-enforcement of seven thousand, thus increasing the 
British army to ten thousand men. With this force he 
was to invade New York, the object of the invasion be¬ 
ing to effect a junction with Clinton’s army, and thus cut 
off all communication between the Middle and New 
England colonies. The plan of operations was that Colo¬ 
nel St. Leger, with detachments of Canadians, Tories, and 
Indians, should proceed to the valley of the Mohawk, by 
way of the St. Lawrence and Fort Oswego, and, after 
capturing Fort Schuyler, on the Mohawk Fiver, continue 
his march to Albany; while Burgoyne, descending Lake 
Champlain and the Hudson Fiver, was to meet St. Leger 
at Albany, where they would be joined by Clinton, who 
was to ascend the Hudson from New York City. 

St. Leger’s expedition proved a miserable failure. 
The siege of Fort Schuyler* was begun August 3, 
1777. Colonel Gansevoort, the commander of the gar¬ 
rison, made a gallant resistance, but General Herkimer, 
who was advancing to the aid of the colonel, fell into 
an ambuscade at Oriskany,f and, during the conflict that 
ensued, was mortally wounded. St. Leger continued the 
siege with vigor, until rumors greatly and purposely ex¬ 
aggerated by the scouts and spies of Arnold, who was 
now approaching with relief for the garrison, spread 
alarm in the British camp, especially among the Indian 
allies. These at once began to desert, and St. Leger soon 
found himself obliged to retire to Canada (August 22). 
His retreat was made in such disorder that most of his 
stores were left in the hands of the Americans. 

* This fort, at the period of its investment by St. Leger, was known as 
Fort Stanwix. It was built in 1758, by General Stanwix, in whose honor 
it received its first name, which was changed to that of Schuyler after St. 
Leger’s unsuccessful assault upon it. 

f Oriskany, seven and a half miles southeast of Fort Schuyler. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


211 


Meanwhile Burgoyne had conducted his army up Lake 
Champlain, and on July 1 invested Ticonderoga, then gar¬ 
risoned by three thousand men under General St. Clair. 
This prudent commander, conscious of his inability to de¬ 
fend the place, made a hasty retreat on the night of July 
5, but his rear-guard, being overtaken at Hubbardton, Ver¬ 
mont, was routed with considerable loss. After a tedious 
march, St. Clair, with the remnant of his garrison, 
reached Fort Edward, on the Hudson, the headquarters 
of General Schuyler, commander of the Army of the 
North. Schuyler and St. Clair, w T hose united forces num¬ 
bered not more than five thousand men, evacuated Fort 
Edward a week before the arrival of the British, and final¬ 
ly took post on the islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. 
Burgoyne’s pursuit was slow and difficult, for Schuyler, 
before retreating, had sent out detachments to destroy 
bridges and to obstruct the roads over which the British 
had to pass, and it was not until the 30th of July that 
they reached Fort Edward.* 

Battle of Bennington , Vermont. While at Fort Ed¬ 
ward, Burgoyne became greatly in need of supplies; he 
therefore dispatched Colonel Baum to Bennington to 
seize the valuable stores the Americans had collected in 
that place. On the morning of the 16tli of August, Baum 
was met and totally defeated by General Stark, who, on 

* “ The atrocities committed by Burgoyne’s Indians brought great 
odium on the invading army. Jane Mac-crea (M’Crea), a young woman of 
twenty, betrothed to a loyalist in the British service, and esteeming herself 
under the protection of British arms, was riding from Fort Edward to the 
British camp at Sandy Hill, escorted by two Indians. The Indians quar¬ 
reled about the reward promised on her safe arrival, and, at a half-mile 
from Fort Edward, one of them sank his tomahawk in her skull. The in¬ 
cident was not of unusual barbarity, but this massacre of a betrothed girl 
on her way to her lover touched the hearts of all who heard the story. Bur¬ 
goyne threatened the assassin with death, but pardoned him, from fear of 
the total defection of the Indians.”—Bancroft’s “ History of the United 
States.” 


212 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


addressing his men previous to the battle, said: “Now, 
my men, there are the red-coats; by night they must be 
ours, or Molly Stark’s a widow! ” In the afternoon, both 
the British and the Americans being re-enforced, a second 
engagement took place, in which the latter were again vic¬ 
torious. By these two victories on the same day, and the 
raising of the siege of Fort Schuyler* a week later (Au¬ 
gust 22), the patriots were much encouraged, and their 
forces greatly increased. 

Soon after these events, General Gates, whom Con¬ 
gress had appointed to supersede General Schuyler, as¬ 
suming command, moved his army to Stillwater, and was 
followed thither by Burgoyne. The first battle of Still¬ 
water was fought September 19, at Bemis Heights. The 
day was indecisive. The British held the field, but their 
progress to Albany was checked. The expected aid from 
New York City, under Clinton, not arriving, Burgoyne, 
about two weeks later (October 7), making a desperate 
effort to force his way through the American lines, 
brought on the second battle of Stillwater (also known as 
the battle of Saratoga), which was a decided victory for 
the Americans. Burgoyne now attempted to return to 
Fort Edward, but, finding himself surrounded and cut off 
from all supplies, he was compelled to surrender. The 
remnant of his grand army—about six thousand men, 
with all their accoutrements—fell into the hands of the 
victors, October 17.f The effects of this victory were 
most important. All fear of invasion from Canada van- 

* See note to IX., under 1'7'7'7, page 210. 

+ “ Had Burgoyne known what Gates knew, or had he been able to hold 
out a few days longer, fortune might have taken a very different turn; for 
Clinton (October 6) had captured Forts Clinton and Montgomery, which 
commanded the Highlands. On hearing the news of Burgoyne’s surrender, 
Clinton dismantled the forts and hastily returned to New York.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


213 


ished, the courage of the patriots revived, and Wash¬ 
ington’s army was greatly increased by the number of 
volunteers who now presented themselves for enlist¬ 
ment. 

Acts of Congress in 1777. On June 14, the Stars and 
Stripes were adopted as the national banner. The banner 
presented thirteen stars, on a blue ground, and thirteen 
alternating red and white stripes. The stars, arranged in 
the form of a circle, represented the thirteen original 
States, the circle being the emblem of perpetuity. A 
new star was afterward added at the admission into the 
Union of each new State, and the disposition of the 
stars was changed. On the 17th of November, Congress 
sent out for adoption Articles of Confederation. These 
articles were to form the Constitution, or general govern¬ 
ment, for the United States, provided they proved ac¬ 
ceptable to all the States. (Examine 1781, T X., page 
242; 1787, TI., page 245 ; and 1788, ^ I., page 246.) 

Upon the demise of King Joseph I., of Portugal, his daughter, 
Maria da Gloria I. (or Maria Francesca), aged 42, and his brother, 
Pedro III., aged 60, succeeded as joint sovereigns of that kingdom. 
(Connect with foreign history, 1786, IT II., page 246.) 

1778. Fourth Year of the Revolutionary War. 
American affairs now assumed a new aspect in Europe. 
For some time past, three commissioners from Congress, 
Dr. Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, had been 
urging France to recognize the independence of the Unit¬ 
ed States, and although that Government had secretly 
aided the cause of American freedom, by sending over 
supplies, arms, and ammunition, it was not until after 
Burgoyne’s surrender that his most Christian Majesty, 
yielding to the arguments of Dr. Franklin, openly ac¬ 
knowledged the new republic as a sister nation, and 
guaranteed her independence by a triple treaty of friend- 


214 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

ship, commerce, and alliance, which was signed Febru¬ 
ary 6.* (See foreign history, 1778, I., page 220.) 

Alarmed by the disastrous campaign of her troops in 
New York, and dreading the consequences of the French 
alliance, Great Britain sent commissioners to America, who 
were empowered to concede to the colonies all that had 
been asked in the beginning of the controversy, if, even at 
this date, the people would return to their allegiance. The 
concessions came too late and were rejected; nothing short 
of absolute independence could now- satisfy the republic.f 

As spring approached, Washington’s army at Valley 
Forge was much improved ; it had been re-enforced by four 
thousand troops from Gates’s army in New York, and in 
February a most welcome volunteer presented himself at 
the camp; it was Baron Steuben,^ a veteran of consum- 

* “ While the object of France in acceding to an alliance with the re¬ 
volted American colonies was to humble Great Britain, it may undoubtedly 
be affirmed that the day upon which Louis XVI. affixed his seal to the 
treaty he decided his own fate; for the war to which it gave rise (from 
1778 to 1782, and which cost France nearly three hundred million dollars), 
accustomed the nation and the army to republican ideas, and produced a 
hapless deficiency in the finances. This led to the Assembly of Notables, 
to the meeting of the States-General, and finally to the fall of the monarch 
and the monarchy.” (See foreign historv, 1789, I. and its note, page 
248; 1793, flT I- and III., page 251.) 

f The commissioners having failed by direct and honorable means to 
secure the object of their mission, at last resorted to bribery and corrup¬ 
tion. A sum of ten thousand pounds sterling, with the highest office in 
the colonies within the gift of the crown, was promised to General Reed, 
if he would espouse the royal cause, but Reed replied, “ I am not worth 
purchasing, but, such as I am, the King of England is not rich enough to 
buy me.” 

\ Baron Steuben, b. 1730, in Prussia, d. near Utica, N. Y., 1794. He was 
educated in the Jesuits’ colleges of Neisse and Breslau, in Prussian Silesia 
ithe latter is the capital of the province), and, when only 14 years old, served 
as a volunteer under his father, who was an officer in the army of Frederic 
the Great. In course of time he was the hero of many European battles. 
Arriving in America, Dec. 1, 1777, he immediately tendered his services to 
Congress as a volunteer in the Revolutionary War, and w r ent into camp at 
Valley Forge the February following. He served till the close of the war, 
received a pension and tracts of land from the Government, and settled 
in Oneida County, N. Y., in 1789, where he passed the remainder of his life. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


215 


mate skill, wlio, having learned the art of war on the bat¬ 
tle-fields of Frederic the Great, was now “ prepared to 
introduce the perfect drill of the Prussian army ” and to 
convert the raw American recruits into well-disciplined 
and efficient soldiers. There were other experienced offi¬ 
cers from abroad, who rendered important service to the 
cause of independence; among the number were two 
Polish noblemen, Kosciusko * and Pulaski,f and the 
brave Alsatian, Baron de Kalb; J the latter, the friend 
and companion of Lafayette in his voyage to America. 

Philadelphia Evacuated by the British , June 18. 
Battle of Monmouth, June 28. In April, it was rumored 
that a French fleet, under Count d’Estaing,* was about to 

* “ Kosciusko was a Pole of noble birth. While in France, he formed 
the acquaintance of Franklin, who recommended him to Washington. He 
came to America and offered himself to fight as a volunteer for American 
independence. ‘ What can you do ? ’ asked the commander. ‘ Try me,’ was 
Kosciusko’s laconic reply. Washington made him his aide. He became a 
colonel in the Engineer Corps, and superintended the construction of the 
works at West Point.” After the war he returned home and led the Poles 
in their struggles for independence. Ilis death, which occurred in 1817, 
while he was an exile in Switzerland, was caused by a fall from his horse 
over a precipice. At West Point there is a monument to his memory erected 
by the cadets. 

f “ Count Pulaski was a Polish patriot, who first served in the cause of 
American independence as a volunteer. He distinguished himself by his 
bravery at Brandywine, after which he commanded an independent corps 
of cavalry, lancers, and light infantry, called ‘ Pulaski’s Legion,’ with which 
he did effectual service. He fell, mortally wounded, at the siege of Savan¬ 
nah, in 1779.” 

\ Baron de Kalb, born about 1732, in Alsace, a German province in the 
possession of France, was educated in the art of war in the French army. 
In 1777 he accompanied Lafayette to America, and, receiving from Con¬ 
gress the commission of major-general, he joined the main army under 
Washington, and was active in the events near Philadelphia which pre¬ 
ceded the encampment at Valley Forge. He served in New Jersey and 
Maryland. Afterward, in April, 1780, he was sent to re-enforce General 
Lincoln, then besieged in Charleston, but arrived too late to render that 
service. He was second in command under General Gates; he fell, August 
16, 1780, at the battle of Camden, pierced with eleven wounds. A monu¬ 
ment was erected to his memory at Camden, Lafayette, in 1826, laying the 
corner-stone. 

* See f VII., under 1778, page 218. 


216 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

sail for America, its principal object being to blockade 
the British fleet in the Delaware. Sir Henry Clinton, 
who had succeeded Lord Howe as commander-imchief, 
fearing for the safety of his army should he expose it to 
be hemmed in by Washington’s land-forces on the one 
side and the French fleet on the other, prepared to evacu¬ 
ate Philadelphia. Accordingly, after the British fleet 
had sailed for New York, Clinton began his march toward 
that city by crossing through New Jersey. Washington, 
who from Yalley Forge was watching the movements of 
the enemy, pursued and overtook them in the vicinity of 
Monmouth Court-House, New Jersey,* June 28. Early 
in the action which followed, the disorderly retreat of 
General Charles Lee f came near being fatal to the Ameri¬ 
cans; but Washington by his exertions restored order, 
and turned defeat into victory. Be-enforcements came 
up, and the fighting continued till nightfall, £ without de¬ 
cisive result, except that the patriots held the field and 
were prepared to renew the battle in the morning; but, 
under the cover of darkness, Clinton made a precipitate 
retreat, and, further pursuit being abandoned, Washing¬ 
ton marched his forces across the Hudson and took posi¬ 
tion, temporarily, near his former encampment at White 
Plains. When winter approached, after distributing his 

* Monmouth Court-IIouse is now Freehold, twenty-five miles east of 
Trenton. 

f See note under IV., under 1776, page 198. 

j “ Molly Pitcher’s heroic conduct in this battle has made her name 
famous. She was a gunner’s wife, and already renowned for her bravery 
at Fort Clinton, where, when her husband threw down his match at the 
sight of the British mounting the rampart, she had caught it up and fired 
the last shot at the approaching foe. At Monmouth, during the thickest of 
the fight, she busied herself carrying water to the soldiers. Seeing her 
husband struck by a ball, and no one to take his place, she sprang to the 
gun, and served it so well that the next day she was commissioned as ser¬ 
geant, and afterward went by the name of Captain Molly.”—(Quackenbos’s 
“ American History.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


217 


army in a line of cantonments, from Long Island Sound 
to the Delaware, lie again selected as his headquarters 
Middlebrook, New Jersey. Meanwhile Congress had re¬ 
turned to Philadelphia, in which city Benedict Arnold 
had been appointed to the chief military command. On 
the 6th of August M. Gerard was publicly received as 
the accredited representative of Louis XVI. to the United 
States, and in September Benjamin Franklin was ap¬ 
pointed by Congress minister plenipotentiary to the court 
of France. 

Massacres at Wyoming , Pa., July 3 , 1878, and at 
Cherry Valley , N U., November 12. “During this 
year the British troops and their allies displayed, in sev¬ 
eral instances, a degree of barbarity seldom equaled in 
contests between civilized nations.” Early in July a band 
of Tories and Indians, under the Tory, Colonel John 
Butler, made a descent from Western New York, into 
the valley of Wyoming, along the Susquehanna, and, ^ 
after slaughtering the helpless inhabitants, old men, wom¬ 
en, and children, laid waste the entire settlement. The 
following November, Cherry Valley, in New York, was L - 
the scene of similar atrocities. 

Early in the year 1778 an expedition under Colonel 
George Rogers Clark was sent out by Patrick Henry, 
Governor of Virginia, to secure possession of the British 
posts north of the Ohio River, and at the same time to 
repress the cruelties of the Indians and Tories on the 
western frontier.* That bold venture resulted in the 

* The whole country north of the Ohio River and south of the Great 
Lakes was within the chartered limits of Virginia; here the British held 
outposts, from which they sent out detachments to harass and despoil the 
people; they even offered a price for the scalp of every white foe—neither 
women nor children were spared. Furthermore, a conspiracy had already 
been formed by Hamilton, royal Governor of Detroit, to effect a general 
rising, early in 1779, of the various Indian tribes, for “the reduction of all 
10 


218 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


capture of Kaskaskia,* on the 4th of July, and later of 
Cahokiaf and Fort Yincennes, \ and tin ally, before the 
close of 1780, of all the important posts on the Illinois 
and Wabash Rivers. 

Arrival of the First French Fleet in 1778. Its 
Unsuccessful Expedition to Rhode Island. The ex¬ 
pected French fleet, under Count d’Estaing, appeared off 
Delaware Bay, July 8, just ten days too late to inter¬ 
cept the British fleet, now safely anchored in New York 
Harbor. Washington then suggested that D'Estaing 
should proceed to Newport Harbor, to co-operate with a 
land-force, under General Sullivan, for the recovery of 
Rhode Island, which the British had captured near the 
close of the year 1776, # and still occupied as a military 
depot. Shortly before the land and naval forces were 
ready to begin an assault upon Newport, the British fleet 
under Admiral Howe was seen approaching to relieve the 
> town. Allured by the hope of a victory, D’Estaing, leav- 

Virginia west of the mountains. Colonel George Rogers Clark, one of the 
hardy and brave pioneers of Kentucky, determined to strike at the source 
of this evil, and, on making known his bold plan to Governor Patrick 
Henry, received his approbation and aid. To the success of Clark’s expe¬ 
dition was due that, in the negotiations for peace between the powers in 
1782, the Mississippi River, and not the Alleghany range, was made the 
western boundary of the United States.” (See Bryant’s “ History of the 
United States,” vol. iii, p. 611.) 

* “ Kaskaskia, in Illinois, on the west bank of the Kaskaskia River, about 
a mile east of the Mississippi River. It was settled by the French about 
1673, and was the first capital of Illinois Territory.” 

f “ Cahokia, a post-village of St. Clair County, Illinois, on the Mississippi 
River, four miles from East St. Louis. It was settled by the French in 
1682. In its vicinity are many remarkable mounds of prehistoric date.” 

\ Fort Vincennes, which had so willingly acknowledged allegiance to the 
United States, was captured by the British under Hamilton, on December 
17, 1778. In February, 1779, Clark appeared before the place, and, after 
a sharp resistance, Hamilton and his garrison, hopeless of succor and des¬ 
titute of provisions, surrendered as prisoners of war. Vincennes, a city of 
Indiana, is situated on the east or left bank of the Wabash River, 148 miles 
east of St. Louis. It was settled about 1735", by French emigrants from 
Canada, and, from 1800 to 1813, was the capital of Indiana Territory. 

* See second note under VIII., 1776, page 203. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


219 


ing his American allies to press the siege alone, sailed out 
to offer battle; but a furious storm, separating the fleets, 
not only prevented an engagement, but so dismantled the 
French ships that, instead of aiding in the reduction of 
Rhode Island, D’Estaiug put into port at Boston to refit. 

Battle of Quaker Ilill. Sullivan, thus deserted, was 
compelled to make a hasty retreat to the northern part of 
the island; being overtaken by a British detachment, a 
sharp conflict ensued at Quaker Hill, Rhode Island, A u- 
gust 29, in which the Americans had the advantage. Re¬ 
suming his retreat, Sullivan crossed over to the mainland, 
just in time to escape an encounter with Clinton, who had 
landed on Rhode Island with a large re-enforcement. 

Vexed on account of his failure to capture Sullivan’s 
army, Clinton returned to New York and converted his 
reenforcement of troops into marauding expeditions, 
which, under Sir Charles Grey, he sent to ravage the 
coast to the eastward, and destroy American shipping. 
New Bedford,* Fairliaven,f and Martha’s Vineyard^: 
were laid waste; and later, a band led by Ferguson, after 
destroying the shipping in Little Egg Harbor, on the New 
Jersey shore, penetrated into the surrounding country to 
burn the houses and desolate the lands of the patriots. 

Early in September, Admiral Howe was superseded in 
his command by Admiral Byron, # and returned to Eng¬ 
land. Byron, wishing to bring on an engagement with 

* New Bedford in Massachusetts, on the west bank of the Acushnet 
River, near its mouth, is fifty-five miles south of Boston. 

f Fairhaven, in Massachusetts, on Buzzard’s Bay, at the mouth of the 
Acushnet River, one mile east of New Bedford, with which it is connected 
by a long bridge. 

X Martha’s Vineyard, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, four miles off the 
coast of Massachusetts. It is twenty-one miles long. 

# Admiral Byron was the paternal grandfather of Byron the poet. He 
embarked with Commodore Anson in his voyage around the world; the ves¬ 
sel was wrecked, but Byron made his escape ; an account of his adventures, 


220 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL 


the French fleet, left New York and steered for Boston 
Harbor. D’Estaing, however, eluded his adversary, and 
on the 3d of November sailed to attack the British posses¬ 
sions in the West Indies. “ The same day, General Grant, 
with a detachment of six thousand men from the British 
army, convoyed by six sail-of-the-line under Commodore 
Hotham * * followed to aid in their defense.” 

Capture of Savannah by the British , Dec. 29, 1778. 
The season for active military operations in the North¬ 
ern and Middle States having terminated, Clinton re¬ 
solved to strike a blow at the South. Accordingly, late in 
November, he sent two thousand men under Lieutenant- 
Colonel Campbell, escorted by a small squadron under 
Admiral Hyde Parker, to invade Georgia. On the 29th of 
December the armament having landed without much 
opposition, made an assault upon the city of Savannah, 
which was garrisoned by about nine hundred men under 
the American general, Bobert Howe. The patriots and 
their brave commander made a gallant resistance, but, 
being overpowered by superior numbers, were defeated 
with great loss. The remnant of men who escaped re¬ 
treated into South Carolina. The British retained posses¬ 
sion of Savannah until July, 1783. (SeeT II., page 213.) 

On receiving official notification of the treaties which Louis 
XYI. had concluded with the United States, Great Britain declared 
war against France. (See foreign history, 1779, IF I., p. 226.) 

Sandwich Islands! discovered and named by Captain Cook, 
English navigator. 


as given by himself, will be found in a book bearing the title “ Byron’s 
Narrative of his Adventures in the Ship Wager.” (See note under foreign 
history, p. 170.) 

* See Spencer’s “ History of the United States,” vol. ii., p. 26. 

f Sandwich Islands in Polynesia, Pacific Ocean. These islands com¬ 
prise the kingdom of Hawaii. Honolulu, on the Island of Oahu, is the capi¬ 
tal. The government is a limited monarchy, with a native king. There is 
a constant decrease in the number of the inhabitants. Population in 1823, 
140,000 ; in 1873, 57.000. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


221 


Deaths: William Pitt, first Earl of Chatham, aged 69 years ; J. J. 
Rousseau, French philosopher, aged 66 years; Linnaeus, Swedish bot¬ 
anist, aged 71 years; Voltaire, French philosopher, aged 84 years. 

1779. Fifth year of the Revolutionary War, the 
events of which may be classified thus: 1. The campaign 
at the South. 2. Military operations at the North and 
at sea. 

Campaign at the South. The Southern provinces had 
happily escaped the ravages of the enemy, from the date 
of the spirited defense of Fort Moultrie by the Ameri¬ 
cans (June 28,1776)* to that of the capture of Savannah 
by the British (December 29, 1778) *—a period of two 
years and six months—but the scene of warfare shifted, 
and those fertile lands were doomed to be the theatre of 
fierce and unrelenting hostilities throughout the remain¬ 
der of the contest. The opening of the new year found 
Campbell and the royal army securely quartered in the 
capital of Georgia. Early in the month General Prevost, 
accompanied by the British troops from St. Augustine, 
Florida,! crossed the intermediate wilderness, captured 
Sunbury! on his route, and, proceeding to Savannah, 
assumed command, January 9. He then sent Colonel 
Campbell with a detachment to occupy Augusta,* with 
the view of making it a rallying-point for the Tories in 
the vicinity. || A band of adventurers, eight hundred 

* See pages 199 and 220. 

f Florida was at that time a British province, it having been ceded by 
Spain in 1763 to Great Britain, by which power it was retained till 1783, 
when it was retroceded to Spain. (See illustrations on the Chart, 1763 and 
1783.) 

\ Sunbury, southwest of Savannah, on the Atlantic seaboard—it was 
the only post in Georgia remaining to the Americans. 

* Augusta, on the Savannah River, 231 miles from its mouth. 

|| “ The back settlements of Georgia and the Carolinas abounded with 
renegades and Tories, who had been compelled by the patriots to withdraw 
into those wilds from the more settled parts of the country.” Emissaries 
were sent out from Augusta to encourage the rising of these disreputable 
allies. 


222 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


strong, under the Tory Colonel Boyd, having signalized 
their inarch toward Augusta by a series of atrocities, 
were overtaken on the 14th of February, at Kettle Creek, 
Georgia, and completely routed, by Colonel Andrew 
Pickens and three hundred volunteers. Boyd fell in the 
battle, and many prisoners were taken. 

Encouraged by this success, General Lincoln, wlio had 
superseded Robert Howe in command of the Southern 
Department, detailed Colonel Ashe, with fifteen hundred 
men, to drive the British from the frontiers and interior 
of Georgia, and confine them to the sea-coast. Ashe en¬ 
camped near the mouth of Brier Creek;* but on the 3d 
of March he was surprised by General Prevost, and de¬ 
feated, with the loss of the greater part of his army— 
only a small number of the militia succeeded in regain¬ 
ing the American camp. Prevost then advanced upon 
Charleston, South Carolina; but the timely arrival of 
Lincoln forced him to make a hasty retreat in May, 

1779. f 

Unsuccessful assault upon Savannah, Oct. 9, 1779. 
On account of the excessive heat, both armies remained in 
a state of inactivity during the summer. Early in Septem- 

* Brier Creek, Georgia, drains part of Richmond County, runs southeast, 
intersects Burke and Scriven Counties, and enters the Savannah in the latter 
county. It is about one hundred and forty miles in length. 

f “ The invasion of South Carolina by the army of General Prevost 
proved nothing more than a raid through the richest plantations of the 
South. The British forced their way into almost every house in a wide 
extent of country; sparing in some measure those who professed loyalty to 
the king, they rifled all others of their money, rings, personal ornaments, 
and plate, stripped houses of furniture and linen, and even broke open 
tombs in search of hidden treasure. Objects of value not transportable by 
land or water were destroyed. Porcelain, mirrors, windows, were dashed in 
pieces ; gardens carefully planted with exotics were laid waste. Domestic 
animals which could not be used or carried off were wantonly shot, and in 
some places not even a chicken was left alive. A thousand fugitive slaves 
perished of want in the woods, or of fever in the British camp ; about three 
thousand passed with the army into Georgia.”—Bancroft’s “ History of the 
United States.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


223 


ber, however, preparations for hostilities were resumed, 
when D’Estaing appeared with his fleet off the coast of 
Georgia. He had come to co-operate with Lincoln for 
the recovery of Savannah, which the British had held for 
the last eight months. The siege of the city having lasted 
nearly three weeks, already promised success, when 
D’Estaing, becoming apprehensive that a longer delay 
on the coast would expose his fleet to the hurricanes of 
the season, insisted upon carrying the place by storm. 
The assault, made prematurely on the 9th of October, 
proved a complete failure. Here, at the head of his 
legion, fell the brave Pulaski. The celebrated Sergeant 
Jasper was also among the slain. Lincoln retreated into 
South Carolina; D’Estaing set sail for France. The 
Southern campaign of 1779 was thus brought to an end, 
and “ England could once more boast of a royal province 
among her former colonies.” 

Military operations at the North (1779). 1. General 

Matthew’s invasion of Virginia. 2. Clinton’s expedition 
up the Hudson Biver. 3. Tryon’s second raid into Con¬ 
necticut. During the short period that the royal cause 
was apparently gaining ground in the South, Clinton had 
attempted nothing at the North, beyond strengthening 
his position in New York, and sending out marauding 
parties to plunder the patriots, destroy their towns, and 
seize all public property. Meanwhile, Washington could 
do little more than watch the movements of his foe, 
and, by acting on the defensive, prepare to hold him in 
check. 

Early in May, General Matthew was sent from New 
York by sea with a force of twenty-five hundred men to 
devastate the coast of Virginia, and plunder and harass 
the people. An immense amount of public and private 


224 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


property was destroyed, especially in Norfolk,* Ports- 
* mouth,* Gosport,f and Suffolk.^ 2. The marauders, 
upon their return to New York, joined Sir Henry Clinton 
in his military expedition up the Hudson, the result of 
which was the seizure of the two half-finished American 
forts, Stony Point and Verplanck’s Point (May 31 and 
June 1), then only feebly garrisoned. 3. In July (5th 
to the 12th) another pillaging expedition to Connecti¬ 
cut was intrusted to that active Tory, General Tryon. 
The devastation of the country was wide-spread, and 
its details abound in instances of cruelty and barbar¬ 
ism. 

In August, 1779, the Americans met with another 
disaster. About 650 British soldiers from Nova Scotia 
had taken possession of the New England settlement 
Castine, # at the mouth of the Penobscot Elver (Maine), 
and began to erect fortifications. Massachusetts, indig¬ 
nant at this invasion of her territory, sent a fleet and 
army to dislodge the intruders. The expedition failed in 
its object, for, while the patriots were investing the fort, 
five heavy British ships of war arrived, and destroyed or 
captured the whole American flotilla (August 13). Most 

* Norfolk, a city and port of entry of Norfolk County, Virginia, on the 
right or west bank of Elizabeth River, eight miles from Hampton Roads, 
thirty-two miles from the sea, and one hundred and six miles by land south¬ 
east of Richmond. It has more foreign commerce than any other place in 
the State, and, together with Portsmouth, is the most important naval sta¬ 
tion in the Union. The entrance of the harbor is defended by Forts Cal¬ 
houn and Monroe. 

f Gosport, Virginia, is a part of the city of Portsmouth, and is adjacent 
to the United States Navy-Yard. 

X Suffolk, a post-village of Nansemond County, Virginia, on the Nanse- 
mond River, eighteen miles west-southwest of Norfolk, and one mile from 
the Dismal Swamp. 

# Castine, a pretty village and port of entry of Hancock County, Maine, 
is situated on the narrow peninsula, Pcntagoet, which projects into Penob¬ 
scot Ray. The early history of the place is very interesting—for which, see 
Osgood’s “ New England,” page 302. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


225 


of the Massachusetts men escaped, and made their way 
back to their homes through the wilderness. 

The above reverses were partially counterbalanced by 
four notable achievements by the Americans. These 
were: 1. The gallant recapture of Stony Point, July 16, 
by General Wayne.* It was a midnight attack, planned 
by Washington himself, and was executed with such in¬ 
trepidity that it formed one of the most brilliant exploits 
of the war. 2. The surprise and capture, August 19, of 
the British garrison at Paulus Hook (now Jersey City, 
Hew Jersey) by Major Henry Lee (Light-horse Harry). 3. 
General Sullivan’s expedition into Western Hew York, for 
the chastisement of the Indians. The battle of Chemung, 
or Hewtown (now Elmira), broke forever the power of the 
Iroquois.f 4. A naval victory off the' British coast, Sep¬ 
tember 23, won by John Paul Jones, commander of the 
American ship Le Bon Homme Bichard, over the English 
frigate Serapis, was the crowning event of this year. J 

* Familiarly called Mad cap Anthony on account of his great bravery, 
which at times amounted to almost reckless daring. 

f The object of Sullivan’s expedition was not only to punish the Indians 
in New York for having participated the previous year in the massacres at 
Wyoming and Cherry Valley, but also to give them a lesson that would 
serve in the future to curb their cruelty toward the whites. Sullivan, aided 
by Colonel James Clinton, from Albany, penetrated northward and west¬ 
ward, and in the Course of a few weeks he destroyed forty Indian villages, 
“ which denoted a higher state of civilization than had ever before been 
witnessed in the North American wilderness. The houses were commodious, 
the apple and peach trees numerous, and the crops of corn then growing 
abundant. All was destroyed; not a vestige of human industry was per¬ 
mitted to exist.” (Hale’s “ History of the United States.”) 

J John Paul Jones, a Scotchman by birth, had received from Congress 
a captaincy in the United States Navy. At the time of the victory alluded 
to, he commanded a small fleet of French and American vessels. Meeting 
two English frigates off the British coast, on September 23, he immediately 
prepared for an engagement, it being then 7 r. m. The American flag-ship 
Le Bon Homme Richard and the British frigate Serapis approached so near 
each other that Jones, seizing the opportunity, lashed them together. “ The 
battle now became furious and the carnage horrible. The Serapis was on 
fire not less than ten times; and often both frigates were on fire at the 
same moment, presenting a sublime and dreadful spectacle. At ten o’clock 


226 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Rhode Island evacuated by the British .* * Clinton’s 
preparations to move southward. In the autumn of 
1779 Clinton apprehended that New York would ere 
long be attacked by D’Estaing’s fleet, and therefore to 
strengthen his main army he ordered the royal troops 
that had been stationed in and around Newport for nearly 
three years* to evacuate Rhode Island and proceed to 
New York. When, however, it became known that the 
French fleet had returned to Europe, “ Sir Henry Clinton, 
in whose breast his failure before Charleston, in 1776,f 
still rankled, resolved to carry out in person the order for 
its reduction. . . . Accordingly, leaving the command in 
New York to the veteran Knyphausen, the British com¬ 
mander-in-chief, in the extreme cold of the severest win¬ 
ter, embarked eighty-five hundred officers and men, and 
on the day after Christmas set sail for the conquest of 
South Carolina.” (Bancroft’s “ History of the United 
States.”) 

At the close of the season the main division of Wash¬ 
ington’s army retired into winter-quarters at Morristown, 
New Jersey, while several detachments were left in the 
vicinity of West Point, already an important post on the 
Hudson. 

In May the Virginia Legislature passed an act remov¬ 
ing the seat of government from Williamsburg to Rich- 
mond. (See T III., under 1782, page 242.) 

July 13. Spain, urged by France, and impelled by the desire of 
regaining Gibraltar, Jamaica, % and Florida, declared war against 
Great Britain. (See foreign history, 1780, IT IV., page 234.) 


the Serapis surrendered.” Finding his own ship sinking, Jones transferred 
his crew to the captured frigate. The other English frigate, the Countess of 
Scarborough, had been already captured by the Pallas, one of Jones’s ships. 

* See second note under VIII. of 1776, page 203. 
f See page 199, IV., 1776. 

i Jamaica, an island in the West Indies, was discovered by Columbus, 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 227 

The siege of Gibraltar (which lasted three years—1779-1782) was 
begun by the Spanish fleet. 

Death of David Garrick, aged 53 years, English poet, actor, and 
dramatist. 

1780. Sixth Year of the Revolutionary War. Cam¬ 
paign of the British in the South. Siege and surrender 
of Charleston, South Carolina, and reduction of the State. 
After a stormy and dangerous passage from New York 
to South Carolina, Sir Henry Clinton’s land-forces, aided 
by Admiral Arbuthnot’s fleet, were prepared to begin 
the siege of Charleston on April 1. To render the block¬ 
ade complete, Clinton fortified the neck of land in rear 
of the city, and then sent out detachments to intercept 
all troops that might attempt to relieve the besieged. On 
the 14th of April, one of these companies, commanded 
by Tarleton, a cruel and bloodthirsty officer, surprised 
and completely routed a body of American cavalry under 
General Huger, whom General Lincoln had posted at 
Monk’s Corners* to keep open his communication with 
the interior of the country, and at the same time to annoy 
the foraging parties of the British. A few days later 
(April 19) Clinton’s army was re-enforced by the arrival 
of three thousand men from New York, under Lord 
Cornwallis. The siege of Charleston was then pressed 
with renewed vigor, and the situation of the inhabitants 
became every day more and more distressing. Finally, 
after having made a gallant resistance for forty-two days, 
General Lincoln was forced to capitulate, May 12. Thus, 
five thousand men, the hope of the South, became pris¬ 
oners of war. 

The British followed up their victory by stationing 

May 4, 1494, and named St. Iago. It was conquered from the Spaniards 
by Admiral Penn, with land-forces commanded by Venables, May 3, 1655. 
(Hayden’s “ Dictionary of Dates.”) 

* Monk’s Corners, on the Cooper River, thirty miles above Charleston. 


228 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


garrisons in various parts of South Carolina, and dispatch¬ 
ing expeditions into the interior, to encourage the loyal and 
punish the disaffected. Augusta, Ninety-six,* and Cam¬ 
den,f were soon reduced. On May 29, a regiment of 
Virginians, under Colonel Buford, while retreating into 
North Carolina, after the fall of Charleston, were over¬ 
taken atWaxhaw Creek $ by the notorious Tarleton, who 
massacred or maimed the most of them, after they had 
surrendered their arms and were asking quarter. A num¬ 
ber of Tories now" joined the British standard, and the 
work of subjugation seemed complete. Clinton, satisfied 
that the submission of South Carolina was final, trans¬ 
ferred to Cornwallis the task of subduing North Carolina 
and Virginia, and on the 4th of June set sail for New 
York with a large part of his army. The course pursued 
by Cornwallis, after entering upon an independent com¬ 
mand, served only to embitter the people and rouse them 
to a more determined resistance. He imprisoned some 
of the leading patriots, broke faith w T ith others, and al¬ 
lowed his troops to devastate the country.* 

* A village in Abbeville County, South Carolina, seventy-five miles west 
by north of Columbia. “ The fort Ninety-six was so named because it was 
ninety-six miles from the frontier fort, Prince George, on the Keowee 
River, one hundred and forty-seven miles northwest from Charleston.” 
(Lossing’s “ Cyclopaedia.’’) 

f A village in Kershaw County, South Carolina, about a mile east of the 
Wateree River. 

\ This creek crosses the boundary-line of North and South Carolina. 

# “ But the violence of his measures roused the courage of despair. On 
hearing of the acts of the British, Houston, the delegate in Congress from 
Georgia, wrote to Jay: ‘ Our misfortunes are, under God, the source of our 
safety. Our captive soldiers will, as usual, be poisoned, starved, and in¬ 
sulted—will be scourged into the service of the enemy; the citizens will 
suffer pillaging, violences, and conflagration; a fruitful country will be 
desolated; but the loss of Charleston will promote the general cause. The 
enemy have overrun a considerable part of the State in the hour of its 
nakedness and debility, but as their measures seem, as usual, to be dictated 
by infatuation, when they have wrought up the spirit of the people to fury 
and desperation, they will be expelled from the country.’ ” (Bancroft’s 
“ History of the United States.”) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


229 


Partisan Warfare in the South {1780). Battles of 
Rocky Mount and Hanging Rock. Brave partisan lead¬ 
ers now arose—Marion,* Sumter, Pickens, and others—to 
whose standards in the woods and swamps flocked the 
outraged patriots. Small bands, thus formed, harassed 
the enemy in every way, and kept alive the spirit of pa¬ 
triotism. The gallant Sumter, “ whose daring intrepidity, 
unvarying cheerfulness, and determination under reverses, 
had secured to him the sobriquet of the Carolina Game¬ 
cock,” experienced his first defeat on July 30, when he 
made an attempt to surprise the British in their strong¬ 
hold at Rocky Mount.f Nothing daunted by this fail¬ 
ure, Sumter crossed the Catawba River, and a week later 
(August 6) fell upon the British garrison at Hanging 
Rock (a few miles eastward), and soon dispersed them. 
The riotous conduct of his militia, in ransacking the ene¬ 
my’s camp in search of plunder and intoxicating drinks, 
gave the British the opportunity of rallying, and deprived 
the partisan commander of the brilliant victory that oth¬ 
erwise would have been his. 

Battle of Sander's Creek , or First Battle of Camden , 
Aug. 16,1780. General Gates, the victor at Saratoga, had 
been appointed, after the fall of Charleston, to supersede 
General Lincoln in the important command of the South. 

* Francis Marion, known as “ the Bayard of the South,” or, as the Brit¬ 
ish styled him, “ the Swamp-Fox,” was born in South Carolina in 1732, 
died in 1795. He was one of the most successful of the partisan leaders. 
Cornwallis said of him, “ lie has so wrought on the minds of the people, 
that there is scarcely an inhabitant between the Pedec and the Santee that 
is not in arms against us.” The history of the Revolution in the Carolinas 
abounds in legends of his daring, skill, and vigilance. 

h Rocky Mount was near the right bank of the Catawba River. This 
river rises at the Blue Ridge, in Western North Carolina. It flows east¬ 
ward through Burke, Catawba, and Iredell Counties. From the last, it 
runs southward into York County, South Carolina, and forms the boundary 
between Chester and Lancaster Counties until it reaches Rocky Mount, 
South Carolina. Below this point, the stream is called the Wateree River. 


230 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Vainly imagining he was marching to certain victory, 
Gates unexpectedly met, at a little past midnight, near 
Sander’s Creek,* Cornwallis and his army, who were 
actually on their route to surprise the Americans. The 
belligerents halted till dawn of day, when a general 
engagement took place, which terminated in the signal 
defeat of the patriots. After the battle, “ Gates sped to 
Hillsborough, North Carolina, riding altogether two hun¬ 
dred miles in three days and a half, and running away 
from his army so fast and so far that he knew nothing 
about its condition.” f The brave Baron de Kalb, who, 
by heroic valor, had sought to save the day, fell in the 
thickest of the battle covered with w^ounds. “ Opulent, 
and happy in his wife and children, this noble-hearted 
foreigner gave to the United States his life and his ex¬ 
ample. Congress voted him a monument.” 

Sumter’s Defeat at Fishing Creek , Aug. 18 , 1780. On 
hearing of the disaster at Sander’s Creek, Sumter, who 
just before that battle had captured from the enemy a 
large amount of valuable stores, hastily retreated with his 
spoils up the Catawba River and encamped near the 
mouth of Fishing Creek. Here, on the 18th of August, 
he was surprised by Tarleton and routed with consider¬ 
able loss. Sumter himself escaped, but so precipitately, 
that he made his way into Charlotte, North Carolina, 
without hat, coat, or saddle.^ 

* Sander’s Creek, a few miles north of Camden. 

f Bancroft’s “ History of the United States.” 

\ “ By great exertions, Sumter collected another corps of light troops, 
and, on November 8, defeated Colonel Wemyss, who had attacked his camp 
in Chester District, near Broad River. Twelve days later, Tarleton,,who 
attempted to surprise him at his encampment at Blackstocks, on the Tiger 
River, was compelled to retreat with severe loss. Sumter, having been 
seriously wounded in this encounter, retired for a while from military serv¬ 
ice; but, in February, 1781, he again took the field with undiminished 
activity, and, in concert with Mavion, Pickens, and other partisan leaders, 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


231 


Battle of King’s Mountain ,* Oct, 7 , About the 

middle of September, Cornwallis, in prosecution of his 
plan of conquest, began his projected march into North 
Carolina, and Ferguson, who had been sent to the uplands 
of South Carolina to seek recruits, had attracted to his 
standard a large number of Tories and fugitives of the 
w r orst character. With these, after a variety of advent¬ 
ures, he intrenched himself on King’s Mountain—pre- / 
paratory to joining Cornwallis in North Carolina. Mean¬ 
while partisan leaders were alert, and in close pursuit. 
Colonel William Campbell, of Virginia,f with several 
bodies of stout hearted mountaineers and backwoodsmen, 
succeeded in gaining the summit of the eminence, on 
October 7, and after a terrific battle, in which Ferguson 
was killed, the patriot band gained a brilliant victory. 
The loss of the British in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
was eleven hundred; the total Joss of the Americans was 
twenty-eight killed and sixty wounded. Disconcerted at 
this unexpected disaster to the British arms, Cornwallis 
deemed it prudent to retrace his movements into South 
Carolina. Thus ended his first attempt to penetrate to 
Virginia.:): # 

carried on a harassing warfare against the enemy’s scattered posts in the 
low country. He subsequently served with great credit in the battle of 
Eutaw Springs, September 8, 1781.” He died in 1832, aged about ninety- 
eight years. 

* “ King’s Mountain, an elevated land, sixteen miles long from north to 
south, and 1,650 feet high, is situated in Gaston and Cleveland Counties, 
North Carolina, and partly in York County, South Carolina. (See Lippin- 
cott’s “ Gazetteer.”) 

f He was the brother-in-law of Patrick Henry, of Virginia. 

\ “ The victory at King’s Mountain, which in the' spirit of the American 
soldiers was like the rising at Concord, in its effects like the successes 
at Bennington, changed the aspect of the war. The loyalists of North 
Carolina no longer dared to rise. It fired the patriots of the two Carolinas 
with fresh zeal. It encouraged the fragments of the defeated and scat¬ 
tered American army to seek each other and organize themselves anew. It 
quickened the North Carolina Legislature to earnest efforts. It encouraged 


232 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Early in December, 1780, General Greene assumed 
command of the army at the South, in place of General 
Gates. 

The Army at the North {1780). No military opera¬ 
tions were undertaken in the Northern States this year, 
beyond a few unimportant predatory expeditions from 
New York to New Jersey, instigated by the Hessian, 
General Knyphausen, chiefly with the design to stir up 
dissensions in Washington’s camp, and entice his fam¬ 
ished, half-clothed, and suffering men to seek relief by 
rallying under the British standard. “ Instead of men 
eager to return to their old allegiance, the British en¬ 
countered a people risking all to preserve their independ¬ 
ence ”; therefore, after experiencing “ losses all the day 
from such determined troops,” the enemy were glad to 
beat a retreat. In their third invasion of New Jersey, 
the marauders were met by General Greene at Spring- 
field,* where a sharp engagement took place, June 23, 
resulting in the defeat of the British. This was the last 
time the enemy entered New Jersey. 

Arrival at Newport of a Second French Fleet , July 
10,1780. A fleet under Count de Rochambeau, sent over 
from France through the influence of Lafayette, arrived 
off Rhode Island, July 10. With this fleet, Washing¬ 
ton was preparing to co-operate in an attack on New 
York, when a new arrival of British ships blockaded the 

Virginia to devote her resources to the country south of her border. The 
appearance on the frontiers of a numerous enemy from settlements beyond 
the mountains, whose very names had been unknown to the British, took 
Cornwallis by surprise, and their success was fatal to his intended expe¬ 
dition. lie had hoped to step with ease from one Carolina to the other, 
and from these to the conquest of Virginia, and he had now no choice but 
to retreat.” (Bancroft’s “ History of the United States.”) 

* Springfield, a post-village in Union County, New Jersey, on the Rahway 
River, and about seven miles west-northwest of Elizabeth, and eight mile? 
west bv south of Newark. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


233 


French in Karragansett Bay. Therefore, the aid of 
Kocliainbeau was of no avail during 1780.* 

The capture of Major Andre led to the discovery of 
Benedict Arnold’s treason. Andre was executed as a 
spy, October 2, but the traitor escaped.f (See illustration 
on the Chart.) 

January 16. Admiral Sir George Rodney gained a signal victory 
over the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, southwestern point of 
Portugal. 

Lord George Gordon’s w No Popery Riots,” directed against the 
Roman Catholics of Great Britain, suppressed. 

July 9 and August 1. First conventions for the coalition styled 
the “Armed Neutrality,” between the leading nations of Europe 
against the pretensions of Great Britain as mistress of the seas. Its 
object was to support the claims of neutrals, if necessary, by force 
of arms.f (See foreign history, 1800, IT IV., page 260.) 


* See note on page 236, ^ III, of 1781. 

f Arnold had distinguished himself by his bravery at Quebec, Saratoga, 
and other places. In 1778, while in command at Philadelphia, he lived 
extravagantly and became involved in debt; being charged with appropri- / 
ating the public funds, he was court-martialed and sentenced to be repri¬ 
manded by General Washington. In August, 1780, having reinstated him¬ 
self in Washington’s confidence, he obtained the command of West Point, 
an important fortress on the Hudson. Burning with a desire of revenge, 
he shortly after renewed his correspondence with Clinton—with whom he 
had been secretly in communication for many months—and offered to sur¬ 
render his post to the British for a reward of ten thousand pounds and a 
general’s commission. His treacherous overture being accepted, Major 
Andr6, a young British officer, was appointed to conduct the negotiation, 
and on the night of September 21 he met Arnold on neutral ground, six 
miles below West Point, where the last measures for the conspiracy were 
concerted. On his return by land to New York Andr6 was arrested by 
three militiamen, who, in searching him, found the plan of West Point con¬ 
cealed in his boots. Arnold, being informed of the capture of Andre, im¬ 
mediately fled to the British, from whom he received the reward of his 
treason. Andre was tried by court-martial, and, although every effort was 
made to save him, he was hung as a spy, October 2, 1780. 

\ The confederacy known as the “ Armed Neutrality ” grew out of the 
determination of the northern powers to rid themselves of the insolent 
claims of England in regard to the “ right of search.” Catharine II. of 
Russia was at its head, and Sweden and Denmark immediately joined it. 
The claims of the confederacy were, that free ships make free goods. It 
was resolved that neutral ships should enjoy a free navigation, even from 
port to port, and on the coasts of the belligerent powers; that all effects 
belonging to the subjects of said belligerent powers should be looked upon 
as free on board such neutral ships, except only such goods as were stipu- 



234 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


December 20. War was declared by Great Britain against the 
Dutch Republic, because that nation bad extended protection to 
American privateers, and had actually begun to negotiate a treaty 
with the United States Congress. “ Thus all the more powerful 
nations seemed now arrayed against Great Britain, if not actively, 
at all events in a sort of sullen and indirect hostility.” 

Death of Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, aged 03 years. 
(See foreign history, 1741.) 

1781. Seventh and last Year of the Revolutionary 
War. Troubles in the American Camp. The hardships 
of camp-life on the bleak hills of Morristown, New Jer¬ 
sey, had not been mitigated by time. The privations to 
which Washington’s army had been subjected during the 
last months of 1780 seemed almost beyond human en¬ 
durance. When the New Year dawned without the least 
prospect of improvement in their condition, the Pennsyl¬ 
vania line of troops, thirteen hundred strong, waited till 
nightfall (January 1), and, at a concerted signal, shoul¬ 
dering their arms, marched out of camp, openly avowing 
their intention to appeal to Congress for a redress of 
grievances—one of which was that they were detained in 
the service although the period of their enlistment had 
expired. At Princeton they were met by emissaries from 
Sir Henry Clinton, bearing liberal terms for the transfer 
of their service to the British. Not only was the offer 
instantly rejected, but the emissaries were seized and 

lated to be contraband ; and that no port should be considered under block¬ 
ade unless there should be a sufficient force before it to render the blockade 
effectual. The other European powers were invited to join this confederacy. 
France and Spain agreed to do so at once; Portugal hesitated, and declined; 
and the United Provinces delayed for a time their answer. Meanwhile 
Henry Laurens having been taken prisoner, on his way to Holland to solicit 
a loan for the United States, and his papers having made the British min¬ 
istry acquainted with the fact that overtures for a treaty between Holland 
and America were under consideration, England, at the close of 1780, re¬ 
solved upon a war with the States-General. Thus England by this step, 
without friend or allies, prepared to wage, single-handed, the contest with 
enemies in evei’y quarter of the globe.” (Spencer’s “ History of the United 
States.”) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


235 


finally handed over to the proper authorities, to be dealt 
with as spies. Congress, meanwhile, sent a committee to 
investigate the grounds of complaint, and, a part of their 
demands being granted, the majority of the soldiers re¬ 
turned to their posts of duty. 

The mutiny of the Pennsylvania troops, and another 
that occurred in the Jersey line (which, however, was 
promptly suppressed by military force),* by revealing 
the miserable condition of the soldiers, elicited in their 
behalf universal sympathy, and Congress, with the co¬ 
operation of the States, adopted measures for their imme¬ 
diate relief. It was about this time that Robert Morris, /< 
a wealthy merchant of Philadelphia, being appointed 
financial agent of the Government, pledged his private 
fortune to his country’s service, and by adroit manage¬ 
ment negotiated a loan from France. 

Virginia devastated by the British. The beginning 
of 1781 was signalized by a marauding expedition to 
Virginia, similar to Tryon’s raids into Connecticut. The 
leader was the traitor Arnold, who, with about sixteen 
hundred men from Clinton's army in Hew York, sailed 
up the James River as far as Richmond, plundering, 
burning, and destroying at every landing. In the hope 

* “ The Pennsylvania line of troops was composed in a large degree of 
new-comers from Ireland, and the Jersey line likewise contained a large 
proportion of foreigners. To suppress the mutiny of the Jersey line, Wash¬ 
ington called in some New England regiments from West Point, which, be¬ 
ing composed of ‘ native Americans and freeholders, or sons of freehold¬ 
ers,’ remained true, though they ‘ had equal reasons for discontent. . . . 

In spite of their nakedness, they marched through deep snows, over mount¬ 
ainous roads, and suppressed the incipient revolt. The passions of the 
army were quieted by their patriotism, and order and discipline returned. 

‘ Human patience has its limits,’ wrote Lafayette to his wife on this occa¬ 
sion ; ‘ no European army would suffer the tenth part of what the Ameri¬ 
can troops suffer. It takes citizens to support hunger, nakedness, toil, and 
the total want of pay, which constitute the condition of our soldiers, the 
hardiest and most patient to be found in the world.’ ” (Bancroft’s “ His¬ 
tory of the United States.”) 


236 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


of capturing the renegade, Washington dispatched Lafay¬ 
ette to Virginia with twelve hundred men, and, proceed¬ 
ing himself to Newport, induced the commander of the 
French fleet, still anchoring in that harbor,* to send a 
naval force to the Chesapeake to co-operate with Lafay¬ 
ette and prevent Arnold’s escape by sea. The scheme, 
however, failed in its object, in consequence of the 
French vessels being overtaken by a British squadron off 
the Capes of Virginia, where a sharp engagement took 
place, resulting in the return of the French to Newport 
and the entrance of the British into Chesapeake Bay. 
In March, General Phillips reached Virginia with heavy 
re-enforcements from the Northern Army, and, assuming 
command, continued the work of devastation with re¬ 
newed vigor. Neither Lafayette nor Baron Steuben was 
strong enough to stem the torrent, and could do little 
more than watch the enemy and act on the defensive. 
Phillips died on the 13th of May, and the command again 
devolved on Arnold till the arrival of Cornwallis within 
a week (May 20), u when the latter, to free his camp of 
one whom he despised, ordered the traitor back to Clin¬ 
ton’s army.” + 

Campaign in the Carolinas.% Battle of Cow- 

* The British fleet that blockaded the French fleet upon its arrival in 
Newport Harbor, July 10, 1780, had been recently disabled by storms; 
hence it was that Washington, taking advantage of this accident, urged 
Rochambeau and Admiral Destouches (the latter the successor of De 
Ternay, who died five months after he reached America) to sail to the 
Chesapeake to co-operate in Lafayette’s proposed movements. 

f This contemptuous dismissal of Arnold from Virginia saved him 
from the ignominious fate that he would have met had he been found with 
Cornwallis at Yorktown. 

% “ The direction of affairs in the South had now been intrusted to 
Major-General Greene, who had always been Washington’s first choice for 
that important duty. Steuben aided him in the organization of an army. 
Henry Lee, with his famous legion, was detached from Washington’s army, 
to serve under him; and he had the assistance also of General Morgan, an 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


237 


pens* January 17,1781. Soon after General Greene had 
entered upon command of the Southern Department, he 
removed his headquarters from North Carolina into South 
Carolina, and encamped with the main body of his troops 
on the Great Pedee,f while he sent a detachment under 
General Morgan to protect the northwestern part of the 
State. Tarleton, who had been dispatched by Cornwal¬ 
lis to intercept Morgan, overtook the latter at Cowpens, 
on January 17; a severe battle ensued, in which the Brit¬ 
ish were signally defeated, with the loss of three hundred 
men in killed and wounded and live hundred prisoners, 
while the loss of the Americans was less than eighty. 
Morgan, with his prisoners and spoils, beat a hasty retreat 
into North Carolina, where, after crossing the Catawba, 
he was met by Greene, who assumed command. Mean¬ 
while, Cornwallis, stung to the quick by Tarleton’s over¬ 
throw, started off in hot pursuit of the victors, resolved to 
punish them and release the prisoners. The race across 
North Carolina, between the pursuers and pursued, was 
kept up until February 14, when Greene, having reached 
the Dan in advance of the enemy, ferried his troops safely 
across that river into Virginia.:]: Cornwallis, vexed at the 

enterprising officer already in South Carolina, with an independent com¬ 
mand.” (Hassard’s “ History of the United States.”) % 

* Cowpens, in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, sixteen miles north 
by cast of Spartanburg Court-House, and about three miles south of the 
northern boundary-line of the State, and not far from King’s Mountain. 

\ The place of encampment was near the northeastern boundary of 
South Carolina. 

\ It was shortly after Greene’s retreat into Virginia that Lee and Pick¬ 
ens were ordered into North Carolina to watch the movements of Tarleton, 
then engaged in animating the Tories. “ Failing to meet Tarleton, the par¬ 
tisan leaders overtook, in a long lane, three or four hundred Tories, who, 
under Colonel Pyle were on their way to join the British. Pyle mistook 
Lee for Tarleton, and approaching the patriot commander, “ expressed a 
lively joy at the meeting, at the same time declared his zealous attachment 
to the royal cause.” Lee, hoping to surprise Tarleton who was but a mile 
distant, forbore to correct the error, but, while he was endeavoring to pass 


238 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


escape of liis adversary, £; wheeled about and marched sul¬ 
lenly to Hillsborough.” * 

Battle of Guilford Court-Housef March 15 , 1781. 
Gen. Greene, having been largely re-enforced in Virginia, 
recrossed the Dan and marched in pursuit of Cornwallis. 
On the 15th of March the two armies met at Guilford 
Court-House, where a severe engagement took place. 
Each side sustained nearly an equal loss; Cornwallis re¬ 
mained in possession of the field, and hence claimed the 
victory; but the victory had been won at such a cost that, 
unwilling to risk another battle, he retreated to Wilming¬ 
ton,^; near the sea. In a few w T eeks he left Horth Caro¬ 
lina, and on May 20 entered upon his campaign in Vir¬ 
ginia. (See 1781, T IX., page 240.) 

Battle of HobkirUs Ilillf South Carolina , or Second 
Battle of Camden , April 25, 1781. After the battle of 
Guilford Court-House, Greene moved southward, deter¬ 
mined to strike a blow for the recovery of South Caro¬ 
lina. Lord Rawdon, one of Corn'wallis’s best officers, 
was posted near Camden. Greene, advancing within a 
mile of the British in trench ments, took up a position at 
Hobkirk’s Hill. Here he was surprised by the enemy 
on the morning of the 25th of April, and after a hard- 
fought battle was compelled to yield the field to his ad- 

Pyle’s men, Pickens’s militia came up and engaged their rear. Relinquish¬ 
ing his first project, Lee ordered his cavalry to fall upon the Tories, who 
were routed with great loss, while still protesting that they were “the very 
best friends of King George.” 

* Hillsborough, capital of Orange County, North Carolina, on the Eno 
River, and on the Richmond and Danville Railroad, forty miles northwest 
of Raleigh. 

f Guilford Court-House in Guilford County, North Carolina, and near the 
present town of Greensborough. 

X Wilmington, now a city and port of entry, and capital of New Han¬ 
over County, North Carolina, is situated on the east or left bank of the 
Cape Fear River, about thirty miles from its mouth. 

# Hobkirk’s Hill was about two miles from Camden, South Carolina. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


239 


versary. Lord Rawdon derived but little advantage from 
his victory, for, in about two weeks after the battle, the 
partisan leaders having cut off his supplies, he was forced 
to leave Camden and retreat southward. 

The partisan troopers were still doing good service. 
Within a few months all the British posts in South 
Carolina fell into their hands, except Ninety-six, Eutaw 
Springs, and Charleston. On the 22d of May General 
Greene, with Kosciusko for his engineer, undertook the 
siege of Ninety-six, but the approach of Rawdon, with a 
large re-enforcement from Ireland, compelled him to raise 
the siege. Not being able to hold the post, the British 
soon evacuated it. 

Battle of Eutaw Springs* S. <7., September 8, 1781. 
Early in July, military operations being suspended on 
account of the excessive heat, Greene refreshed his 
worn-out troops on the high hills of the Santee, and by 
September he was prepared to resume the offensive. 
Marching down the right bank of the Santee, he overtook 
the enemy at Eutaw Springs. They w r ere commanded 
by Colonel Stewart, the successor of Lord Rawdon, who 
had sailed for England in July. A terrible battle fol¬ 
lowed, more bloody, perhaps, than any other which had 
occurred during the war. There were two successive en¬ 
gagements on the same day. “ In the first, Greene won 
a brilliant victory, and with little loss; in the second, he 
sustained a defeat, with the death or capture of many of 
his bravest men. In the two engagements the Americans 
lost in killed, w T ounded, and missing, five hundred and 
fifty-four men ; they took five hundred prisoners, includ- 

* Eutaw Springs, a small affluent of the Santee River, in South Carolina. 
Near it, in Charleston County, sixty miles northwest of Charleston, was 
fought the bloody battle in 1781. 


240 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


mg the wounded; and the total loss of the British ap¬ 
proached one thousand.” * The enemy retained posses¬ 
sion of the field, hut the advantage of the battle was 
decidedly w T ith the Americans. Thus ended the campaign 
in the Carolinas. It restored three States to the Union, 
and elicited from Washington the highest praise of 
Greene’s fortitude and ability.f 

Final Campaign of the Revolutionary War. Siege 
of Yorktown,% September 28. Surrender of Cornwal¬ 
lis , October 19 , 1781. As has been stated,* Cornwallis 
reached Virginia on the 20th of May, 1781, and, taking 
command, w T as chiefly occupied—as had been Arnold and 
Phillips—in devastating the country and destroying prop¬ 
erty. In August, Cornwallis fortified himself at York- 
town, as Clinton had ordered him to take position near 
the sea, that he might be at hand should the allied French 
and American troops, then on the Hudson, make a descent 
upon Hew York. Washington had indeed designed an 
assault upon Clinton’s headquarters, but, on learning that 
a French fleet under Count de Grasse would soon reach 
the Chesapeake, he determined to transfer the field of his 
operations to Southern Virginia, with the view to entrap 
Cornwallis. So secret and rapid were the movements of 

* Bancroft’s “ History of the United States.” 

f “ Greene said of himself, ‘ We fight, get beaten, and fight again ’; and, 
if his career was not marked by victories, he always gained the object for 
which he risked an engagement. He had been in command less than nine 
months, and in that time the three Southern States were recovered, except¬ 
ing only the cities of Wilmington (which was soon after evacuated), Charles¬ 
ton, and Savannah. In the opinion of his country he gained for himself, 
as a general in the American army, the place next to Washington.” (Ban¬ 
croft’s “ History of the United States.”) 

X Yorktown, a post-village, capital of York County, Virginia, is situated 
on the right bank of York River, nearly ten miles from its mouth, and 
thirty-six miles north-northwest of Norfolk. Gloucester Point, a hamlet in 
Gloucester County, Virginia, is on the left bank of York River, and almost 
opposite to Yorktown. 

# See III. and V., under 1781, pages 236 and 238. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


241 


the American commander that his forces, accompanied 
by the French allies under Fochambeau, were well on 
their way to Virginia before Clinton became aware of 
their destination. Pursuit at that late hour being useless, 
Clinton, as a stratagem to recall Washington for the de¬ 
fense of Connecticut, sent Arnold to invade that State. 
Few London* was pillaged and burned; Fort Griswold, 
on the opposite side of the river, after a brave resistance, 
was captured, and half the garrison, with their com¬ 
mander, Colonel Ledyard, were cruelly massacred. These 
barbarous deeds failed to arrest the march of Washington. 
On the 28th of September the allied army encamped 
before Yorktown, and the French fleet blocked up the 
Chesapeake. The siege was pushed vigorously, and at 
the end of three weeks Cornwallis, finding further resist¬ 
ance useless, surrendered his entire army of seven 
thousand men as prisoners of war (19th of October, 
1781).+ This victory may be regarded as virtually closing 

* New London, at present a city and port of entry, and semi-capital of 
New London County, Connecticut, is situated on the west bank of the 
Thames River, three miles from its entrance into the ocean, fifty miles east 
of New Haven, and sixty-two miles southwest of Providence. Its harbor is 
one of the best in the United States. The city is defended by Fort Trum¬ 
bull and Fort Griswold. 

f “ The scene of the surrender was imposing. Thousands of patriots 
assembled from the surrounding country to witness it. . . . Cornwallis 
would not appear, but sent his sword by General O’Hara. Lincoln was 
selected by Washington to receive this token of submission, as a solace for 
the mortification he had experienced in surrendering Charleston the previ¬ 
ous year. ... On the very day of the surrender Clinton set out from New 
York for the relief of Cornwallis. Off the coast of Virginia he learned to 
his dismay that he was too late, and that nothing was left him but to retrace 
his course. News of the success at Yorktown rapidly spread through the 
country. One of Washington’s aides bore the glad tidings to Philadelpnia. 
Arriving at night, he proceeded at once to the house of the President of 
Congress, and knocked so loudly that a watchman was on the point of ar¬ 
resting him for disturbing the peace. He was forgiven, however, on an- 
nouucing his joyful news. The bell of the old State-House soon pealed forth 
in exulting tones. Some were speechless with delight, while others wept; 
and the aged door-keeper of Congress died from excessive joy. Congress 

11 


242 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


the mighty struggle for American independence, which 
had now lasted six years and six months (April 19, 1775, 
to October 19, 1781). New York, Charleston, and Sa¬ 
vannah, were the only important places still held by the 
British. King George was unwilling to yield the cause, 
but the people of England demanded peace. 

On the 1st of March, 1781, Maryland, following the 
example of her twelve sister States, ratified the Articles 
of Confederation that were drawn up by Congress in 
1777, and the Federal Union of thirteen independent 
States was thereby consummated. 

Death of Lessing, German critic and author, aged 52 years. 

1782 . The Independence of the United States of 
North America was acknowledged by Great Britain. A 
preliminary Treaty of Peace was arranged by Franklin, 
at Paris, November 30. 

John Adams was received at the Hague, as the ac¬ 
credited Minister of the United States, April 19. 

Richmond, the capital of Virginia, was incorporated 
as a city. (Examine 1737, page 165; 1742, page 168; 
and 1779, page 226.) 

Pope Pius VI. visited Vienna, with the view of arresting the 
innovations of the Emperor Joseph II. 

Death of Charles Watson-Wentworth, second Marquis of Rock¬ 
ingham, Prime Minister of Great Britain, aged 52 years. 

1783 . The final Treaty of Peace between the 
United States and Great Britain was signed at Paris, 
September 3. The boundaries of the United States were 
agreed upon as extending northward to the Great Lakes, 

voted the highest honors to all who had aided in gaining this important 
victory. Washington celebrated the occasion by releasing those who were 
under military arrest. Religious services were performed in several bri¬ 
gades, and the troops were invited to unite in returning thanks to that 
Divine Power who had crowned their labors and sufferings with success.” 
(Quackenbos’s “ History of the United States.”) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


243 


and westward to tlie Mississippi Eiver. The territory 
west of this river was recognized as belonging to Spain. 
At the same time, Great Britain made peace with France, 
Spain, and Holland, and restored to Spain East and West 
Florida. (See 1763, T I., page 183, and 1819, T III., 
page 310.) 

On the 25th of November, the British evacuated New 
York, the last city held by them in the United States. 
They had evacuated Charleston, South Carolina, De¬ 
cember 14, 1782, and Savannah, Georgia, July 11, 1783. 

December 23.—Washington resigned his commission 
to Congress, at Annapolis, Maryland.* 


* Continental Army in 1783. 


COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 


George Washington.. .. 

State. 

Date of Commission. 

Tara,el Putnam. 

MAJOR-GENERALS. 

. .Connecticut. 


Horatio Gates. 


_May 16, 1776. 

William Heath. 


_Aug. 9, 1776. 

Nathanael Greene. 



William Lord Stirling.. 


.Feb. 19, 1777. 

Arthur St. Clair. 

.... Pennsylvania. 

. . .Feb. 19, 1777. 

Benjamin Lincoln. 

.. .. Massachusetts. 

. . ..Feb. 19, 1777. 

M. de Lafayette_ .. 


_July 31, 1777. 

Robert Howe. 

. . . .North Carolina. 

_Oct. 20, 1777. 

Alexander McDougall.. 


_Oct. .20, 1777. 

Baron Steuben. 


_May 6, 1778. 

William Smallwood... . 


.. ..Sept. 15, 1780. 

William Moultrie. 


.Nov. 14, 1780. 

Henry Knox. 

. .. . Massachusetts. 

_Nov. 15, 1780. 

Le Chevalier du Portail 

... France. 

. .. .Nov. 16, 1780. 

James Clinton. 

BRIGADIER-GENERALS. 

... .New York. 

.Aug. 9, 1776. 

Lachlan McIntosh. 

.. .Georgia. 

_Sept. 16, 1776. 

John Patterson. 


.. ..Feb. 21, 1777. 

Anthony Wayne. 

. .. . Pennsylvania. 

... Feb. 21, 1777. 

George Weeden. 

. ..Virginia. 

... .Feb. 21, 1777. 

. ...Feb. 21, 1777. 

P. Muhlenburg. 


George Clinton. 


.. . . Mar. 25, 1777. 

Edward Hand. 

. .. .Pennsylvania. 

....April 1, 1777. 


















































244 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Deaths: D’Alembert, French mathematician, aged 66 years; 
Leonard Euler, Swiss mathematician, aged 76 years. 

1784. In consequence of the imbecility of King Christian VII. 
of Denmark, his son, the Crown-Prince Frederic, became Regent 
of the kingdom. (See foreign history, 1808, IT II., page 286.) 

Deaths: Diderot, French philosopher, aged 71 years; Samuel 
Johnson, English lexicographer, aged 75 years. 

1785 . John Adams, of Massachusetts, first Minister 
of the United States to Great Britain, was received by 
George III., June 1. 

Death of General Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia, 
aged 97 years. 

La P6rouse, French navigator, embarked on his voyage to ex¬ 
plore the Northern Pacific. 

1786 . Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts. The 
Articles of Confederation gave power to Congress to 
incur debts, but not to levy taxes as a means of paying 
them; it could only appeal to the States to raise each its 
rightful proportion of the heavy debt resulting from the 
war. In some of the States, the system of taxation 


BRIGADIER-GENERALS— (continued). 


Charles Scott. 



2, 1777. 

Jedediah Huntington..., 



12, 1777. 

John Stark. 



4, 1777. 

Jethro Sumner. 



9, 1779. 
9, 1779. 

Isaac Huger. 

. . .South Carolina. 


Mordecai Gist. 



9, 1779. 

William Irvine. 



9, 1779. 
13, 1780. 

Daniel Morgan. 



Moses Ilazen. 


C. H. Williams. 



9, 1782. 

John Greaton. 



7, 1783. 
7, 1788. 

Rufus Putnam. 



Elias Dayton. 



7, 1783. 


Major-General le Chevalier du Portail, Chief Engineer. 
Major-General Baron Steuben, Inspector-General. 

Colonel Walter Stewart, Inspector of the Northern Department. 
Brigadier.General Hand, Adjutant-General, 

Colonel Timothy Pickering, Quartermaster-General. 

John Cochran, Esq., Director-General of Hospitals. 

Thomas Edwards, Judge-Advocate General. 

John Pierce, Esq., Paymaster-General. 




























CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


245 


adopted met with powerful opposition. An alarming in¬ 
surrection directed against the collection of taxes, and 
headed by Daniel Shays, broke out in Massachusetts, De¬ 
cember, 1786 ; a strong force under General Lincoln was 
sent against the insurgents, and the rebellion was quelled 
in January, 1787, without much bloodshed. These dis¬ 
turbances showed the necessity of a stronger and more 
centralized government for the safety and preservation of 
the Union, and led ultimately to the framing of the Con¬ 
stitution. (See 1787,TT I. and III.) 

Frederic William II., aged 42 years, succeeded his paternal 
uncle, Frederic the Great, on the throne of Prussia. (See foreign 
history, 1797, If IV. page 256.) 

Maria da Gloria I., after the demise of her husband, Pedro III. 
of Portugal, reigned alone till 1792, when, in consequence of her 
mental incapacity, her son, Prince John, became Regent of the 
kingdom. (Connect with foreign history, 1792, IT IV., page 250.) 

Impeachment of Warren Hastings moved by Burke. (See 1772, 
IF II. of foreign history, page 188.) 

Deaths: Pedro III., King of Portugal, aged 69 years; Frederic 
the Great of Prussia, aged 75 years. lie had reigned 45 years— 
1740-1786. 

1787. Constitution of the United States. A con¬ 
vention, composed, of the ablest men of the country, met 
at Philadelphia for the purpose of revising the Articles 
of Confederation that were drawn up by the Congress of 
1777 * Washington w T as unanimously chosen presiding 
officer. It soon became evident that the articles were 
too defective to admit of remodeling; accordingly, after 
four months’ deliberation, a new Constitution was adopt¬ 
ed, and submitted to the individual States, with the agree¬ 
ment that, if it should receive the assent of nine out of 
the thirteen, it was to go into operation on the 4th of 
March, 1789. 

United States Congress organized “ The Northwest 
* See 1777, T XIII., page 213. 


246 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Territory ” out of unsettled lands ceded by several 
States to tbe General Government. It embraced the 
region that lay between tbe Ohio River and the Great 
Lakes, and extended from Pennsylvania to the Missis¬ 
sippi River. 

Shays’s Rebellion in Massachusetts suppressed. (See 
1786.) 

Death of Gluck, aged 73 years, German musical composer. 

1788. Constitution of the United States adopted 
by all the States, except North Carolina and Rhode 
Island.* 

First permanent settlement in Ohio was made at Ma¬ 
rietta, by a party of New-Englanders. 

Cincinnati founded, in December, by a party from 
New Jersey. 

Death of Count de Grasse, aged 65 years, French 
admiral who served in the cause of American Independ¬ 
ence. 

Charles IV. (Bourbon), aged 40 years, ascended the throne of 
Spain upon the death of his father, Charles III. (See foreign his¬ 
tory, 1808, 1 I., page 286.) 

First English colony in Australia founded at Sydney. 

Deaths: Buffon, French naturalist, aged 81 years; Gainsborough, 
English painter, aged 61 years. 

1789. First President of the United States , George 
Washington ,f of Virginia (born 1732• died , 1799). 

* See November, 1789, II.; and May, 1790, III., page 248. 

f George Washington, the leader of the American Revolution, and first 
President of the United States, was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, 
February 22, 1732. His early education and the formation of his character 
chiefly devolved upon his mother, who was left a widow when George was 
a little more than eleven years of age; she took great care to cultivate his 
mind, his manners, and his heart. u The boy is father to the man.” What¬ 
ever he did was well done. At the age of sixteen he left school, a man in 
character and nearly one in stature. As a surveyor in his own colony, he 
became early inured to hardships. The thorough knowledge of the for¬ 
ests and Indian character acquired at this time proved of immense value 
to him. At the age of nineteen he was already one of the prominent men 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


247 



^FRENCH? 

^VOLUTlO^' 


Elected by all the people. His inauguration took place in 
the city of Hew York, April 30. Administration eight 
years—1789-’97. Vice-President, John Adams, of Mas¬ 
sachusetts. Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, of 
V irginia. 

of Virginia, and was employed by that colony in the military service dur¬ 
ing the French and Indian War. He was for some time a member of the 
Virginia House of Burgesses. An ardent advocate of his country’s free¬ 
dom, he was sent as delegate to the first Continental Congress, in 1774. 
The following year he was elected by that body commander-in-chief of 
the American forces, which with signal ability he led to the achievement 
of their country’s independence. He was chosen president of the conven¬ 
tion which was to form the Constitution, and was finally unanimously elected 
first President of his country, 1789, which office he held till 1797, when he 
retired to the peaceful shades of Mount Vernon, where he died in 1799, 
after a short illness, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. Though married 
in 1759 to Mrs. Martha Custis, a distinguished Virginia lady, he had no 
offspring, but, as an able writer has remarked, “ Providence left him child¬ 
less, that he might be the Father of his Country.” 










248 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

In November.—North Carolina accepted the Consti¬ 
tution of the United States. 

Outbreak of the French Revolution.* Meeting of the States- 
General. The Bastile taken. 

1790. In January, Alexander Hamilton, Secretary 
of the Treasury, brought forward his system of finance. 
The national debt, amounting to fifty-four million dol¬ 
lars, was to be paid in full, and the State debts, estimated 
at twenty-five million, were to be assumed by the na¬ 
tion. To raise the necessary funds, duties were to be im¬ 
posed on foreign goods and distilled spirits. The plan 
at first met w T ith much opposition, but was finally ap¬ 
proved. (Connect with 1794, T II-? P a g e 251.) 

Indian War in the Northwest; defeat of General 
Harmar. (Connect with 1791,. T I., page 249.) 

May.—Rhode Island adopted the Constitution, and 
the Confederacy then embraced all of the thirteen origi¬ 
nal States. 

First Monday in December, the National Capital was 
temporarily transferred from New York to Philadelphia. 
(Connect with 1800, 1" I., page 259.) 

First census of the United States (1790)—population, 
3,929,214. 

Death of Benjamin Franklin, American philosopher 
and statesman, aged 85 years. 

* Among the various causes which have been assigned as the origin of 
the French Revolution, the following stand conspicuous : 1. The oppression 
of the lower classes by a haughty nobility; 2. A general corruption of 
morals and contempt for religion caused by the infidel writings of such 
men as Voltaire; 3. The dissemination of republican principles through¬ 
out France, which followed the return of the French officers and soldiers 
who had fought in the War of American Independence; 4. The public debt, 
caused by the reckless extravagance of the French court, and in part, also, 
by the assistance given to the people of the United States: this, necessitat¬ 
ing heavy taxation, created great discontent among the people. (See note 
* under 1778, page 214.) These and other circumstances led to that fear¬ 
ful storm which, bursting at length in 1789, deluged France with blood and 
convulsed the entire continent. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


249 


Leopold II., aged 43 years, son of Francis I. and Maria Theresa, 
ascended the imperial throne of Germany upon the death of his 
brother, Joseph II. 

Death of Howard, English philanthropist, aged 63 years. 

1791 . Indian War in Ohio; defeat of General St. 
Clair. (Connect with 1794, T I-, p a ge 251.) 

By Act of Congress, the first National Bank was char¬ 
tered in Philadelphia for twenty years, under the name 
of Bank of the United States. (See 1816, T I., page 307.) 

Coal was accidentally discovered in 1791, on Mauch 
Chunk (mawk chunk ) Mountain, in Pennsylvania, near 
the Lehigh Biver, by a hunter in pursuit of game.* 

Vermont, the fourteenth State, was admitted into the 
Union March 4. 

Flight and arrest of Louis XVI. of France. 

Convention of Pilnitz (near Dresden, Saxony), between the Em¬ 
peror Leopold II. and the King of Prussia, Frederic William II.t 

Death of Mozart, German musical composer, aged 36 years. 

1792 . The National Mint of the United States estab¬ 
lished in Philadelphia, by Act of Congress, April 2. 

The coast of Oregon and the Columbia Biver were dis¬ 
covered by Captain Gray, of Boston, in May. (Connect 
with 1804, T HP-? p a ge 278.) 

Kentucky, the fifteenth State, previously a part of 
Virginia, was admitted into the Union, June 1. 

Francis II. of Germany, aged 24 years, ascended the throne 
upon the death of his father, Leopold II. He was the last Emperor 
of Germany of the house of Austria. (Connect with foreign history, 
1804, IT II., page 278, and 1806, IT VII., page 282.) 


* The discovery of this valuable mineral contributed greatly to the 
[prosperity, not only of Pennsylvania, but also of the whole nation ; for, by 
the increased supply of fuel, the iron deposits were rendered vastly more 
profitable, and the production of the metal became a leading source of 
industry and wealth. 

f The articles drawn up declared the readiness of Austria and Prussia 
to adopt measures for the emancipation of Louis XVI., and appealed to the 
other powers to support an armed intervention for the purpose of re-estab¬ 
lishing the monarchical government, with all its rights and prerogatives, in 
the hands of the deposed king. 



250 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


France became a republic. (Connect with foreign history, 
1793, IT I., page 251.) 

Gustavus IV., aged 13 years, ascended the throne of Sweden, 
upon the assassination of his father, Gustavus III. (See foreign 
history, 1809, H I., page 288.) 

John, Prince of Brazil, aged 25 years, son of Pedro III. and 
Maria da Gloria I., was made Regent of Portugal, in consequence 
of the mental derangement of his mother, the queen. (See foreign 
history, 1807, H V., page 285.) 

Death of Sir Joshua Reynolds, English painter, aged 67 years. 

1793. Washington’s second inauguration took place 
in Philadelphia, March 4. Vice-President, John Adams. 
Secretaries of State—Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia; 
Edmund Randolph, of Virginia; and Timothy Picker¬ 
ing, of Pennsylvania. 

M. Genet, whom the French Republic sent as embas¬ 
sador to the United States, was received with honors by a 
grateful people. France being then at war with England, 
Genet, shortly after his arrival, began to fit out privateers 
against English commerce, notwithstanding the proclama¬ 
tion of neutrality which had been issued by the President. 
This conduct, imperiling the peace of the United States, dis¬ 
pleased Washington, and forced him to demand the recall 
of Genet by his Government. The request was, of course, 
promptly complied with. (Connect with 1798, If I., p. 256.) 

Invention of the Cotton-Gin . The cultivation of cot¬ 
ton had been limited on account of the great difficulty of 
separating the fiber from the seed, which was done en¬ 
tirely by hand.* In 1792 a young schoolmaster of Mas¬ 
sachusetts, Eli Whitney, then residing in Georgia, having 

* The separation of one pound of cotton from the seed was considered 
an excellent day’s work. On hearing the news of the invention of the won¬ 
derful machine which would do the work of a thousand women in a day, 
planters hastened from all parts to see it. Whitney’s model was stolen, 
his patent violated, and he was long defrauded of the fruits of his labor. 
The entire cotton-crop of 1791 did not exceed 2,000,000 pounds; in 1801, 
with the stimulus given by the cotton-gin, it had increased to 48,000,000 
pounds. “The crop of the fiscal year 1883- 84—the largest ever gathered 
—was 3,405,070,410 pounds gross weight.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


251 


displayed much inventive genius, was asked to devise a 
machine which would remove the seeds. The cotton-gin, 
which was patented in 1793, was the result of his labor. 
(See illustration on the Chart.) 

The Reign of Terror inaugurated in France. (Connect with 
foreign history, 1794, H I., page 252.) 

Second partition of Poland. (See foreign history, 1772, IT I., 
page 188, and 1795, T III., page 253.) 

January 21, King Louis XVI., an<b October 16, Marie Antoinette, 
of France, guillotined. The decapitation of the king led to the 
grand coalition against France. All the European powers (except 
Sweden, Denmark, Turkey, and the Swiss), headed by England, 
took up arms against the French Republic. The object of the war, 
which lasted three years, was the restoration of the Bourbons to the 
French throne. (Connect with foreign history, 1795, IT II., page 253.) 

1794. General Wayne ended the Indian War which 
was begun in the year 1790. 

Whisky Insurrection. The tax on whisky was obnox¬ 
ious, especially in Western Pennsylvania, where secret 
societies were organized among the people to resist its 
payment. The officials were boldly attacked, and at last 
the insurgents, taking up arms, arrayed themselves in 
open rebellion. Washington was compelled to call out 
troops against them, and, on the appearance of fifteen 
thousand militia, the “ Whisky Insurrection ” came sud¬ 
denly to an end. (See 1790, T I., page 248.) 

Causes of Complaint against England. Measures 
adopted to avert War. The war between France and Eng¬ 
land, in 1793, brought on serious troubles between the lat- 
% ter country and the United States. American commerce 
and property suffered from British vessels cruising against 
France, and American ships were continually exposed to 
injury and insult from British men-of-war claiming the 
right to search for British subjects. Thus many men who 
\ had become naturalized in America, and sometimes even 
native Americans, were impressed into the British serv- 


252 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

ice. These measures, together with the fact that Eng¬ 
land still retained the forts in the Northwest, which, by 
the Treaty of 1783, she had agreed to surrender, naturally 
fostered a spirit of bitterness against her, and a strong dis¬ 
position in favor of war was openly manifested, while, in 
the Republican or Jeffersonian party, unconcealed sym¬ 
pathy with Erance prevailed. In order to avert the im¬ 
pending war, Chief-Justice Jay was sent by Washington 
as special envoy to London. A treaty was negotiated by 
him in 1794, settling some of the causes of dispute, but 
it was not ratified till after great opposition. The im¬ 
portant question of impressment was omitted, only to 
become the cause of greater trouble in the future. 
France, being greatly incensed by this treaty, commenced 
in turn to prey upon American vessels. 

Death of Baron Steuben, Prussian-American general, 
aged 64 years. (See note £ on page 214.) 

Count d’Estaing, French-American admiral, aged 65 
years, was guillotined. (See VII., under 1778, page 218, 
and T IV., under 1779, page 223.) 

Fall of Robespierre. End of the Reign of Terror. 

Revolt of the blacks in St. Domingo under Toussaint L’Ouvertnre. 

Kosciusko, dictator of Poland, encouraged the Poles to resist 
their oppressors; after a noble struggle, he was defeated, wounded, 
and taken prisoner. (Connect with foreign history, 1817, IF I., 
page 309.) 

Deaths: Edward Gibbon, English historian (57); Sir William 
Jones (48), English Orientalist; Count Kaunitz (83), former Chan¬ 
cellor of Austria. 

Robespierre (36), French revolutionist, and Lavoisier (51), natu- • 
ral philosopher and chemist, guillotined. 

1795. Four important treaties secured by the United 
States signalize this year: 1. Jay’s Treaty of Commerce 
with Great Britain was ratified by Congress on June 24* 

2. The Indians whom General Wayne had conquered 

* See American history, 1794, III., page 252. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


253 


were compelled to sign a treaty giving up tlie territory 
that now constitutes Ohio and a part of Indiana. 3. A 
treaty with Algiers,* by which American captives were 
released, and the commerce of the Mediterranean was 
opened to our vessels. 4. A treaty w T ith Spain, which 
fixed the boundaries between the Spanish possessions of 
Louisiana and Florida and the United States, and con¬ 
ceded to our vessels the free navigation of the Mississippi. 

The Batavian Republic founded. Early in 1795 Holland was in¬ 
vaded by the republican army of France, under Pichegru. The 
Stadtholder, William V., with all the Orange family, took refuge in 
England. A new republic was organized upon the model of the 
French Republic, and, from the ancient name of the country, was 
called the Batavian Republic. (Connect with foreign history, 1806, 
IT V., page 282.) 

The French Directory was organized October 28. (See foreign 
history, 1799, IT II., page 259.) 

The final partition and extinction of Poland. Courland was an¬ 
nexed to Russia. (See foreign historv, 1772, IT I., page 188, and 
1793, IF II., page 251.) 

Deaths: Boswell, aged 55 years, English writer and biographer 
of Dr. Johnson ; Barth4lemy, French writer, aged 80 years. 

1796 . Washington, though urged to serve a third 
term, refused a re-election, and published his Farewell 
Address to the nation—a document which has ever been 
regarded by the people of the United States as one of 
their most valuable treasures. 

Tennessee, the sixteenth State, previously a part of 
North Carolina, admitted into the Union, June l.f 

Death of General Anthony Wayne, aged 51 years. 

Napoleon Bonaparte was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
army in Italy, February 23, 1796. March 8, he married Josephine 
Tascher, widow of Viscount Beauharnais. Twelve days after that 
event, he repaired to Nice, where the republican army awaited 

* “ The terms of the treaty of Algiers were humiliating, but necessary, as 
the United States had no navy. Eight hundred thousand dollars were to be 
paid to the Dey for the release of American captives held as slaves, and an 
annual tribute of twenty-three thousand dollars was promised in return for 
his engagement to leave our merchant-ships unmolested.” (Connect with 
1815, f HI., p. 304.) f See note under 1 II. of 1802, p. 276. 



254 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


him, preparatory to the invasion of Italy. The Italian campaign 
was marked by a series of victories over the Austrians so rapid and 
brilliant as to startle the allies and dazzle all Europe. By the fa¬ 
mous battle of the Bridge of Lodi, the French became masters of 
Lombardy. Mantua alone remained to the Austrians. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1797, 1 1., page 255.) 

Vaccine inoculation, or vaccination, discovered by Dr. tenner, 
May, 179(5.* (See foreign history, 1721, IT II., page 161.) 

Charles Emanuel IV., aged 45 years, was crowned King of Sar¬ 
dinia upon the death of his father, Victor Amadeus III. (See for¬ 
eign history, 1802, IT II., page 276.) 

Paul I., aged 42 years, son of Peter III. and Catharine II., as¬ 
cended the throne of Russia upon the death of his mother. (See 
foreign history, 1801, IT V., page 275.) 

Death of Robert Burns, Scottish poet, aged 37 years. 

1797. Second President of the United States, John 
Adams,\ of Massachusetts {born, 1735; died, 1826). 
Elected by the Federalists. Ilis inauguration took place 
in Philadelphia. Administration four years—1797-1801. 
Vice-President, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. Secre- 

* Dr. Jenner’s first experiment was made in May, 1796, by transferring 
the pus from the pustule of a milkmaid (who had caught the cow-pox from 
a cow) to a healthy child. He subsequently published the result to the 
world, and the cure became general in 1799. 

f John Adams, the second President of the United States, was born in 
Braintree, Massachusetts, October, 1735. He was a graduate of Harvard Col¬ 
lege, and became a distinguished lawyer. In 1764 he married Abigail Smith, 
a woman of great intellectual ability. Adams was one of the most energetic 
and eloquent members of the Continental Congress; it was he who proposed 
Washington as cpmmander-in-chief of the armies. In alluding to the Dec¬ 
laration of Independence, Jefferson said of him that “ he was the pillar of its 
support, its ablest advocate and defender.” In 1779 Mr. Adams was sent 
as Minister Plenipotentiary to Europe, and so successful was his mission to 
Holland that he was styled by some “the Washington of negotiation.” ne 
returned home in 1788, having enjoyed the glorious triumph of hearing 
George III. declare the independence of the United States. In 1789 he 
was chosen Vice-President, to which office he was re-elected in 1793. In 
1797 he was elected President. In 1800 the seat of government was trans¬ 
ferred to Washington, then a city only in name, as remarked Mrs. Adams, 
the first lady who occupied the “ White House.” Mr. Adams retired to 
private life (March 4, 1801), after twenty-six years of untiring devotion to 
his country. Like Washington, he was “ a gentleman of the old school,” 
reserved and stately. He died at the age of ninety, July 4, 1826, during the 
administration of his son John Quincy Adams. Eis friend and rival, 
Thbmas Jefferson, expired the same day, an hour or so before him. Jef¬ 
ferson, in speaking of Adams, once said, “A more honest man never issued 
from the hands of his Creator.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


255 



taries of State—Timothy Pickering, of Pennsylvania, and 
John Marshall, of Virginia. 

Mantua, held by the Austrians, was besieged by the French; two 
Austrian armies sent to the relief of the city were met by Bonaparte 
and defeated—the one at Areola, November, 1796, the other at Ri- 
voli, January, 1797—and Mantua finally surrendered February, 1797. 

The Cisalpine * and Ligurian Republics were established by the 
French—the former in North Italy, which, under the empire, be¬ 
came the kingdom of Italy; the latter comprised the province of 
Genoa, and in 1805 was incorporated in the empire. (See foreign 
history, 1802,1 1., page 276.) 

Treaty of Campo Formio, October 17, between France and 
Austria. By this settlement, France acquired possession of the 
Belgic provinces and the Rhine boundary, and of the Ionian Isl¬ 
ands; Milan, Mantua, and Modena were ceded to the Cisalpine 
Republic; and Venice was assigned to the emperor. 


* The Cisalpine Republic comprehended Lombardy, Farrna, Modena, the 
Papal Legations, and the Venetian territory to the line of the Adige. 















256 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Frederic William III., aged 27 years, ascended the throne of 
Prussia upon the death of his father, Frederic William II. He was 
the father of William I., Emperor of Germany—the first monarch 
of the second German Empire. (See foreign history, 1871, T I., 
page 480.) 

Deaths: Edmund Burke, aged 67 years, English statesman and 
orator; John Wilkes, aged 70 years, English political agitator. 

1798. — War with France threatened. The difficulty 
between France and the United States, which began in 
Washington’s administration, nearly culminated in open 
warfare soon after Mr. Adams came into office. In addi¬ 
tion to the irritation caused by the neutral attitude as¬ 
sumed by our Government, the French Republic found 
another pretext for displeasure in the treaty of commerce 
Jay had recently negotiated with England. Consequently, 
the United States flag was insulted, her ships were seized 
by French war-vessels, and the American minister was 
ordered to leave France. President Adams, with a view 
to avert war, which now appeared inevitable, sent three 
commissioners to Paris to effect an adjustment of the dif¬ 
ficulties. The Directory refused to receive them, but in 
an informal interview with Talleyrand, the Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, it was intimated' that accommodation 
could be secured by a bribe of $240,000 for the private 
use of the members of the Directory. The bait was in¬ 
dignantly rejected, with the prompt retort, “ Millions for 
defense, not one cent for tribute!” and the United States 
prepared at once for war. The Department of the Navy 
was established by Congress (May 21), appropriations 
were made for the defense of the coasts, a provisional 
army was organized, and Washington, called once more 
from his retirement, was appointed commander-in-chief. 
(Connect with 1800, If II., page 260.) 

The Alien and Sedition Laws passed by the United 
States Congress (1798). By the Alien Act, the President 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


257 


had power to expel from the country all foreigners whom 
he regarded as dangerous to the Government; by the 
Sedition Act, any one libeling Congress, the President, 
or the Government, could be fined or imprisoned. “ These 
laws were advocated on account of efforts that foreign 
emissaries were then making to embroil the United States 
in European difficulties, but, as they abridged personal 
liberty and freedom of speech, and consequently were 
unconstitutional, they met with violent opposition, espe¬ 
cially from the Republican party, with Mr. Jefferson, the 
Vice-President, at their head.” 

The Irish rising in 1798, nnder the direction of the United Irish¬ 
men (organized in 1791), was suppressed at the battle of Vinegar 
Hill, and afterward punished with relentless cruelty. 

Pope Pius VI. expelled from Rome by the French, February 15, 
and carried a prisoner to France. Rome proclaimed a republic. 
(See foreign history, 1799, IF IV., page 259.) 

The ancient Swiss Confederacy abolished, and the Helvetian 
Republic proclaimed by France. 

In May, Bonaparte set out on his Egyptian campaign.* He 
seized Malta on his way, June 12; t captured Alexandria July 3; 
and on the 21st defeated the Mamelukes in the battle of the Pyra¬ 
mids; this victory opeued to him the city of Cairo, and made him 
master of Egypt. Meanwhile, the French fleet, anchored in Aboukir 
Bay, at the mouth of the Nile, was destroyed by the English fleet 
under Admiral Nelson, at the battle of the Nile, August 1. (Con¬ 
nect with foreign history, 1799, IF III., page 259.) 

Death of Galvani, Italian physician, aged fll years. He discov¬ 
ered that branch of electricity which bears his name. 

1790. Death , at Mount Vernon, Virginia , Decern - 
her H, of George Washington , the Father of his Coun- 

* The invasion of Egypt was undertaken as a means of crippling the 
commerce and power of Great Britain in the East, Egypt being the great 
commercial highway to India. 

f Malta was still in possession of the Knights of St. John of Jerusa¬ 
lem, to whom it had been ceded in 1530 by the Emperor Charles V. 
Russia declared itself the protector of the order—the Czar Paul being 
made grand-master—but, after the loss of their stronghold, the gallant 
Knights of Malta, who on more than one occasion had been chiefly in¬ 
strumental in saving Europe from the Turks, soon ceased to exist as a 
military body. 


258 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


try, “ first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of 
his countrymen.” * 

The Kingdom of Naples, or of the Two Sicilies, was seized by 
the Frencli and erected into the Parthenopean Republic.t 

June 22.—War of the second coalition against France, by Great 
Britain, the Emperors of Germany and Russia, the Kings of Naples 

* On the 14th of December, 1799, after an illness of one day only, Gen¬ 
eral Washington expired. Intelligence of this event, as it rapidly spread, 
produced spontaneous, deep, and unaffected grief, suspending every other 
thought, and absorbing every different feeling. 

Congress, then in session at Philadelphia, immediately adjourned. On 
assembling the next day, the House of Representatives resolved “ that the 
Speaker’s chair should be shrouded in black, and the members wear black 
during the session; and that a joint committee should be appointed to de¬ 
vise the most suitable manner of paying honor to the memory of ‘ the man 
first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.’ ” 

The Senate, on this melancholy occasion, addressed a letter of condo¬ 
lence to the President of the United States. “ This event,” they observe, 
“ so distressing to all our fellow-citizens, must be particularly heavy to you, 
who have long been associated with him in deeds of patriotism. Permit 
us, sir, to mingle our tears with yours. On this occasion it is manly to 
weep. To lose such a man, at such a crisis, is no common calamity to the 
world. Our country mourns a father. The almighty Disposer of human 
events has taken from us our greatest benefactor and ornament. It be¬ 
comes us to submit with reverence to Him who maketh darkness his pa¬ 
vilion. 

“With patriotic pride we review the life of our Washington, and com¬ 
pare him with those of other countries who have been pre eminent in fame. 
Ancient and modern names are diminished before him. Greatness and guilt 
have been too often allied, but his fame is whiter than it is brilliant. The 
destroyers of nations stood abashed at the majesty of his virtues. It re¬ 
proved the intemperance of their ambition, and darkened the splendor of 
victory. 

“ Such was the man we deplore. Thanks to God, his glory is consum¬ 
mated. Washington yet lives on earth in his spotless example—his spirit 
is in heaven. Let his countrymen consecrate the memory of the heroic gen¬ 
eral, the patriotic statesman, and the virtuous sage; let them teach their 
children never to forget that the fruits of his labors and of his example are 
their inheritance.” 

f The reigning monarch, Ferdinand IY. (or I.), had joined the grand con¬ 
federacy against Fi’ance at an early period of the war. He afterward made 
his peace, but, again joining in the war, the French made themselves masters 
of Naples in January, 1799, and the royal family were compelled to take 
refuge in Sicily. The government of Naples was modeled on the plan of 
the French Republic, and received the name of the Parthenopean Republic, 
but within a few weeks, Admiral Nelson appearing upon the coast, the 
French capitulated, the democratic system was overturned, the old mon¬ 
archy and government were restored, and the king was welcomed back to 
his throne. (Sec foreign history, 1806, III., page 281.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


259 


and Portugal, Turkey, and the Barbary States. It was caused by 
the aggrandizing policy of the Directory, as exhibited in the seizure 
of Rome, Switzerland, etc., in 1798. (See foreign history, IF IF II. 
and III., page 257.) 

In February, Bonaparte began the invasion of Syria. Having 
captured Gaza and Jaffa, he laid siege to Acre, March 18, but, being 
repulsed by Sir Sidney Smith, he raised the siege, May 20, and, re¬ 
turning to Egypt, he defeated the Turks at Aboukir, July 24. At 
this crisis, deeming his presence in Paris necessary to check 
the misrule of the Directory, Bonaparte resigned the command 
of his army to K16ber, and embarked for France. By the aid 
of military force, he succeeded in effecting a change in the govern¬ 
ment of the republic. The Directory was overthrown, and the con¬ 
sulate established. Bonaparte received the appointment of first 
consul, December 13. (See foreign history, 1802, IT I., page 276.) 

Pius VI. died an exile in France. 

1800 . Seat of Government removed permanently 
from Philadelphia to Washington , District of Colum¬ 
bia* The illustration on the Chart represents the north 
wing of the Capitol, the only portion completed in 1800. 
The corner-stone was laid in 1793 by President Wash¬ 
ington. 

*“In 1790, an act was passed by Congress, locating the national 
capital on the hills of Conococheague (the present site of Washington 
City), and President Washington purchased the requisite land from the four 
resident farmers. As early as 1663 the domain was called Rome, the trav¬ 
ersing water-course the Tiber, and the chief eminence (on which the Capitol 
now stands) was known as the Capitoline Hill—not, as has been intimated, 
on account of prophetic intimations of its future greatness, but because it 
was owned by a Mr. Pope, who facetiously desired to be called the Pope of 
Rome. In 1755, Washington (then Major Washington) had encamped on 
the present site of the Naval Observatory with Braddock’s troops, and 
probably had studied the surrounding topography. . . . General Washing¬ 
ton named the new capital ‘The Federal City’; but the commissioners en¬ 
titled it ‘The City of Washington.’ Jefferson detested the old Babylonian 
plan of rectangular squares (as exemplified at Philadelphia), and under his 
influence the surveyors (L’Enfant and Ellicott) introduced a system of grand 
Versaillaise avenues. The commissioners ordered the founding of an ornate 
itinerary column in the present Lincoln Square (like the Umbilicus in the 
Roman Forum), whence all American distances should be computed, and the 
national roads should depart. A grand national church (non-sectarian) was 
to be founded on the present Patent-Office site, and fifteen squares were to 
be given to the States for adornment. In l788-’89, Maryland and Virginia 
ceded a domain of one hundred square miles to the United States (of which 
the Virginia portion was unfortunately retroceded in 1846).”—Osgood’s 
“ Middle States.” 


200 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Treaty of Peace between France and the United 
States secured by Bonaparte. Hostilities with the French 
had commenced in 1798, although a formal declaration 
of war had been deferred. Vessels had been captured on 
both sides, and the Directory, seeing the dignified position 
Congress had assumed, at last made proposals for peace. 
President Adams responded by sending three envoys to 
France to adjust affairs. On their arrival, they found 
the Directory overthrown, and Bonaparte first consul. A 
satisfactory arrangement was soon made, and Bonaparte 
signed a treaty of peace on the 30th of September. 
Since that time, amicable relations have generally existed 
between the two countries. 

Bonaparte succeeded in inducing the Spanish Govern¬ 
ment to retrocede Louisiana to France. (Connect with 
1803,1 1., page 276.) 

Second census of the United States (1800)—population, 
5,308,483. 

Pius YIL ascended the Papal throne. 

Napoleon crossed the Alps and gained the battle of Marengo, 
June 14, and, on December 3, Moreau attacked the Austrians at 
Hohenlinden (east of Munich), and gained a complete victory, which 
enabled him to invade the very heart of Austria.* 

Malta was captured by the English, in whose possession it still 
remains. 

December 16.—A treaty of “Armed Neutrality” was ratified 
between Russia, Denmark, and Sweden, to cause their flags to be 
respected by the belligerent powers. (See foreign history, 1780, 
IT III., and the note relating to it, page 233.) 

Death of William Cowper, aged 69 years, English poet. 


* See Campbell’s “ Lines upon the Battle of Hohenlinden.’ 



EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS—EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 261 
EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 


Roman Pontiffs. 


1700. Clement XI. 

1721. Innocent XIII. 
1724. Benedict XIII. 
1730. Clement XII. 
1740. Benedict XIV. \ 
1758. Clement XIII. 
1769. Clement XIV. j 
1775. Pius VI* 

1800. Pius VII.* till 
1823. 


Kings of Denmark. 


Oldenburg. 

1699. Frederic IV. 

1730. Christian VI. 
1746. Frederic V. 

1766. Christian VII. till 
1808. 


Sovereigns of Sweden. 


Deux-Ponts. 

1697. Charles XII. 

1719. Ulrica Eleanora, 
abd. in 1720 in favor i 
of her husband. 

1720. Frederic of Hesse- 
Cassel. 

Holstein- Gottorp. 
1751. Adolphus Fred¬ 
eric. 

1771. Gustavus III. 

1792. Gustavus IV. till 
1809. 


Sovereigns of Russia. 
Romanoff. 

1689. Peter the Great 
alone. 

1725. Catharine I. 

1727. Peter II. 

1730. Anne. 

1740. Ivan VI. 

1741. Elizabeth till 17 62. 

Holstein - Gottorp. 
1762. Peter III. and 
Catharine II. 

1762. Catharine II. 
alone. 

1796. Paul I. till 1801. 


Kings of France. 


Sovereigns of England. 


Bourbon. 

1643. Louis XIV. 

1715. Louis XV. 

1774. Louis XVI. 

1789. French Revolution 
1792. France a Republic 
1799. France a Consu¬ 
late till 1804. 

Stuart. 

1694. William III. alone. 
1702. Queen Anne. 

Brunswick. 

! 1714. George I. 
j 1727. George II. 
j 1760. George III. till 1820. 

Kings of Spain. 

Sovereigns of Germany. 

Anjou-Bourbon. 
1700. Philip V. 

1724. Louis, 7 months. 
1724. Philip V. again. 
1746. Ferdinand VI. 
1759. Charles III. 

1788. Chas. IV. till 1808. 

Hapsburg. 

1658. Leopold I. 

1705. Joseph I. 

1711. Charles VI. to 1740. 
1740. Contest for the throne 
between Maria Theresa 
of Austria, and Charles, 
Duke of Bavaria, till 

Sovereigns of Portugal. 

Braganza. 

1683. Pedro II. 

1706. John V. 

1750. Joseph Emanuel. 

1777. Maria I. da Gloria 
and Pedro III. 

1786. Maria I. da Gloria 
alone—till 1792.+ 

1792. John, Regent. 

1799. John assumed 
sovereign power till 
1816, when, at his 
mother’s death, he 
became king. 

1745. 

1742. Charles VII. of Ba¬ 
varia till 1745. 

Lorraine-Hapsburg. 

1745. Francis I. 

1765. Joseph II. 

1790. Leopold II. 

1792. Francis II., the last 
Emperor of Germany 
till 1806, when he as¬ 
sumed the title of Em¬ 
peror of Austria. 

Kings of Poland. 

Stadtholders of the Dutch 
Republic. 


1697. Frederic Augustus I., 
Elector of Saxony. 

1704. Stanislas Leczinski. 

| 1709. Frederic Augustus I. 
restored. 

| 1733. Frederic Augustus II. 
till 1763. 

1763. § Anarchy; interfer¬ 
ence of Russia and Prus¬ 
sia. 

1764. Stanislas Augustus 
Poniatowski. 

1772. First partition of Po¬ 
land. 

| 1793. Second partition. 

1795. Third partition and 
final extinction of the 
kingdom. 

Nassau-Dillenburg. 

1672. William III. to 
17024 

1702. The republic gov¬ 
erned by States-Gcn- 
eral, and they by 
Hensius, Grand Pen¬ 
sionary, till 1747. 

House of Nassau-Dietz. X 

1747. William IV. 

1751. William V. to 1795. 

1795. The Dutch Re¬ 
public converted into 
the Batavian Repub¬ 
lic till 1806. 
































262 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 

( Continued.) 


Kings of Prussia. 

Kings of Sardinia. 

Kings of Naples, or the Two 
Sicilies. || 

Hohenzollern. 

1701. Frederic I. 

1713. Frederic William 

I. 

1740. Frederic II., the 
Great. 

1786. Frederic W illiam 

II. 

1797. Frederic William 

III. to 1840. 

Savoy. 

1720. Victor Amadeus 

II. 

1730. Charles Emanuel. 
1773. Victor Amadeus 

III. 

1796. Charles Emanuel 

IV. till 180J. 

Bourbon. 

1734. Carlos. 

1759. Ferdinand. 

1799. Parthenopcan Repub¬ 
lic. 

1799. Ferdinand, afteraban- 
ishment of a few weeks 
only, was restored to his 
kingdom, which he re¬ 
tained till 1806. 


* Pope Pius VI. was expelled from Rome, February 15, 1798, by the 
French Republic, and carried a prisoner to France. He died at Valence, 
August 29, 1799. His successor, Pius VII., was elected by a conclave at 
Venice, March 13, 1800. 

\ Queen Maria I. da Gloria being afflicted with a mental derangement, 
her son John became Regent of Portugal in 1792. He assumed sovereign 
power in 1799, and upon the death of his mother, in 1816, he took the title 
of King John VI. 

X On the death, in 1702, of King William III., of England, who was 
likewise William III., Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, the anti-Orange 
party prevailing, no stadtholder was appointed except in Friesland, where 
the hereditary claim of John William Friso, of Nassau-Dietz (cousin of the 
deceased William III.), was recognized. The republic was governed by the 
StateS-General, and they by Hensius, Grand Pensionary of Holland, from 
1702 to 1747. John William Friso (1702 to 1711) was accidentally drowned 
July 14, 1711, and his son, the Prince of Orange Nassau-Dietz, who, under 
the title of William IV., succeeded as hereditary Stadtholder of Friesland^ 
was elected the same of Groningen in 1718, and of Dutch Gelderland in 
1722. In 1734 he married Anne, Princess Royal of Great Britain, daugh¬ 
ter of George II. The stadtholdership being restored by all the provinces 
in 1747, William IV. was elected as the hereditary ruler of the republic. 
He died in 1751, leaving as his successor a son aged three years, William 
V., during whose minority the regency devolved first upon his mother, and, 
at her death, upon Louis Ernest, of Brunswick. William V. married the 
sister of Frederic William II., of Prussia, and, upon being expelled from 
the republic by the anti-Orange party, he was brought back by a Prussian 
army supported by a British fleet (1787). In 1795, when the Dutch Repub¬ 
lic was conquered by France, and converted into the Batavian Republic, 









EUROPEAN SO VEREIGNS—EIGHTEENTH CENTUR Y. 263 


and William V. was expelled for a second time, he took refuge in England, 
where he remained till his death, in 1806. 

The Principality of Orange reverted to the crown of France in 1713. 
This principality, formerly an independent seigniory, twelve miles in length 
by nine in breadth, in the southeast of France, is now included in the 
Department of Vaucluse. Its origin is traced back to the ninth century, 
and it was held in succession by four houses: 1, that of Giraud-Adhemar, 
which became extinct in 1174, and a member of which, Count Raimbault 
(Rimbaldo), figures among the heroes of Tasso’s “ Jerusalem Delivered ”; 
2, that of Baux (1185-1373); 3, that of Chalons, which ended in 1530 
with the celebrated Philibert, one of the greatest warriors of the age; 4, 
that of Nassau-Dillenburg, which acquired full possession in 1570, and kept 
it until the death of William III., King of England, without issue (1702). 
Many competitors claimed the vacant estate—Frederic I. of Prussia and 
Prince John William Friso of Nassau-Dietz being the foremost. Each of 
the several pretenders assumed the title of Prince of Orange; but after a 
protracted contest the principality was ceded to France by the Treaty of 
Utrecht (1713), and has since been a part of that country. The princes of 
Nassau-Dietz, nevertheless, were allowed to style themselves princes of 
Orange, and, since their accession to the throne of Holland (Netherlands) 
in 1S14, that title is given to the heir-apparent to the crown. (See “Apple- 
tons’ Cyclopaedia.”) 

§ Upon the demise of Frederic Augustus I. (February 13, 1733), Stanis¬ 
las Leczinski, through the influence of France, was elected (September 12) 
King of Poland. Austria and Russia supported an opposite faction in the 
choice of Frederic Augustus II., son of the deceased king, and Stanislas 
retired to Dantzic. The rivalry of the two candidates led to the war known 
as that of the Polish Succession, 1733 .to 1735. Spain and Sardinia assisted 
France; Great Britain and Holland remained neutral. (Refer to Chrono¬ 
logical Index, foreign history, 1735 and 1738, page 165.) 

|j Under the Aragonese and Spanish kings, Naples was ruled by vice¬ 
roys till the Peace of Utrecht (1713), when it was ceded to the house of 
Hapsburg, in the person of the Emperor Charles VI. In 1734 it passed by 
conquest to the Spanish crown. Philip V. (Bourbon), King of Spain, unit¬ 
ing Naples and Sicily, erected them into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 
or the Kingdom of Naples, and conferred the crown upon his third son, 
Don Carlos, who was crowned at Palermo, July 3. The Bourbon dynasty 
founded by Don Carlos continued to occupy the Neapolitan throne (except 
during the period of the French supremacy and the reign of Murat, 1806- 
1815) until September 7, 1860, when Naples was seized by Garibaldi, in be¬ 
half of Victor Emanuel II., King of Sardinia. 


A LIST 


Of some of the most Prominent Men who closed their 
Career during the Eighteenth Century. 

1704 . Locke, English philosopher (72). 

1704 . Bossuet, French bishop and orator (77). 

1706 . Bayle, French philosopher and critic (59). 

1715 . F6nelon, French prelate and author (64). 

1715 . Malebranche, French philosopher (77). 

1716 . Leibnitz, German philosopher and mathematician (70). 

1719 . Addison, English essayist and poet (47). 

1721 . Prior, English poet (57). 

1722 . Marlborough, Duke of, English general (72). 

1727 . Newton, English philosopher and mathematician (85). 

1729 . Steele, English essayist (58). 

1731. Defoe, English author (70). 

1734 . Villars, Marshal of France (81). 

1736 . Prince Eugene of Savoy-Carignan (73). 

1737 . Pergolese, Italian musical composer (27). 

1741 . Rollin, French historian (80). 

1744 . Pope, English poet (56). 

1745 . Swift, British author (78). 

1750 . Saxe, Marshal of France (57). 

1750 . Bach, German musical composer (65). 

1753 . Sloane, British physician and naturalist (93). 

1754 . Fielding, English novelist (47). 

1755 . Montesquieu, French jurist and philosopher (66). 

1756 . Collins, English poet (36). 

1758 . Ramsay, Scottish poet (72). 

1759 . Handel, German musical composer (75). 

1761 . Richardson, English novelist (72). 


PROMINENT MEN—EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 265 


1762 . Cr6billon, de, P. J., French dramatist (88). 

1764 . Hogarth, English painter and engraver (87). 

1765 . Young, English poet (81). 

1771 . Gray, English poet (55). 

1772 . Swedenborg, Swedish philosopher (83). 

1774 . Goldsmith, Irish poet, historian, and novelist (43). 

1776 . Hume, Scottish historian and philosopher (65). 

1778 . Pitt, English statesman and orator (69). 

1778 . Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (71). 

1778 . Voltaire, French writer (84). 

1779 . Garrick, English actor, poet, and dramatist (63). 

1779 . Cook, Captain, English circumnavigator (51). 

1780 . Blackstone, Sir William, English jurist (57). 

1781. Lessing, German author and critic (52). 

1783 . D’Alembert, French mathematician (66). 

1783 . Euler, Swiss mathematician (76). 

1784 . Johnson, Samuel, English lexicographer, philosopher, critic 

(75). 

1788 . Buffon, French naturalist (81). 

1790 . Franklin, American philosopher and statesman (85). 

1791 . Mozart, German musical composer (36). 

1792 . Beynolds, English painter (69). 

1794 . Gibbon, English historian (57). 

1794 . Lavoisier, French chemist (51). 

1794 . Jones, Sir William, English Orientalist (48). 

1796 . Burns, Scottish poet (37). 

1797 . Burke, Edmund, British statesman and orator (67). 

1798 . Galvani, Italian discoverer of galvanism (61). 

1799 . Washington, General, first President of the United States (67). 

1800 . Cowper, English poet (69). 


12 


TOPICS 


Suggested for Oral Explanation and Discussion in 
Class, or for Written Essays by Pupils . 

1. European wars of the eighteenth century. 

Balance of power. 

Marlborough’s career. Prince Eugene of Savoy. 

2. Rise of kingdoms. 

I. Prussia in 1701. Career of Frederic the Great. 

II. Sardinia, 1720. 

III. Naples, or the Two Sicilies, 1734. 

3. Career of Charles XII. and decline of Sweden. 

4. Career of Peter the Great, Catharine II., and growth of 

Russia. 

5. Great Britain’s supremacy shaken in America, but established 

in India. Lord Clive. 

6. Spain in the eighteenth century. Cardinal Alberoni (he died 

1752). 

7. Portugal in the eighteenth century. Earthquake at Lisbon. 

8. Denmark in the eighteenth century. 

9. Decline of Turkey—of Germany. Career of Maria Theresa 

of Austria, and of her son, Joseph II. 

10. Extinction of Poland. 

11. Revolution in France, causes and results. 

12. Commencement of Napoleon’s career. 

13. Republics: The Dutch Republic converted into the Batavian 

Republic, recognizing the supremacy of France. The Cisal¬ 
pine, Ligurian, Helvetian, and Parthenopean Republics. 

14. Treaty of Utrecht, 1713; of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; of Paris 

and Hubertsburg, 1763; of Paris, 1783. 


TOPICS SUGGESTED FOR ORAL EXPLANATION. 267 

15. The Pragmatic Sanction, 1723; the Family Compact,* 1761; 

the Armed Neutrality, 1780. 

16. Great inventors of the eighteenth century: Brindley, Watt, 

Hargreaves, Arkwright. In America, Eli Whitney. 

17. Musicians, painters, philosophers, scientists, and writers of 

the eighteenth century. 

* The Bourbon Family Compact—a defensive alliance between the 
kingdoms of France, Spain, Naples or the Two Sicilies, and the Duchy of 
Parma—was suggested by the Duke of Choiseul (Minister of Foreign Af¬ 
fairs in France), and concluded at Versailles (August 15, 1761). “Louis 
XV. of France and Charles III. of Spain guaranteed their respective pos¬ 
sessions in all parts of the world ; whatever power might be hostile to the 
one was henceforth to be treated as an enemy by the other, and peace was 
never to be made but by mutual consent. No power external to the house 
of Bourbon was to be admitted as a party to the treaty. . . . This famous 
alliance, however, by no means realized the sanguine expectations enter¬ 
tained by its author. It soon became known to Pitt, who resigned his office 
because his colleagues would not consent to an immediate rupture with 
Spain. Nevertheless, his successor, Lord Egremont, found it necessary to 
adopt the same views, and war was proclaimed by Great Britain against 
Spain on the 4th of January, 1762.”—(“ Student’s History of France.”) 


















































































































NINETEENTH CENTURY. 




NINETEENTH CENTURY* 


The history of the United States in the nineteenth 
century is one of active growth and development, un¬ 
paralleled in the history of any other nation. From a 
line of States, stretching along the Atlantic coast, we 
see the area of the country increased, until the Pacific is 
made its boundary, and this vast expanse of territory 
becomes peopled as if by magic. Under the shadow of 
peace, with the most liberal government the world has 
ever seen, the nation attains a proportionate degree of pros¬ 
perity. Commerce and manufactures flourish; science, 
literature, and art are fostered and encouraged; valuable 
inventions and discoveries rapidly succeed one another, 
the result of the enterprise of American citizens. 

We see the strength and solidity of the new govern¬ 
ment tested in two foreign wars, from each of which the 
country emerges triumphant; and from a still greater 
conflict—one of the most stupendous in the annals of the 
world, the culminating struggle of two grand opposing 
parties on her own soil—she comes forth still one and 
inseparable, and takes a front rank among the great 
oowers of the world. 

* For method of using the Nineteenth Century Chart for oral instruc¬ 
tion, sec Exercise IX., page 636. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


NINETEENTH CENTURY. 


Yeab-Square 1801. 



1801, Third President of the United States , Thomas 
Jefferson * of Virginia / born 17'fS , died 1886. Elected 

* Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, and 
third President of the United States, was born in Virginia in 1743. At 














CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


273 


by Anti-Federalists (Republicans). He was the first Presi¬ 
dent inaugurated in Washington. Administration, eight 
years, 1801 to 1809. Vice-President, Aaron Burr, of 
New York. Secretary of State, James Madison, of Vir¬ 
ginia. 

Tripoli declares war against the United States. The 
Barbary * pirates were at this time the terror of Christian 
merchantmen; they claimed the coast of Africa, and exer¬ 
cised a sort of supremacy on the Mediterranean. Cruising 
in its waters, these sea-robbers preyed upon the commerce 
of all nations, capturing their vessels, and reducing the 

William and Mary College, and afterward in the legal profession, he ob¬ 
tained the success merited by close and untiring application. Bancroft 
says: “ Whatever he had to do, it was his custom to prepare himself for it 
carefully ; and in public life, when others were at fault, they found that he 
had hewed out the way; so that in council men willingly gave him the lead, 
which he never appeared to claim, but was always able to undertake.” 
Jefferson commenced his public career in 1769, as member of the Virginia 
House of Burgesses. In 1772 he married Mrs. Martha (Wayles) Skelton, 
of Virginia—a woman “ remarkable for her beauty, her accomplishments, 
and her solid merit.” The following year he, together with Patrick Henry 
and other patriots, devised for the benefit of the colonies the celebrated 
Committee of Correspondence, becoming himself one of its most able and 
influential members. He was elected to Congress in 1775. In 1776 he 
drew up the Declaration of Independence, which, Edward Everett says, “ is 
equal to anything ever born on parchment or expressed in the visible signs 
of thought.” Jefferson served his State as Governor during the most 
gloomy period of the Revolution. The war ended, he was appointed Minis¬ 
ter to France, where he resided several years, during which time he pub¬ 
lished his “Notes on Virginia.” On his return to the United States, in 
1789, he accepted a seat in Washington’s Cabinet as Secretary of State. 
Jefferson is regarded as the founder of the great Democratic party. His 
position as such secured him an amount of influence second, perhaps, only 
to that of Washington, but at the same time was the cause of bitter po¬ 
litical rivalry with Adams, Hamilton, and other distinguished men. He 
was chosen Vice-President in 1796, and four years later President of the 
United States. On retiring to private life in 1809, he took a prominent 
part in founding the University of Virginia, in which he held the position 
of rector till his death, July 4, 1826—the fiftieth anniversary of the Declara¬ 
tion of Independence. His manuscripts were purchased by Congress in 
1848, and published under the title of “The Writings of Thoriias Jeffer¬ 
son.” 

* Barbary, in the northern part of Africa, includes Morocco, Algeria, 
Tunis, Tripoli, Barca, a dependency of Tripoli, and the Beled-el-Jerid, or 
Land of Dates. 


274 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


crews to slavery. To secure immunity from tlie depreda¬ 
tors, the European powers paid an annual tribute, and for 
a time the United States adopted this humiliating policy; 
but, the Bashaw of Tripoli becoming exorbitant in his 
demands and insulting in his manner, our government 
finally refused to continue the payment of a tribute; 
whereupon Tripoli issued a formal declaration of war. 
(Examine 1795, T I., page 253, and connect with 1803, 
T II., page 277.) 

January 1.*—The legislative union between Great Britain and 
Ireland took effect this year (1801), when the two islands acquired 
the name of‘“the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.” 
Henceforth the Church of England was to be considered as the 
national church of Ireland. The cross of St. Patrick was then com¬ 
bined with those of St. George and St. Andrew on the union-jack, 
“the meteor flag” of England. George III., at the same time, 
dropped the empty title of “King of France,” and removed from 
the royal arms the quartering of the lilies. (Examine foreign his¬ 
tory, 1420-1422, IT I., page 33; 1707, IT I., page 153 ; and 1869, 
1II., page 476.) 

February 9.—Peace of Lnneville (France) concluded between the 
French Republic and the Emperor of Germany, confirming the ces¬ 
sions made by the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797. Moreover, 
by this treaty, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, taken from Ferdinand 
III. (brother of the Emperor Francis II.), was erected into the King- 

* “ A new century! The commencements of another year, of another 
decade, of another century, are rarely marked by any corresponding changes 
in the affairs of nations; but they are suggestive of comparisons with other 
similar eras.” “ At the commencement of the eighteenth century, William 
III, from his death-bed, recommended the completion of a firm and entire 
union between England and Scotland; and, within seven years, the Act of 
Union was passed. At the commencement of the nineteenth century the 
union between Great Britain and Ireland was perfected.” “ At the com¬ 
mencement of the eighteenth century William III. accomplished the Grand 
Alliance of the powers of Europe against the ambitious designs of the des¬ 
potic head of the French monarchy. At the commencement of the nine¬ 
teenth century George III. was the sole sovereign of Europe who had not 
succumbed to the military despotism of the French Republic. The two 
centuries seem separated by a vast chasm. History bridges over the gulf; 
and, rightly considered, shows how one series of events is essentially con¬ 
nected with a preceding series—how great moral causes are ever steadily 
molding the future of mankind, while the reign of violence and injustice 
endures but for a season.”—Knight’s “ Popular History of England,” vol 
vii., page 397. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 275 

dom of Etruria,* and bestowed upon Louis, hereditary Prince of 
Parma. The estates of Parma were then united to France. 

British victories.—Battle of Alexandria (Egypt) gained by Sir 
Ralph Abercrombie over the French. An engagement off Copen¬ 
hagen (Denmark) gained by Admiral Nelson over the Danes, allies 
of France, 

The concordat between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII., signed at 
Paris, July 15, re-established the Catholic Church and the Papal 
authority in France. (See foreign history, 1798, IF II., page 257; 
1799, IT IV., page 259 ; and 1800, 1 I., page 260.) 

Alexander I. (aged 24 years) ascended the throne of Russia, upon 
the murder of his father, the Emperor Paul I. (See foreign history, 
1825, IT I., page 315.) 

Death of Cimarosa, aged 47 years, Neapolitan musical composer. 
1802 . The United States Military Academy at West 
Point (on the Hudson) was founded by act of Congress, 
March 16, constituting the Corps of Engineers of the 
army a Military Academy, with fifty students, or cadets, 
who were to receive instruction under the senior engineer 
officer, as superintendent.! (Examine 1S45, T III., page 
340.) 

* The Kingdom of Etruria had but an ephemeral existence; it was an¬ 
nexed, in 1807, to the French Empire, of which it formed a constituent 
until 1815, when Ferdinand III. was reinstated in his hereditary dominions 
as Grand-duke of Tuscany. 

f “ Later acts established professorships of mathematics, engineering, 
philosophy, etc., and made the Academy a military body, subject to the 
rules and articles of war. In 1815, a permanent superintendent was ap¬ 
pointed, and, a year later, an annual board of visitors was provided for, to 
be named-by the President, the Speaker of the House, and the President of 
the Senate. In 1843, the present system of the appointment of cadets was 
instituted, which assigns one cadet to each congressional district and Terri¬ 
tory in the Union, to be named by the Representative in Congress for the 
time being, and ten appointments-at-large, specially conferred by the Presi¬ 
dent of the United States. The number of students is thus limited to 312. 
A large proportion of those appointed fail to pass the examination, and 
many others to complete the course, the proportion being stated at fully 
one half hitherto. The course of instruction requires four years, and is 
largely mathematical and professional. The discipline is very strict, even 
more so than in the army, and the enforcement of penalties for offenses is 
inflexible rather than severe. Appointees to the Military Academy must 
be between seventeen and twenty-two years of age, at least five feet in 
height, and free from infirmity, and able to pass a careful examination in 
various branches of knowledge. Each cadet must bind himself to serve 
the United States eight years from the time of admission to the Academy. 
By act of Congress, 1876, the pay of cadets (formerly fifty dollars per 


276 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Ohio, the seventeenth State, was admitted into the 
Union, November 29. It was the first State formed out 
of the great Northwest Territory.* Fourteen years 
previous to its organization as a State, permanent settle¬ 
ments within its limits were made at Marietta and at 
Cincinnati. (See 1788, II. and III., page 246.) 

Death of Daniel Morgan (66), Revolutionary general, 
the hero of the battle of Cowpens. (See page 236.) 

January 26.—Napoleon remodeled the Cisalpine into the Italian 
Republic,! of which he was made President; he confirmed the 
treaty of peace between France and England, signed at Amiens 
(France), March 25 ; was elected Consul for ten years, May 6, and 
for life, August 2 ; he instituted the Legion of Honor, May 19; and, 
September 11, annexed Piedmont to France. 

Victor Emanuel I. (aged 43 years) ascended the throne of Sar¬ 
dinia, upoii the resignation of his brother, Charles Emanuel IV. 
Through their mother, Marie Antoinette, they were the grandsons of 
Philip V. of Spain. (Connect with foreign history, 1821, IF III., 
page 312.) 

The first number of the “Edinburgh Review” was published 
October 1, 1802. 

1803 . The Louisiana Pur chase. % The Territory of 
Louisiana, extending westward from the Mississippi River 

month and rations) was fixed at $540 per year, with no allowance for ra¬ 
tions.”—A. R. Spofford, Librarian of Congress. 

* Several of the thirteen original colonies, in virtue of their charters, 
claimed the Pacific Ocean as their Western boundary, until, by the treaty 
of 1783, this boundary was restricted to the Mississippi River. One after 
another of those colonies, after their consolidation into the Federal Repub¬ 
lic, ceded to the General Government their unsettled Western territory, and 
that portion situated north of the Ohio River was organized, in 1787, as 
the Northwest Territory, out of which five States have been successively 
formed: Ohio, in 1802 ; Indiana, in 1816; Illinois, in 1818; Michigan, in 
1837; Wisconsin, in 1848. “ The region south of the Ohio River, although 

never organized under one territorial government, was generally known as 
the Southwest Territory.” From it have been formed four States: Ken¬ 
tucky (previously a part of Virginia), in 1792; Tennessee (previously a part 
of North Carolina), in 1796; Mississippi, in 1817; and Alabama, in 1819 
(both the latter being a part of Georgia till 1802, when that State likewise 
ceded to the General Government her Western territory). 

f See foreign history, 1806, I., page 279. 

% Out of the “ Louisiana Purchase ” have been carved all of the present 
States of Louisiana (1812) ; Missouri (1821); Arkansas (1836); Iowa (1846); 
Nebraska (1867), and the whole of the Territory of Dakota (1861); all of 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


m 


to the Kocky Mountains, and northward to British Amer¬ 
ica, and embracing more than a million square miles, was 
purchased by the United States, from Napoleon Bona¬ 
parte, for $15,000,000. This purchase not only secured 
to our people the free navigation of the Mississippi to 
the Gulf of Mexico, but it nearly doubled the extent of 
the republic. (Examine 1541, If II., page 65; 1682, If 
II., page 131; 1712, 1 I., page 155; 1731, ®|f I., page 
163; 1762, T II., page 182; and 1800, T III., page 260.) 

United States at War with the Barbary Powers. In 
1803 Commodore Preble was sent with a naval force to 
the Mediterranean, to protect American commerce. One 
of the ships, the Philadelphia, commanded by Captain 
Bainbridge, struck on a rock while reconnoitring the 
harbor of Tripoli, and was immediately captured by the 
Tripolitans, who reduced the officers and crew to igno¬ 
minious servitude. (Connect with 1804, T I.) 

The Treaty of Amiens ended abruptly. England declared war 
against France and against the Batavian Republic, the ally of 
France. 

Insurrection in Ireland. After its suppression, the youthful and 
noble-hearted Irish patriot, Robert Emmet, aged 23 years, on ac¬ 
count of his participation in the outbreak, was executed. 

Deaths: Beattie, Scotch poet (68); Klopstock, German poet 
(79); Herder, German writer (59); La Ilarpe, French writer 
(64). 

1804 . February 15. — The United States frigate 
Philadelphia was recaptured and destroyed by Lieutenant 
Stephen Decatur. “ This exploit, so perfect in its plan 
and execution, was the basis of Decatur’s after-fame, and 
secured for him from Congress a captain’s commission, 
and the gift of a sword.” 

the State of Minnesota (1858), except the region cast of the Mississippi, 
which belonged to the original territory of the United States; the greater 
part of Kansas (1861); the greater part of the Territory of Montana (1864); 
a small portion of the State of Colorado (1876), of the Territory of Wyo¬ 
ming (1868), and most of the Indian Territory (1834). 


278 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


In August, Tripoli was bombarded by blockading 
ships under Commodore Preble and military operations 
on land began to be organized. It being discovered that 
the reigning bashaw had usurped the rights of Hamet, 
his exiled brother, to the government of Tripoli, the 
United States, as an expedient to oblige the despot to 
release our prisoners, authorized Captain Eaton, Ameri¬ 
can consul at Algiers, to aid Hamet to recover his former 
station. (Connect with 1805, f II., page 279.) 

In 1804 Jefferson sent an overland exploring expedi¬ 
tion to the Northwest, under the command of Captains 
Men wether Lewis and William Clark.* They traced the 
Missouri River to its sources, and, crossing the Rocky 
Mountains, penetrated to the mouth of the Columbia 
River, which empties into the Pacific. The record of 
this expedition, which occupied two years and some 
months, is replete with wild and interesting adventures. 
(See 1792, II., page 249.) 

Deaths in 1804: The great American statesman, Alex¬ 
ander Hamilton, aged 47 years, was killed in a duel (July 
11) by Vice-President Aaron Burr. Dr. Priestley, the 
discoverer of oxygen gas, was an English chemist and dis¬ 
senting divine; he died at the age of 71 years, in Penn¬ 
sylvania, the home of his adoption from 1794. 

Prance was constituted an empire under Napoleon (born 1769, 
died 1821), who was elected “hereditary Emperor of the French.” f 

Francis II., in order to preserve his existing rank, consented to 
annul the elective title of Emperor of Germany, and to add to the 
title “ Emperor of Germany ” that of “ Hereditary Emperor of 


* Captain William Clark was a younger brother of George Rogers Clark, 
who, in 1778, was sent by Patrick Henry to secure possession of the British 
posts north of the Ohio. (See note from Bryant's “ History of the United 
States” on pages 217, 218.) 

f For changes in the government of France examine foreign history, 
1814, ft !• and H., page 303 ; 1830, f III., page 320; 1848, f I., page 
350 ; 1852, f I., page 359 ; 1870, f I, p. 478.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


279 

Austria.”* (Connect with foreign history, 1806, IT VII., page 
282.} 

Deaths : The Duke d’Enghien, a Bourbon prince (aged 32 years), 
falsely accused of conspiring against the existing government of 
Erance, was seized in the Duchy of Baden by French soldiers, and, 
after a mock trial, was murdered at Vincennes. Pichegru, who, 
under a similar accusation, had been cast into prison, was found 
strangled in his bed. 

1805 . March 4.— Second Inauguration of Presi¬ 
dent Jefferson. Administration from 1805-1809. Vice- 
President, George Clinton, of New York. Secretary of 
State, James Madison, of Virginia. 

Treaty of Peace concluded between the United States 
and, Tripoli. Captain Eaton, acting under orders, con¬ 
certed a plan with Hamet to expel the usurper from the 
government of Tripoli. At the head of about three hun¬ 
dred men, mostly Arabs, Eaton marched from Alexan¬ 
dria, across a wild desert, to the Tripolitan port of Derne, 
which, with the assistance of two vessels of the American 
squadron, he soon obliged to surrender. This success, and 
the bombardment of Tripoli, alarmed the bashaw, who 
gladly consented to make peace, and restore to liberty 
the American prisoners, sixty thousand dollars ransom- 
money being paid by the United States. (Examine 1803, 
T IE, page 277, and connect with Algerine War of 1815, 
T III., page 304.) 

Michigan, a part of the Northwest Territory, was or¬ 
ganized as a Territory. (Connect with 1837, T I., page 
329.) 

Napoleon transformed the Italian Republic (of which he had 
been made President in 1802) into a monarchy, and assumed the 
additional title of “ King of Italy.” His coronation took place in 
the Cathedral of Milan, on the 26th of May, the celebrated iron 
crown of the ancient Lombard kings being used on the occasion.! 

* In the Treaty of Presburg, 1805, he was called Emperor of Germany 
and Austria. 

f The iron crown of Lombardy is so called from a narrow band of iron 
within it, said to be beaten out of one of the nails used at the Crucifixion. 



280 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Eugene Beauharnais was then invested with the dignity of Viceroy 
of Italy. 

The Duchies of Bavaria and Wiirtemberg (already electorates) 
were raised by Napoleon to the rank of kingdoms. Maximilian 1. 
(49) was crowned King of Bavaria ; * and Frederic 1.1 (54), King of 
Wiirtemberg. (See foreign history, 1816, IT I., page 307.). 

October 21.—Battle of Trafalgar, off the coast of Spain, gained 
by Nelson over the combined fleets of France and Spain. The 
English hero fell in the moment of victory, “ but not until he had 
twice baffled the greatest projects of Napoleon: at Aboukir, where 
he had dispelled the gorgeous vision of Eastern conquest; and at 
Trafalgar, where he established the dominion of England on the 
seas, and, by annihilating the navy of France, rendered an invasion 
impossible.” 

Meanwhile Napoleon invaded Austria, forced the surrender of 
thirty thousand Austrians under Mack, at Ulm (Wiirtemberg), Octo¬ 
ber 20; and, on December 2, he defeated the Austrians and Rus¬ 
sians at Austerlitz, Moravia. 

Deaths: William Paley (62), English philosopher; Schiller (46), 
German poet. 

1806 . While the Continent of Europe was convulsed 
by incessant warfare, it had been the policy of the United 
States to preserve its neutrality. This course, as long as 

This band is about three eighths of an inch broad and one tenth of an inch 
in thickness. According to tradition, the nail was first given to Constantine 
by his mother St. Helena, who discovered the cross. The outer circlet of 
the crown is of beaten gold, and set with precious stones. The crown was 
preserved with great care at Monza, a town near Milan, and Napoleon, like 
his predecessor Charlemagne, was crowned with it, after which he instituted 
the Order of the Iron Crown. Upon the overthrow of the French Empire, 
that portion of Italy called the Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom reverted to 
the Emperor of Austria, who admitted the Iron Crown among the orders of 
the house of Austria. After the war between Austria and Italy, known as 
the Austro-Sardinian War (1859-1861), which resulted in the cession of 
Lombardy to Sardinia, the iron crown was delivered by the Emperor of 
Austria to Victor Emanuel. 

* See foreign history, 1806, II., page 281, and 1825, II., page 316. 

f Frederic of Wiirtemberg’s first wife, Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolf en- 
biittel, was the sister of the ill-starred Princess of Wales, wife of the Prince 
Regent of England, afterward George IV. The two sisters were equally un¬ 
fortunate and miserable in married life, and both came to an untimely end 
—the Duchess of Wiirtemberg, it is supposed, died by the hands of an exe¬ 
cutioner (1788); the wife of George IV. died (1821) of a broken heart. 
The second wife of Frederic I. was Charlotte Augusta, Princess Royal of 
Great Britain, and sister of George IV. She died (1828) without issue. 
(See Miss Pardoe’s “Episodes of French History—An Evening at La Mal- 
maison.”) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


281 


its continuance was permitted, proved highly advanta¬ 
geous to the republic, which, in virtue of its neutrality, 
being at peace with all nations, enjoyed a lucrative trade 
with all. But, finally, “the Continental System”* of 
France, and the retaliatory measures of Great Britain 
—the blows and counter-blows hurled most unsparingly 
by those two great nations against each other—rebounded 
heavily upon all neutrals, especially upon America, the 
annihilation of whose commerce was seriously threatened, 
every one of her vessels engaged in foreign trade being 
exposed to capture and confiscation by one or the other 
of the arch-belligerents. In May, 1806, Great Britain 
declared all the ports and rivers, from the Elbe, in Ger¬ 
many, to Brest, in France, to be in a state of blockade; 
thus preventing the entrance of any American vessel into 
those ports. In November, Napoleon retaliated by issu¬ 
ing his “ Berlin Decree,” by which he pronounced the 
British Islands in a state of blockade, and prohibited all 
commerce, intercourse, and correspondence with them. 

1806, January 1.—The “Revolutionary Calendar,” introduced 
into France, November 24,1793, ceased to be used, and the “ Grego¬ 
rian Calendar ” was restored. (Examine foreign history, 1582, IT 
I., page 72.) 

January 14.—The nuptials of Eug6ne Beauharnais, Viceroy of 
Italy, and Princess Amelia, daughter of King Maximilian I. of Ba¬ 
varia, were celebrated at Munich, Napoleon honoring the occasion 
by his presence. The following March the Emperor annexed Venice 
to Italy, and conferred upon Beauharnais the additional title of 
“ Prince of Venice.” 

February 15.—Under the pretext that the Neapolitan court, in 
not forcibly resisting the anchoring of an Anglo-Russian fleet at 

* “ The ‘ Continental System,’ the most gigantic political project ever 
attempted, was devised by Napoleon to exclude England from all intercourse 
with the Continent of Europe. He looked upon her as his most inveterate 
and personal foe, and his object in cutting off all communication with her 
was thereby to inflict a severe blow upon the trade and manufactures by 
which she had been enriched.” But, whatever amount of damage this sys¬ 
tem had inflicted upon others, it was more than counterbalanced by the 
harm it did its projector, since, finally, it brought about his ruin. 



282 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL, 


Naples, had violated its treaty of neutrality with France, Napoleon 
declared that the “house of JBourbon had ceased to reign at Na¬ 
ples.” He then proclaimed his brother Joseph Bonaparte, king of 
that country. (Examine foreign history, 1799, note under IT I., on 
page 258, and connect with 1808, IT I., page 286, and 1815, H VII., 
page 306.)* 

May 6.—British “ Orders in Council” declared the French coast 
to be in a state of blockade. (Connect with foreign history, 1806, 
IT VIII., page 283.) 

June 5.—Napoleon transformed the Republic of Batavia into the 
Kingdom of Holland, which he bestowed upon his brother, Louis 
Bonaparte.f (Examine foreign history, 1795, IF I., page 253, and 
connect with 1810, IF IV., page 289.) 

July 12.—Confederation of the Rhine formed; Napoleon de¬ 
clared Protector.]; (See foreign history, 1815, IF III., page 305.) 

August 1.—Formal dissolution of the German Empire. Francis 
II., who, in 1804, had added to his existing titles that of “ heredi¬ 
tary Emperor of Austria,” now solemnly relinquished the titles of 
Emperor of Germany and King of the Romans, retaining simply his 
recently-adopted one, hereditary Emperor of Austria. This was 
the beginning of the Austrian Empire.* 

Napoleon’s campaign in Prussia. Prussia, from motives of 


* The deposed King of Naples was Ferdinand IV., third son of Charles 
III. of Spain, and grandson of Philip V. lie had worn the Neapolitan 
crown forty-seven years, it having been conferred upon him by his father, 
in 1759, who, in that year, renounced the throne of Naples for that of 
Spain. Ferdinand’s queen, a princess of the house of Hapsburg, was the 
daughter of the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, and sister of Marie 
Antoinette, Queen of France. (See foreign history, 1825, ^F HI., page 316.) 

f Louis Bonaparte’s wife was Hortense Beauharnais, the step-daughter 
of Napoleon, and sister of Eugene, Viceroy of Italy. The third and only 
surviving child of Louis and Hortense was Louis Napoleon, who became 
President of France in 1848, and Emperor of the French in 1852, under 
the title of Napoleon III. 

% The Confederation of the Rhine, or Rhine League, of which Napoleon 
was acknowledged Protector, was composed of the Kings of Bavaria and 
Wiirtemberg, the Grand Dukes of Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt, and several 
other minor princes in the south and west of Germany, who declared them¬ 
selves separated forever from the ancient empire of Germany, and united 
with France by a strict treaty of offensive and defensive alliance. This 
proceeding amounted to an entire disruption of the German Empire. The 
Rhine League was dissolved in 1815, when the Germanic Confederation was 
organized. 

* “ Thus, without a battle, and after the duration of one thousand and 
six years (800 to 1806), the empire founded by Charlemagne (800), and 
reconstituted by Otho the Great (936 to 973), came to an unhonored end. 
It had been long since reduced to a shadow by internal dissension and a 
powerless supreme head.” (For Second German Empire, examine foreign 
history, 1871, T I., page 480.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


283 


policy, had hitherto maintained its neutrality, but the insolent and 
overbearing conduct of France made her assume a hostile attitude, 
whereupon Napoleon invaded her territory, and, after gaining sev¬ 
eral signal victories over the Prussians, he captured Berlin, October 
28, and, from his imperial camp, he issued, November 21, the fa¬ 
mous “ Berlin Decree,” declaring the British Islands in a state of 
blockade. (See foreign history, 1806, IT IV., page 282, and 1807, IF 
I., page 284.) 

December 2.—Frederic Augustus, eighteenth Elector of Saxony, 
received from Napoleon, with an increase of territory, the title 
“King of Saxony.” (See foreign history, 1807, IF III., page 285, 
and connect with 1827, IF II., page 317.) 

Deaths: William Pitt (47), Charles James Fox (58), distin¬ 
guished English statesmen; Kirke White (21), English poet; Will¬ 
iam V., Prince of Orange (58), the expelled Stadtholder of the 
Dutch Republic. 

1807. The first steamboat, the Clermont, built by 
Robert Fulton, started on a successful trial trip on the 
Hudson, amid the cheers of excited spectators congre¬ 
gated on the banks of the noble stream to witness the 
novel scene. This was the first successful application of 
steam to the purposes of navigation. (See 1819, T I., 
page 310.) 

In consequence of the right which England claimed 
of searching American vessels, and impressing into her 
service all persons of English birth, the United States 
frigate Chesapeake was attacked off the coast of Virginia 
(June 22) by the British frigate Leopard. Four of the 
Chesapeake’s crew were impressed, eighteen wounded, and 
three killed. The President of the United States imme¬ 
diately issued a proclamation ordering all British armed 
vessels to leave American waters, until suitable reparation 
for the outrage should be offered by Great Britain. 

The Embargo Act. December 22, 1807.—The course 
pursued by France and England (see foreign history, 1807, 
^ VI., page 285) had so seriously damaged the commerce 
of the United States that Congress finally passed the 
noted “ Embargo Act,” which forbade any vessel, wheth- 


284 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL . 


er American or foreign, then anchored in a port of the 
United States, to leave port, and ordered home all Amer¬ 
ican vessels that were abroad. The “ Act ” was designed 
not only as a retaliation upon the belligerent parties thus 
crippling commerce, but also as a means of placing our 
country in a better state of defense by preparing both 
vessels and seamen for an expected war. The expedient, 
however, proved more hurtful to the United States than 
to foreign powers, and therefore was violently opposed 
by our people. (Connect with 1809, If I., page 286.) 

July 7.—The Treaty of Tilsit brought to a close Napoleon’s cam¬ 
paign in Prussia.* (Examine foreign history, 1806, IF VI II., page 
282.) 

Jerome Bonaparte, the youngest brother of Napoleon, was ele¬ 
vated to the throne of the newly-formed Kingdom of Westphalia, 
and on August 17 he espoused the Princess Frederica, daughter of 
Frederic I., King of Wurtemberg,f and the uufortunate Princess 


* At Friedland (a town of Eastern Prussia), Napoleon gained a signal 
victory (June 14) over the allied Russians and Prussians. On the Vth of 
July, peace was signed at Tilsit (a town of Eastern Prussia, on the left bank 
of the Niemen) between the Emperors of France and Russia, to which his 
Prussian Majesty acceded the following day. “ The first interview between 
Napoleon and Alexander took place on a raft constructed for that purpose, 
on the river Niemen, where two tents had been prepared for their recep¬ 
tion. The two emperors landed from their boats at the same time, and 
embraced each other. A magnificent dinner was afterward given by Na¬ 
poleon’s guard to those of Alexander and the King of Prussia, when they 
exchanged uniforms, and were to be seen in motley dresses, partly French, 
partly Russian, and partly Prussian.” By the terms of the treaty, the 
Czar acknowledged the kings of Napoleon’s creation, and the Confederation 
of the Rhine; he was also required to signify his adhesion to the “ Conti¬ 
nental System.” The conditions imposed upon the unfortunate King of 
Prussia were excessively severe, obliging him to yield to France nearly half 
of his dominions, whereupon the territory between the Elbe and the Rhine 
was erected into the Kingdom of Westphalia and given to Jerome Bona¬ 
parte. (See foreign history, 1807, II.) The greater part of the portion 
of Poland which at its dismemberment in 1V95 had fallen to Prussia, was 
erected into the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and bestowed by Napoleon upon 
his new ally, the King of Saxony. (See foreign history, 180V, III., page 
285.) 

j- Jerome Bonaparte was already a married man and a father. While 
he was in the United States, he had wedded a lovely and highly-accom¬ 
plished American lady, Miss Elizabeth Patterson, the daughter of a wealthy 
gentleman of Baltimore. The son by this marriage bore his father’s name, 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


285 

Charlotte, of Brunswick-Woifenbuttel. (See page 280, second note 
to IF II. of 1805, foreign history.) 

In 1807 Napoleon restored Great Poland* * to political independ¬ 
ence, and, erecting it into the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, appointed 
King Frederic Augustus of Saxony its sovereign, with grand-ducal 
title. (Connect with foreign history, 1815, IF II., page 305.) 

September, 1807.—Copenhagen was bombarded by the British, 
to whom the Danish fleet surrendered.! 

France seized Portugal, and the Lisbon court took refuge in Bra¬ 
zil (1807). These events may be considered as forming the prelude 
to the “Peninsular War,” a war that arose out of Napoleon’s insane 
determination to enforce his “ Continental System,” 1808 to 1814. 
Portugal and England had long been faithful allies; Napoleon now 
resolved to act in such a manner as either to stir up war between 
those two nations, or to secure for himself a pretext for seizing 
Portugal. Accordingly, he ordered the Prince Regent—1. To close 
the ports of his kingdom against British vessels; 2. To detain as 
prisoners all Englishmen residing within his domains; and, 3. To 
confiscate all English property. Naturally, the Prince Regent 
manifested a reluctance to sacrifice his alliance with a friendly 
power, by carrying out such unjust and unreasonable requirements. 
A hesitancy to obey was all the emperor desired; immediately he 
proclaimed, in his usual arrogant style, that “ the house of Braganza 
had ceased to reign in Europe.” Junot, the French general, in¬ 
vaded Portugal without delay, and took possession of Lisbon. The 
Prince Regent, who, in consequence of the mental derangement of 
his mother the queen, had been at the helm of the Portuguese Gov¬ 
ernment from 1792, sailed with his family for South America, and 
fixed the seat of his sovereignty in Brazil, where he remained till 
1821, when he returned to Portugal. (See foreign history, 1815, 
IF VI., page 306, and 1816, IF II., page 307.) 

Napoleon’s “ Berlin Decree ” of October, 1806, was followed in 
January and November, 1807, by the “British Orders in Council,” 
by which all neutral vessels trading with France were forced to stop 
at a British port and pay a duty. In retaliation, Napoleon pro- 

but neither the mother nor her child found favor with the haughty em¬ 
peror, who pronounced the American tie null and void, upon the ground of 
his brother’s minority at the period of its contraction. 

* It may still be noticed, with regard to the ancient kingdom of Poland 
(i. e., as it was previous to 1773), that its northwestern part used to be styled 
Great Poland , its southern or southeastern part Little Poland , and the re¬ 
mainder Lithuania. 

f The English Government, having wcll-fqunded grounds for appre¬ 
hending that Napoleon w r ould seize the Danish navy, demanded of the 
Danes to lay up their ships-of-the-line in British ports till the termina¬ 
tion of the war with France. The haughty demand being rejected, Copen¬ 
hagen was stormed, and the fleet forcibly seized and conveyed to British 
harbors. • 




286 LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


claimed the “Milan Decree,” December 17; bv this, all vessels were 
declared forfeited which submitted to any British exaction. These 
high-handed measures on the part of England and France were of 
course a death-blow to the commerce of neutral nations. (See 
American history, 180V, IT III., page 283.) 

Deaths: Count de Rochambeau (82), the commander of the 
French forces sent in 1780 to aid the American Revolution ; Cardi¬ 
nal of York (82), grandson of King James II. of England, and the 
last of the Stuarts. 

1808 . The act passed by the United States Con¬ 
gress in 1807, prohibiting slave-trade with foreign coun¬ 
tries, took effect January 1, 1808.* 

Death of Fisher Ames, American orator and statesman. 

Charles IV. of Spain signed a compulsory abdication in favor of 
his son Ferdinand VII. The latter was deposed by Napoleon, who 
elevated to the vacant throne his brother Joseph, transferring the 
crown of Naples to his brother-in-law, Joachim Murat.f (For Spain, 
see for. hist., 1814, IT II., p. 303; for Naples, 1815, IT VII., p. 306.) 

Frederic VI. (40) became King of Denmark upon the demise of his 
father, Christian VII. (See foreign history, 1839, IT IV., page 332.) 

1809 . March 1.—Just before the close of Jeffer¬ 
son’s administration, Congress repealed the Embargo Act, 
which, on account of its ruinous effects upon the shipping 
interests of the United States, had met w T ith violent oppo¬ 
sition throughout the country, especially among commer- 

* Let the illustration on the Chart—two arms of the Maltese cross 
(symbol of Spain) traversed by an anchor (symbol of the Dutch)—recall 
the fact that the Spaniards were responsible for the first introduction of 
negro slaves into America as early as the sixteenth century, and a Dutch 
trading-vessel for their introduction into Virginia in 1619. 

f The Peninsular War now began in all its fury (1808), and continued 
till December, 1813. The causes of the war may be summed up as fol¬ 
lows: 1. The forced flight of the Portuguese royal family and the occupa¬ 
tion of Portugal by the French. 2. The entrance of a French army into 
Spain under pretext of protecting that country against an English invasion. 
3. Dissensions between the aged King of Spain (Charles IV.) and his son, 
the heir-apparent—the final consequence of which was that Charles IV. 
ceded his rights in Spain to Napoleon, who, sending Ferdinand, Prince of 
the Asturias, a prisoner to Vale^ay (France), secured the Bourbon crown 
to his elder brother, Joseph Bonaparte. The belligerent parties of the war 
were the Spaniards and Portuguese, assisted by the English, under Wel¬ 
lington, against the French; the latter were finally driven from the penin¬ 
sula, and Ferdinand VII. was reinstated in his inheritance. (See foreign 
history, 1814, 1 [ II., page 303.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


287 


cial classes. In place of the obnoxious embargo, a Non¬ 
intercourse law was passed, prohibiting all trade with 
France or England, with a proviso that, should either 
nation revoke her edicts, this non-intercourse law should 
cease to be enforced against that nation. (See 1810, 
T I., page 288.) 



I . March 1st.—Embargo Act rep* 

merce with England and France 
Congress till “Orders in Cou ncil” 
. and Decrees are repealed. 


:e pi 
!"■ 

J 


i, but all com-. 
irohibited by U. S. 


.^CHARLES Illl7 
King of Sweden. 

AgedGlYears. 


- Napoleon’s— 
.Rupture with the 
See.of Rome. 


Fourth President of the United States , James Madi¬ 
son* of Virginia / born 1751 , died 1836. Elected by 
Anti-Federalists, or Republicans. Administration, eight 

* James Madison, of Virginia, was born in 1751. Graduated at Prince¬ 
ton College at the age of twenty, he adopted the profession of law, and at 
once took a leading part in the politics of his State. In 1776 he was elect¬ 
ed member of the Assembly of Virginia, by which body he was sent to the 
General Congress in 1779. At the "age of forty-three he married Mrs. Doro¬ 
thy (Payne) Todd. A biographer says of Mrs. Madison, whose earlier life 

















288 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


years, 1809 to 1817. Vice-President, George Clinton, 
of New York; lie died in office, 1812. Acting Vice- 
President, and President pro tern, of the Senate, William 
II. Crawford, of Virginia, from April 10,1812, to March 
4, 1813. Secretaries of State, Kobert Smith, of Mary¬ 
land, till April, 1811; James Monroe, of Virginia, from 
April, 1811, to the end of the administration. 

Charles XIII. (61) became King of Sweden upon the deposition 
of his nephew, Gustavus Adolphus IV. (See foreign history, 1810, 
1" V., page 289.) 

In April, 1809, Napoleon entered upon a second campaign in 
Austria, which resulting in his signal victory at Wagram (a village 
of Lower Austria), he signed a treaty of peace at Schonbrunn, an 
imperial palace near Vienna. (See 1810, T III., page 289.) 

In June, a rupture* occurred between the Emperor of the 
French and the See of Rome, Napoleon having been placed under 
the ban of excommunication, he caused the Pope to be seized and 
carried a prisoner, first to Savona (in the province of Genoa), and 
then to Fontainebleau (France). (Connect with foreign history, 
1810, IT II., page 289.) 

December 15.—As a preliminary step to a second marriage, 
Napoleon separated from his faithful wife, the Empress Josephine. 

Death of Haydn (77), German musical composer. 

1810 . Napoleon so modified his offensive edicts 
that, in November, free trade between the Unites States 

had been one of simplicity and comfort, but not of wealth : “ When the 
power was given her to do good she filled the measure of her life with the 
benedictions of humanity, and reigned in the affections of her friends with¬ 
out a rival. . . . The great secret of her success lay in the innocence which 
dwelt in her noble nature.” Madison may justly be ranked among the 
most eminent men in the history of the country. He was inclined to be a 
mediator rather than a partisan in the differences arising among the found¬ 
ers of the Government. Having acquired, as Secretary of State under Jef¬ 
ferson, the confidence and approbation of the nation, he was raised to the 
presidency in 1809. He retired in 1817 to. Montpelier, his country home in 
Orange County, Virginia, where he died in 1836. R. W. Griswold says of 
Madison, “His public and private life were above reproach.” His “Re¬ 
ports of the Debates of the National Convention of 1788,” published by 
Congress after his death, ranks first among works of political philosophy. 

* Among other causes, the breach w r as occasioned—1. By the protest 
Pius VII. had made against the “ Continental System,” which he deemed 
to be inconsistent with Christian principles; and, 2. By his refusal to 
grant a divorce between Jerome Bonaparte and his American wife, FJiza 
beth Patterson. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


289 


and France was resumed; but, the u British Orders in 
Council” remaining in force, all commerce with Great 
Britain continued to be interdicted. (Connect with 
American History, 1811, T I.) 

Third census of the United States, 1810. Population, 
7,239,881. 

The Spanish-American colonies began to throw off allegiance to 
Spain. (Connect with foreign history, 1818, T1., page 309.) 

February 17.—The Papal States were incorporated with France, 
and Rome was declared the second city of the empire. 

Napoleon married the Archduchess Maria Louisa (aged 19 years), 
daughter of Francis I, Emperor of Austria. (Connect with foreign 
history, 1811, IT III., page 290.) 

July.—Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland, in the true interests 
of his subjects, having failed to enforce the “ Continental System ” 
with sufficient rigor, Napoleon deposed him and annexed Holland 
to France. (See foreign history, 1814, IT III., page 303.) 

May 28.—Charles Augustus, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Son- 
dersburg-Augustenburg,* who, in 1809, had been created hereditary 
Crown-Prince of Sweden, died suddenly, and, the following Au¬ 
gust, the French marshal, Bernadotte, with the consent of Napoleon, 
was elected to the dignity of crown-prince. He became a Protest¬ 
ant, and assumed the name of John Charles. (See foreign history, 
1818, IT IV., page 310.) 

1811 . The misunderstanding between the United 
States and Great Britain was greatly increased by an 
unfortunate encounter between the American frigate 
President, commanded by Captain Podgers, and the 
British sloop-of-war the Little Belt, under Captain Bing¬ 
ham. The President, hailing the Little Belt near Sandy 
Hook (May 16), was answered by a shot which cut the 
rigging and entered the mainmast. The President re- 
plied with a gun, and a sharp action ensued, in which his 
Majesty’s sloop-of-war was crippled, and thirty-one of 
the crew killed or wounded. 

Indian Hostilities in the West. Battle of Tippecanoe. 

* He was a great-uncle of Prince Christian, consort of Princess Helena, 
of Great Britain. 

13 


290 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


—Tecumseh, a powerful Indian chief, endeavored to form 
a league of all the Indian tribes of the West, for the pur¬ 
pose of resisting the further encroachments of the whites. 
The United States Government sent an army to meet the 
Indians ; the latter, pretending to enter into negotia¬ 
tions, treacherously fell upon the whites. Then ensued 
the battle of Tippecanoe (November 7), in which General 
Harrison defeated the Indians under “ the Prophet,” 
brother and colleague of Tecumseh. 

November 7.—Burning of the Richmond Theatre, 
Virginia; seventy-two lives lost. The Monumental 
Church, in Richmond, marks the site of this catastro¬ 
phe. 

In consequence of the hopeless insanity of King George III.,* the 
Regency Act was passed by the Parliament, February 5, 1811, when 
the Prince of Wales assumed the executive power as Regent of 
Great Britain. (See foreign history, 1820, IF I, page 811.) 

Napoleon, in 1810, added to the French Empire the Hanse Towns, 
Hamburg, Bremen, and Lubeck, and, in 1811, the Duchy of Olden¬ 
burg. The Duke of Oldenburg being a near relation of the imperial 
family of Russia, the union of his duchy to France completed the 
alienation of the Czar Alexander from Napoleon. He relaxed his 
operations against Turkey, to collect his forces for war with France.! 
(Connect with foreign history, 1812, IT I., page 293.) 

Birth of the King of Rome, son of Napoleon I. and Maria 
Louisa of Austria. (Connect with foreign history, 1832, IT III., 
page 323.) 

* The painful mental condition of the king was further aggravated by 
total blindness and partial deafness. “ He spent the remainder of his life 
in Windsor Castle, where he passed his time chiefly in roving from room 
to room, occasionally stopping to play a few bars of music on the pianos 
and harpischords placed in his apartments. In all his affliction, his piety 
never forsook him; and it was most affecting to hear him pray and talk 
of holy things under the impression that he was holding converse with 
angels.” 

f The Duke of Oldenburg was the brother-in-law of Alexander I. by his 
marriage with Catharine of Russia, sister of that monarch; but there was 
another cause that operated in severing the alliance between Russia and 
France. Alexander, who, at the Treaty of Tilsit (1807, I., page 284), 

had acceded to Napoleon’s “ Continental System,” found it so ruinous to 
the commerce of his empire that he determined, at all risks, to aban¬ 
don it. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


291 


1812. Louisiana, the eighteenth State, was admitted 
into the Union April 30. It was the first State formed 
from the Louisiana Purchase.* 

War against Great Britain formally declared by the 
United States , June , 1812. Causes. England still re¬ 
fused to revoke her “ Orders in Council.” British cruis¬ 
ers had already captured nine hundred American vessels 
for alleged violation of these “ Orders.” England con¬ 
tinued also to enforce the u right of search,” and fre¬ 
quently impressed sailors from American vessels, claim¬ 
ing that any one born a British subject was always a 
British subject—a gross infringement of the rights of 
American citizenship. This conduct on the part of Eng¬ 
land led to a declaration of war by the United States 
Congress. The bill was signed by President Madison on 
the 18th of June, and the following day war was formally 
proclaimed. General Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, 
was appointed commander-in-chief of the American 
forces. The invasion of Canada was planned as the first 
aggressive movement—the city of Montreal being the 
chief ultimate point of attack. 

Military Operations. July 12. General Hull, Gov¬ 
ernor of Michigan, invaded Canada, with the view of 
seizing the British posts before the Canadian militia could 
be armed for their defense. The capture of Fort Mal¬ 
den was already planned, when Hull learned that the 
British had surprised Fort Mackinaw (an American post, 
on an island near the outlet of Lake Michigan), and that 
a large force of British and Indians, under Brock and 
Tecumseh, was advancing to meet him. Instead of fore¬ 
stalling the enemy, by marching at once upon Fort Mal¬ 
den, Hull made a cowardly retreat to Detroit, where, 
* See 1 I, 1803, page 270. 


292 LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


being followed by Brock, he disgracefully surrendered 
(August 16). The day before the surrender of Detroit, 
Fort Dearborn, on the present site of Chicago, was capt¬ 
ured by the Indians, and the garrison massacred. (Con¬ 
nect with 1813, T II., page 294.) 

A second invasion of Canada, undertaken by General 
Van Rensselaer in October (1812), likewise failed. Hav¬ 
ing stormed Queenstown Heights, victory seemed sure, 
when the British were re-enforced, and, the militia on the 
Hew York side refusing to cross the river to aid in the 
battle,* the American general was overpowered and com¬ 
pelled to surrender. 

Victories on the Ocean (1812). The reverses on land 
were more than counterbalanced by a series of brilliant 
engagements at sea: 1. The American frigate Essex, 
Captain David Porter, captured the British sloop Alert, 
August 13, off the coast of Newfoundland. 2. A few 
days later (August 19) one of the greatest naval victories 
of the Americans was gained by the Constitution,f Cap¬ 
tain Isaac Hull (nephew of General Hull), over the Guer- 
riere, one of the finest vessels of the British navy. The 
engagement took place off Massachusetts (latitude 41° 40', 
longitude 55° 48'). 3. In October (18) the Wasp, an 

American sloop-of-war under Captain Jacob Jones, after 
a desperate conflict of three quarters of an hour off the 
coast of North Carolina, captured the British brig Frol- 

* The scene of operations was the country bordering on the Niagara 
River, which flows from the eastern end of Lake Erie into Lake Ontario. 
The American headquarters were at Lewiston, New York, on the eastern 
shore of the Niagara, opposite to which, on the Canada shore, stood Queens¬ 
town, a fortified British post. Early in the action General Van Rensselaer 
(ren'se-lur) was severely wounded, and shortly afterward Brock, the British 
general, fell mortally wounded. 

f The Constitution was a favorite vessel of the Americans, and was 
popularly called Old Ironsides. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


293 


ic.* 4. One week later (October 25) Commodore Deca¬ 
tur, commanding the frigate United States, captured the 
British frigate Macedonian near the Canary Islands, f 5. 
December 29, the American frigate Constitution, now 
commanded by Commodore Bainbridge, gained a second 
victory in the capture of the British frigate Java off 
Brazil. 

Deaths: George Clinton, Yice-President of the United 
States, aged 73 years; General Gansevoort, of the United 
States Army, aged 63 years. 

Napoleon’s Russian Campaign (1812).—Alexander’s withdrawal 
from the “ Continental System ” was the signal for a renewal of hos¬ 
tilities between Russia and France. Napoleon, as usual, taking the 
initiative, invaded Russia, and reached Moscow, but this city was 
immediately fired by the retreating Russians. Napoleon’s army, 
thus deprived of winter quarters, was in turn forced to retreat. The 
terrible cold of the Russian winter, united with famine and fatigue, 
rapidly decimated the Grand Army, which during its retreat was 
constantly beset by flying bands of Cossacks; more than 250,000 
men were killed in battle or died from the hardships of the march, 
and 190,000 were taken prisoners. In December (1812) Napoleon 
left the phantom of his army in command of Murat, and hastened to 
Paris, where he arrived on the 18th. All Europe now rose in arms 
against him. (Connect with foreign history, 1813, IF I., page 298.) 

The Cortes Assembly in Cadiz projected the liberal Constitution, 
which is known as “the Constitution of the year ’12,” and which 
was to have destroyed forever absolute monarchy in Spain, but 
owing to its exceeding unpopularity the Constitution was not carried 
into effect. 

1813 . March 4.— Second Inauguration of President 
Madison. Administration, four years—1813 to 1817. 
Yice-President, Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, who 
died in office, November 13, 1814. Acting Yice-Presi¬ 
dent and President of the Senate, jpro tem ., John Gail- 

* Before the day closed, both the Wasp and her shattered prize the 
Frolic were seized by a British seventy-four-gun ship and taken into the 
Bermudas (a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, belonging to 
Great Britain). 

f The Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, off the northwest coast of 
Africa, between latitude 27° and 30° north, and longitude 13° and 19° 
west, belong to Spain. 


294 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


lard, of South Carolina, from November 14 till March 4, 
1817. Secretary of State, James Monroe, of Virginia. 

Continuation of the War with Great Britain . Mili¬ 
tary Operations of 1813. The American forces were sta¬ 
tioned on the Northern frontier in three grand divis¬ 
ions: the Army of the West, under General Harrison, 
was near the western end of Lake Erie; the Army of the 
Center, under General Dearborn, was at Sackett’s Har¬ 
bor (on Lake Ontario) and on the Niagara frontier; and 
the Army of the North, under General Wade Hampton, 
was near Lake Champlain. 

Army of the West. Battle of Frenchtown , January 
ft®. Harrison’s aim was to recover Michigan from the 
English, and thus wipe out the disgrace of Hull’s sur¬ 
render.* He had set out for Detroit in October, 1812, 
but as the season advanced he was compelled to suspend 
operations till spring. He fixed his headquarters at 
Franklinton, Ohio, and stationed a division of his army, 
under General Winchester, at Fort Defiance, on the 
Maumee River. Early in January Winchester sent for¬ 
ward a detachment to protect Frenchtown (now Monroe), 
on the Raisin River. This detachment met and routed 
a body of British and Indians before reaching the town. 
General Winchester then moved the remainder of his 
army to that post. Some days later (January 22) he was 
attacked by a larger force of the enemy, and, after unsur¬ 
passed bravery, was compelled to surrender. Proctor, 
the English general, contrary to his pledge, abandoned 

* “ The only force in the field for the protection of the Western frontier, 
after the fall of Detroit, was a body of Kentucky volunteers, who had 
promptly responded to the call of the Executive, before the news of Hull’s 
surrender was received. The Governor of Kentucky had appointed General 
Harrison to the command of this force, though he was not a resident of the 
State.”—Quackcnbos’s “ History of the United States.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


295 


the sick and wounded Americans to the cruelty of his 
savage allies, and a frightful massacre followed. 

Siege and Battle of Fort Meigs , May 1 to 5. Bat¬ 
tle of Fort Stephenson August 2. Harrison’s advance 
was further delayed by the reverse at Frenchtown. Early 
in May he was besieged at Fort Meigs, on the Maumee 
Rapids, by Proctor and Tecumseh. The attack was vigor¬ 
ous ; but, after several days of hard fighting, re-enforce¬ 
ments arrived for the Americans, and Proctor was forced 
to give up the siege. The British next turned their arms 
against Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky (now Fre¬ 
mont, Ohio). Here they were repulsed with great loss 
by Major Croghan, a youth of twenty-one, who had but 
one cannon and a garrison of only one hundred and fifty 
men. 

Perrfs Victory on Lake Erie , September 10. It was 
of the utmost importance to the Americans to gain com¬ 
mand of Lake Erie. To Oliver Hazard Perry, a young 
and skillful commander, was intrusted this daring enter¬ 
prise. Perry built his own ships out of trees growing on 
the shore, and, mounting fifty-six guns, bade defiance to 
six British men-of-war, carrying sixty-three guns. The 
battle raged for three hours. Perry’s flag-ship being dis¬ 
abled, the gallant hero sprang into an open boat, and, 
standing erect, within pistol-shot of the enemy, reached 
the deck of another vessel uninjured, though balls were 
flying thick and fast around him. A bold push now 
through the hostile line, and a raking fire right and left, 
decided the day. “ We have met the enemy, and they 
are ours,” was Perry’s dispatch to General Harrison. 

Battle of the Thames , October 5. Recovery of Michi¬ 
gan. To cross the lake on Perry’s fleet, and to pursue 
the dismayed enemy, was the immediate work of Harri- 


296 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL 


son. He overtook Proctor, October 5, on the Thames 
River, about eighty miles from Detroit, and gained a 
complete victory. During the conflict, Tecumseh, the 
celebrated warrior and determined enemy of the Ameri¬ 
cans, was killed by Colonel Johnson. By these victories 
Michigan was recovered, and the w^ar on the Western 
frontier terminated. 

Army of the Center . This division of the army ac¬ 
complished little beyond, first, an expedition to York* 
(now Toronto, Canada), April 27; second, the seizure of 
Fort George,f on Niagara River, May 27; and, third, 
the repulse of the British from Sackett’s Harbor (on Lake 
Ontario), May 29. 1. Capture of York. Commodore 

Chauncey had command of a small American fleet on 
Lake Ontario. On the 23d of April General Dearborn 
embarked at Sackett’s Harbor, and crossed the lake to 
attack York. General Pike, whom Dearborn appointed 
to lead the assault, succeeded (April 27) in capturing the 
stronghold, and with it an immense amount of military 
stores; but, by the explosion of a British magazine in the 
moment of victory, the gallent Pike and many of his 
men were killed. After holding the place four days, the 
Americans fired the government buildings and departed. 
2. Dearborn then conveyed his forces to the Niagara 
frontier, and on the 27th of May he compelled the British 
to give up Fort George; the whole country on the Canada 
side of the Niagara River soon fell into the possession of 
the Americans. Reverses, however, followed these suc¬ 
cesses. On the 24th of June a detachment of six hundred 

* York was the principal depository of British military stores, from 
which the Western garrisons were supplied. The place is now Toronto, the 
capital of Ontario, and is situated on the northwest shore of Lake Ontario. 

f Fort George, a British post in Canada, near the mouth of Niagara 
River, and a short distance north of Queenstown. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


297 


men, sent to disperse the enemy at Beaver Dams (a Brit¬ 
ish post in Canada, seventeen miles distant from Fort 
George), was surrounded and forced to surrender. In 
December the Americans burned Newark, a thriving vil¬ 
lage in Canada, after which they evacuated Fort George. 
The British, in turn, having regarrisoned Fort George, 
seized the American post at Fort Niagara, and made de¬ 
structive raids into Northern New York. 3. Sackett’s 
Harbor, the chief naval station of the United States on 
Lake Ontario, being attacked by the British (May 29), was 
gallantly defended by a small body of regulars under 
General Brown, who, rallying the militia, ordered them to 
direct their march in such a way as to make it appear 
that they designed to seize the enemy’s boats, and thus 
cut off his retreat. This manoeuvre had the desired effect, 
for the British, apprehending danger, made a rush for 
their boats and precipitately fled, leaving most of their 
wounded behind. On the 15th of July General Dear¬ 
born, at his own request, retired from active service, and 
was succeeded by General Wilkinson. 

Army of the North . In the autumn of this year 
(1813) a plan for the invasion of Canada, having for its 
object the reduction of Montreal by the combined forces 
of the two armies—that of the North, under Wade Hamp¬ 
ton, and that of the Center, under Wilkinson—was devised 
by General Armstrong, Secretary of State ; but it proved 
a complete failure, owing partly to the want of skill and 
energy in the two commanders, and partly to their mutual 
jealousies. The battle of Chrysler’s Field,* November 
11, between a detachment of Wilkinson’s army and the 
British, in which the Americans maintained their posi- 

* Chrysler’s Field, near Williamsburg, Canada, on the St. Lawrence 
River. 


298 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


tion, is the only action of the campaign worthy of no¬ 
tice. 

Indian War in the South. In the summer of 1813, 
the Creek and Seminole Indians and other Southern 
tribes,-excited by Tecumseh, leagued together and.took 
up arms against the United States. Wetherford, the 
chief of the Creeks, surprised and captured Fort Mimms, 
in Southern Alabama, August 30. The savages burned 
the buildings and massacred several hundred men, wom¬ 
en, and children. This was the beginning of the Creek 
war. (Connect with 1814, I., page 299.) 

Naval Operations and Engagements of 1813. 1. 

The sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain James Lawrence, sank 
the British brig Peacock off Guiana,* February 24. 2. 

The following June, Captain Lawrence, who had been 
promoted to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, at¬ 
tacked the British brig Shannon off Boston Harbor. In 
the terrible fight which ensued the Chesapeake was capt¬ 
ured and the gallant Lawrence slain. 44 Don’t give up 
the ship ! ” was the last order of the dying hero. 3. Au¬ 
gust 12, the American brig Argus, which had captured 
more than twenty merchantmen, was taken by the British 
brig Pelican off England. 4. The American brig Enter¬ 
prise, Lieutenant Burrows, captured the British brig Boxer, 
September 5, off the coast of Maine. 5. During the sum¬ 
mer the British, under Admiral Cockburn (coburn), com¬ 
mitted many depredations along the shores of Yirginia and 
Maryland ; but in an attempt upon Norfolk were repulsed 
with heavy loss. (Connect with 1814, T II., page 299.) 

1813. Upon his return to Paris (December, 1812), after the 
disastrous invasion of Russia, Napoleon, with superhuman energy, 

* Guiana lies on the northern coast of South America, east of Venezu¬ 
ela. The western part belongs to England, the eastern to Fi ance, and the 
center to Holland. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


299 


marshaled a fresh army of nearly half a million, and in 1813 again 
took the field. At Liitzen * and Bautzen * in May, and at Dresden* 
in July, he defeated the allied troops. In October he was compelled 
to fall back to Leipsic.* Here the greatest struggle of the war took 
place, known as the “Battle of the Nations.” After a conflict 
of three days (October 16 to 18), the French were forced to re¬ 
treat, and only one fifth of Napoleon’s army escaped across the 
Rhine. The allied armies now advanced upon France from all 
directions. Wellington had already entered Bordeaux, after gain¬ 
ing brilliant victories in Spain. (Connect with foreign history, 1814, 
IF I., page 303.) 

Sir Arthur Wellesley (Duke of Wellington) succeeded in 1813 in 
driving the French out of Spain, after a long and arduous campaign 
in that kingdom, during which he had gained victories at Ciudad 
Rodrigo, January 19; Badajos, April 6; Salamanca, July 22, 1812; 
Vittoria, June 21; and San Sebastian, September 8, 1813. 

1814 . End of the Creek War. After the massacre 
at Fort Minims, Alabama (August 30, 1813), an army of 
volunteers, under General Andrew Jackson, was immedi¬ 
ately sent against the Creek Indians. The savages were 
defeated in many battles, the last of which, at Tohopeka, 
on the Tallapoosa River, March 27, brought the Creek 
war to an end. 

Continuation of the War with Great Britain. The 
military operations on the Niagara frontier during this 
year (1814) may be summed up as follows: 1. The capt¬ 
ure of Fort Erie by the Americans, July 3. 2. Battle 

of Chippewa, July 5. 3. Battle of Lundy’s Lane, July 

25. 4. Assault on Fort Erie repulsed, August 15. 5. 

American sortie from Fort Erie, September 17.—1. Gen¬ 
eral Brown having crossed the Niagara River into Cana¬ 
da, a division of his army under Generals Scott and 
Ripley took Fort Erie wdthout a struggle (July 3). 2. 

Proceeding to Chippewa and meeting the British under 

* Liitzen, a town of Prussian Saxony (see page 110, foreign history, 
1632). Bautzen, a town of Saxonv, on the Spree, 31 miles by rail east- 
northeast of Dresden. Dresden, capital of the Kingdom of Saxony, on both 
banks of the Elbe. Leipsic, a city of Saxony, 64 miles east-northeast of 
Dresden. 


300 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


General Riall, the Americans, after an obstinate engage¬ 
ment, were again victorious (July 5). 3. A third time 

in the same montli (July 25) the hostile armies met in 
deadly conflict. At Bridgewater—called also Lundy’s 
Lane—near Niagara Falls, was fought the most hotly 
contested battle of the year. After six hours the British 
withdrew, leaving the Americans in possession of the 
field. 4. General Drummond, the British commander, 
laid siege, August 15, to Fort Erie, to which post the 
American army had retired after the battle of Lundy’s 
Lane. In assaulting the fort, the British lost nine hun¬ 
dred men. 5. The siege being prolonged some weeks, 
General Brown made a well-devised sortie September 
17, captured ail the British works, and compelled General 
Drummond to raise the siege. 

Battle of Plattsburg. An attack by land and water 
on Plattsburg, a naval station on Lake Champlain, was 
made September 11 (1814). A heavy British squadron, 
under Commodore Downie, was totally defeated by Com¬ 
modore McDonough, and forced to surrender on the lake. 
The land-force of fourteen thousand veterans from 
Waterloo, under General Prevost, was repulsed by Gen¬ 
eral Macomb with about five thousand troops. The Brit¬ 
ish general, on learning the result of the naval engage¬ 
ment, retreated in disorder toward Canada. 

Battle of Bladensburg , and Capture of Washington , 
B. C. A British fleet, under Admiral Cochrane, entered 
the Chesapeake in the month of August, and landed five 
thousand men at a place on the Patuxent River about 
forty miles from the city of Washington. General 
Ross, in command of this force, commenced his march 
upon the capital. At Bladensburg he met and defeated 
a body of untrained American militia, August 24 (1814), 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


301 


and proceeded to Washington the same day. After plun- 
plundering and burning the public buildings, the British 
betook themselves to their ships. The President and 
many of the inhabitants had left the city on the approach 
of the enemy. 

Baltimore threatened by the British. Battle of North 
Point , and Bombardment of Fort McHenry . The next 
effort of the invaders was a united attack by Cochrane 
and Boss upon Baltimore. Landing at North Point, 
fourteen miles below the city (September 12), General 
Boss, with about nine thousand men, was met by General 
Strieker with less than half that number. Early in the 
spirited action which followed, Boss was killed, and was 
succeeded in command by Colonel Brook. The Ameri¬ 
cans withdrew to Worthington Mills. The next day the 
British approached the outworks of the city, but without 
daring an attack. Meanwhile a fierce bombardment of 
twenty-four hours from the British squadron upon Fort 
McHenry (September 13) proved as unsuccessful as the 
land attack.* The army of Colonel Brook embarked 
September 14, and the fleet sailed out of the bay. Thus 
ended the attempt upon Baltimore. 

Naval Operations of 1811^. 1. The American frigate 

Essex, under Captain Porter, after a cruise in the Atlan¬ 
tic and Pacific, destructive to English commerce, was capt¬ 
ured (March 28) by the British brig Phoebe and the 
sloop-of-war Cherub, in the harbor of Valparaiso, f 2. 
The American sloop Peacock, Captain Warrington, capt¬ 
ured the British brig Epervier (April 29) off Florida. The 

* In the midst of the fire, the national song, “ The Star-Spangled Ban¬ 
ner,” was composed by Francis S. Key. 

f Valparaiso, a fortified city of Chili and the capital of a province of 
its own name, is situated on a large bay in the Pacific, and is the greatest 
commercial port of the Pacific coast of South America. In 1S66 it was 
bombarded by a Spanish fleet. 


302 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Peacock afterward captured fourteen merchantmen. 3. 
On June 28, the American sloop Wasp, Commander 
Blakeley, captured the British sloop Reindeer; Septem¬ 
ber 1, she captured the Avon, and, after taking several 
prizes, was lost at sea. 

Movements of Jackson in Florida. In the summer of 
1814, the Spaniards in Florida had allowed a British fleet 
to be fltted out at Pensacola Harbor for the purpose of 
besieging Fort Bowyer (now Fort Morgan, at the entrance 
of Mobile Bay).' General Jackson marched against Pen¬ 
sacola and compelled the British to leave that port. 

Louisiana invaded by the British. A fleet carrying 
twelve thousand British troops, commanded by Sir Ed¬ 
ward Packenham (brother-in-law of the Duke of Welling¬ 
ton), entered Lake Borgne, Louisiana, in December, 1814, 
with the design of advancing upon Hew Orleans. After 
capturing (December 14) the flotilla of American gun¬ 
boats stationed on Lake Borgne, Sir Edward Packenham 
conveyed his forces across the shallow lake in small boats, 
and encamped some miles below Hew Orleans. General 
Jackson, who was in command of the city, tirst checked 
the advance of the invaders by a night attack upon their 
camp (December 23). Then, throwing up intrenchments 
four miles below the city, he twice repulsed the enemy’s 
effort to carry his defenses ; first, on the 28th of Decem¬ 
ber, and again on Hew-Year’s-day. (For the final engage¬ 
ment, see January 8, 1815, I., page 304). 

Peace between the United States and Great Britain 
concluded at Ghent , December c 2f 18If It was not until 
the result of the battle of Plattsburg (September 11,1814) 
was made known in England, that the British Government 
showed any disposition to make peace. Commissioners 
then met at Ghent (Belgium), and signed a treaty, Decern* 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


303 


ber 24. As the news of this treaty was not formally pro¬ 
claimed in the United States till February 18, 1815, hos¬ 
tilities continued some time longer. (See 1815, T I., 
page 304.) 

The allied armies entered Paris without resistance, on March 
31, 1814; two days afterward, Napoleon I. w r as deposed by a decree 
of the Senate. He signed his abdication April 4, and, on the 20th, 
left France for the Island of Elba, which had been assigned to him 
as a place of exile. (Connect with foreign history, 1815, IT I., page 
305.) 

.Louis XVIII* (59) was placed on the throne of France by the 
allies, who likewise restored Ferdinand VII. to the Spanish throne. 
(For France, see 1824, IF I., p. 314; for Spain, 1833, IT II., p. 325.) 

At the same time, Holland and Belgium w r ere united under the 
title of “Kingdom of the Netherlands” ; the crown was bestowed 
upon William I., son and heir of the Stadtholder William V., de¬ 
throned and exiled by the French in 1795. (See foreign history, 
1795, IF I., page 253; 1806, IF V., page 282; 1810, IF IV., page 289; 
and connect with 1830, IF IV., page 320.) 

Congress of Vienna. After Napoleon had been sent an exile to 
Elba, the allied powers met at Vienna for the purpose of making 
such political and territorial regulations as should effectually restore 
the equilibrium of power in Europe, and afford a more certain pros¬ 
pect of permanent tranquillity. The chief subjects of debate were 
Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Germany, England, and Sweden. 
This Congress remained in session about eight months (September 
25, 1814, to June 9, 1815). 

The Order of Jesuits was restored by a bull of Pope Pius VH.t 
(See foreign history, 1773, IF II., page 189.) 

Death of the ex-Empress Josephine, aged 51 years. 


* Louis XVIII., the rightful heir to the French crown, was the elder of 
the brothers of Louis XVI. The only son of Louis XVI., known in history as 
Louis XVII., did not reign; he died in 1795, aged 10 years, while a prisoner 
in the Temple, his death being caused by the ill-treatment he had received. 

f The Jesuits had been suppressed in 1773 by a brief of Pope Clement 
XIV. The Roman Pontiff, through a motive of expediency, had yielded, 
though unwillingly, to the agitation against the Society of Jesus, promoted 
principally by the Prime Minister of Portugal and the Bourbon courts of 
France, Spain, Naples, and Parma, to whose despotic tendencies at that 
time the principles and teachings of the Jesuits were felt to be opposed. 
In 1814, forty-one years after the suppression of the Society, it was formally 
reconstituted as a religious order by a bull of Pope Pius VII., with all the 
rights and privileges of its original constitution. By this solemn act of 
restoration, the Iloly See bore testimony to the world that the charges 
made against the Jesuits by the governments hostile to their influence had 
been proved to be unfounded. 



304 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


1815. Battle of New Orleans, January 8. General 
Packenham again attempted to storm Jackson’s fortifica¬ 
tions, which were defended by scarcely six thousand 
troops. So fatal was the aim of the American riflemen 
that the assailants soon gave way and fled in terror. 
Generals Packenham and Gibbs and two thousand of 
their men were killed. During the night the enemy re¬ 
treated to their ships. The Americans lost in killed and 
wounded not more than twenty-seven men. This achieve¬ 
ment of the Americans at New Orleans was one of the 
most brilliant victories ever won. It was the last con¬ 
flict on land of a war which had continued nearly three 
years. 

Final Naval Operations of 1815 . But on the ocean 
several engagements took place before the joyful tidings 
of peace became known : 1. The American frigate Presi¬ 
dent, Commodore Decatur, was captured January 16, by 
a British squadron, off Long Island. 2. Captain Stew¬ 
art, commanding the American ship Constitution, took 
the British sloops Cyane and Levant, February 20. 3. 

The American sloop Hornet, Captain Biddle, captured the 
British brig Penguin, March 23, in the South Atlantic. 

War with Algiers, March, 1815. In 1795, by a treaty 
with Algiers, the United States had agreed to pay an an¬ 
nual tribute to the Dey in order to secure protection for 
American vessels from the Algerine pirates. Taking 
advantage of the war between the United States and 
Great Britain, the Algerines had, in violation of the 
treaty, committed depredations upon the commerce of the 
republic. After the ratification of peace with England, 
Commodore Decatur was sent with a squadron to the 
Mediterranean to demand satisfaction for the late out¬ 
rages. Appearing before Algiers, having already capt- 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


305 


ured two Algerine war-ships, he speedily compelled the 
Dey to sign a new treaty relinquishing all future claims 
upon the United States for tribute. This was the first 
effectual resistance made by any nation to the piratical 
exactions of the Barbary States. Before leaving the 
Mediterranean, Decatur compelled Tunis and Tripoli to 
pay for certain American vessels which the British had 
seized in their ports during the war. 

Death of Robert Fulton (50), American engineer and 
inventor. 

Napoleon, after a sojourn of ten months in Elba, escaped, and, 
landing in France, February 26, made a triumphal journey to the 
capital, where he was welcomed with enthusiasm. Louis XVIII. 
fled to Ghent. The empire was again established.* The period be¬ 
tween Napoleon’s restoration to power and his second deposition 
is known as the “Reign of the Hundred Days.” 

Poland again a kingdom. The Grand Duchy of Warsaw f was 
erected into the Kingdom of Poland, April 30, 1815, by the Con¬ 
gress of Vienna, and placed under the sovereignty of Alexander, 
Emperor of Russia, who assumed the additional title, King of 
Poland. The Grand-duke Constantine (the emperor’s brother) 
was appointed military governor and generalissimo. Cracow was 
declared an independent republic, or free city. (Connect w r ith 
foreign history, 1830, IT V., page 321.) 

The German Confederation was organized June 8, 1815, by the 
Congress of Vienna (ten days before the battle of Waterloo). J It 

* The coalition of European powers was now renewed, and their armies, 
composed of more than a million men, were sent back to France. Napoleon 
hastily mustered an army of about 125,000. Battles ensued at Ligny and 
Quatre-Bras, which were followed by the crowning conflict of AVaterloo, 
and the downfall of Napoleon, the remnant of whose army sought safety in 
flight. (Connect with note under IV., 1815, page 306.) 

f See foreign history, 180V, III., page 285. 

X The new Confederation was composed of the Austrian Empire, the 
Kingdoms of Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Wurtemberg, and Hanover; the 
Grand Duchies of Baden, Hesse Darmstadt, Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Stre- 
litz, Saxe-Weimar, and Oldenburg; the Electorate of Hcsse-Cassel; the 
Duchies of Brunswick, Nassau, Saxe Gotha, Coburg, Meiningen, and Hild- 
burghausen, Anhalt-Dessau, Bernburg, and Kothen; Denmark, on account 
of Holstein; the Netherlands, on account of Luxemburg; the four free 
cities, Hamburg, Liibeck, Bremen, and Frankfort-on-the-Main; and eleven 
principalities—making a total of thirty-nine states. u The Act of Union 
assured to the several states equal rights, independent sovereignty, the 
peaceful settlement of disputes between them, and representation in a Gen- 




306 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


controlled the destinies of Europe for full fifty years afterward. 
(See foreign history, 1866,T I., page 467.) 

June 18.—Battle of Waterloo (Belgium) gained by the Duke of 
Wellington and the allied army over Napoleon. On July 3, Paris 
surrendered to Wellington and Blucher. Napoleon was banished 
to St. Helena, and Louis XVIII. restored, for the second time, to 
the throne of his ancestors.* * 

The Holy Alliance, ratified at Paris, September 25, 1815, was a 
compact between Alexander of Russia (its originator), Francis I., 
of Austria, and Frederic William III. of Prussia, by which the 
three potentates ostensibly bound themselves, among other things, 
“ to be governed by Christian principles in all their political trans¬ 
actions, with a view of perpetuating the peace they had achieved.” 
All the sovereigns of Europe finally entered into the alliance, with 
the exception of Pope Pius VII. and the Prince Regent of Great 
Britain.! 

Prince John, Regent of Portugal, reunited Brazil to the mother- 
country, December 16, 1815. (See foreign history, 1807, IT V., 
page 285, and connect with foreign history, 1816, IF II., page 307.) 

King Ferdinand I. (or IV.) of Naples, whom Napoleon had de¬ 
posed in 1806,J returned to his dominions after the battle of Water¬ 
loo. He then changed his title Ferdinand IV. to Ferdinand I. 
Murat, the so-called ex-King of Naples, made an attempt to re¬ 
instate himself in his former position, but, being seized by the 
Neapolitans, he was tried by a court-martial, and shot, October 13, 
aged 44 years, 

December 7.—Marshal Ney was tried for treason, and shot, aged 
46 years. 

Death of Niebuhr, German traveler in Arabia, aged 82 years. 


eral Diet, which was to be held at Frankfort, under the presidency of Aus¬ 
tria.”—Taylor’s “ History of Germany.” 

* After the battle of Waterloo, Napoleon returned to Paris, where the 
Chambers immediately demanded his abdication; this he signed on the ‘22d 
of June. He then went to Rochefort, intending to set sail for the United 
States, but, as British cruisers lined the coast, the attempt was impractica¬ 
ble. He surrendered (July 15) to the captain of an English frigate, throw¬ 
ing himself upon the hospitality of the British Government. Sentence of 
banishment being passed upon him by the allied sovereigns, he was con¬ 
veyed to the Island of St. Helena, where he arrived in October, 1815. He 
lived there a prisoner nearly six years. On May 5, 1821, during a terrific 
thunder-storm, his soul was called to its final account; his last words were, 
“ Tete d’armee!” (head of the army). 

f The Holy Alliance, severely censured by many as being opposed to 
popular liberty, soon drew upon itself the reproach of hypocrisy and the 
hatred of the people. Its dissolution was coeval with the outbreak of the 
second French Revolution (July, 1830). 

X See foreign history, 1806, ^ III., page 281, and 1825, 1 III., page 




CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX,\ 


307 


1816 . The Bank of the United States was rechar¬ 
tered by Congress for twenty years. (See 1791, T H., 
page 249, and 1832, T I., page 322.) 

Indiana, the nineteenth State, was admitted into the 
Union, December 11. It was the second State carved 
from the Northwest Territory.* 

William I., aged 35 years, was crowned King of Wurtemberg, 
upon the death of his father, Frederic I.t (See foreign history, 
1805, IT II., page 280, and connect with 1864, T IV., page 453.) 

Prince John of Portugal, who became regent in 1792, ascended 
the throne under the title of King John VI., upon the demise of 
his mother, Queen Maria I. da Gloria, or Maria Francesca. (Con¬ 
nect with foreign history, 1821, IT IV., page 312.) 

Death of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, aged 65 years, English 
dramatist. 

1817 . Fifth President of the United States , James 
Monroeof Virginia / born 1758 , died 1831. Democratic 

* See note under II. of 1802, page 276. 

f William I. was twice married ; first, in 1816, to Catharine, daughter 
of Paul, Emperor of Russia, and widow of Peter, Prince of Hoi stein- Olden- 
bourg. Iler Majesty died in 1819, leaving two daughters, the second of 
whom, Princess Sophie, married, in 1839, the Prince of Orange, who, in 
1849, became King William III. of Holland. (See foreign history, 1849, 
III., page 353.) The second queen of William I. of Wurtemberg, and 
mother of King Charles, the reigning monarch (1886), was his first-cousin, 
Princess Pauline, daughter of the Duke of Wurtemberg. 

\ James Monroe was a Virginian, born in 1758. At eighteen he left 
William and Mary College, and entering the Continental army, served in 
Washington’s command till after the battle of Monmouth, 1778. Having 
studied law under Jefferson, he was elected to the Assembly of Virginia in 
1782 ; to the general Congress in 1783; and to the United States Senate in 
1790. Four years afterwards he was appointed minister-plenipotentiary to 
France, but was recalled in 1796, his manifestations of sympathy with the 
republicans of that country being deemed imprudent by the home govern¬ 
ment. He was elected governor of Virginia in 1797. His term ended, he 
was entrusted with important missions in Europe, after which he was again 
elected governor, and the same year, 1811, received the appointment of sec¬ 
retary of state under Madison, in which office he remained till 1817. Act¬ 
ing also for a short time as secretary of war, his energetic measures re¬ 
stored the public credit, which had greatly suffered during the disastrous 
period following the capture of the city of Washington by the British in 
1815. Mr. Monroe was elected President in 1816 ; re-elected in 1820, re¬ 
ceiving in the second campaign every electoral vote except one. 

He married, in 1785, Miss Kortright, of New York. On retiring from 
office, in 1825, he resided at Oak Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia. The 


308 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 



or Anti-Federal candidate; elected almost unanimously 
by the people, all parties uniting in his support. Ad¬ 
ministration, eight years, 1817 to 1825. Vice-President, 
Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York. Secretary of State, 
John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, 1^17 to 1825. 

First Seminole War. The Seminoles of Florida, aided 
by outlaws from the Creek nation, and fugitive negroes, 
began a series of depredations on the frontiers of Georgia, 
the latter part of 1817, and massacres became so frequent 
that the unprotected settlers were obliged to flee from 
their homes for security. (Connect with 1818, T I., page 
309.) 

death of this honored and illustrious statesman occurred in New York City, 
July 4, 1831. His remains were removed to Richmond, Virginia, in 1858. 










CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


309 


Mississippi, the twentieth State, was admitted into the 
Union, December 10. It was the tirst State formed out 
of the territory which Georgia ceded to the United States 
Government in 1802.* 

Kosciusko, the patriotic Pole, who aided the Americans in the 
Revolutionary War, died, aged 70 years. (See first note on page 215.) 

Deaths: Madame de Stael (51), French authoress; Princess Char¬ 
lotte,! only child of George IV., and wife of Prince Leopold of 
Saxe-Coburg. (See foreign history, 1831, H II., page 322.) 

1818 . General Jackson, who, with a thousand men, 
was sent against the Seminoles, soon brought the war to 
an end. Discovering that the Indians had been incited 
to hostilities by the Spaniards in Florida, and supplied 
with arms by two British subjects,:): Jackson summarily 
hanged the latter, and seized the Spanish forts at St. 
Mark's and Pensacola. (See 1832, ^ II., page 322, and 
1835, T I., page 327.) 

Illinois, the twenty-first State, was admitted into the 
Union December 3. It was the third State formed from 
the Northwest Territory.* 

Chili, revolting from Spain, became a republic in 1817. Its in¬ 
dependence was confirmed by San Martin, the Buenos Ayres gen¬ 
eral, at the battle of Maypo, April 5, 1818. (See foreign history, 
1824, IT II., page 314.) 

May 29.—Marriage of the Duke of Kent (brother of King George 
IV.) to Victoria Maria Louisa, Princess of Saxe-Coburg, and widow 
of the Prince of Leiningen. The only issue of this marriage was 
the Princess Victoria, who ascended the throne of Great Britain in 
1837, under the title of Queen Victoria. (See foreign history, 1837, 
IT I., page 330.) 

October 9, a congress of the European powers met at Aix-la- 


* See note under ^ II., 1802, page 276. 

f Princess Charlotte was the niece of the unfortunate Duchess of Wiir- 
temberg, Charlotte of Brunswick-Wolfenbiitlel, whose mysterious death, in 
1788, caused great excitement in the ducal household. Jerome Bona¬ 
parte’s second wife was the daughter of the ill-fated duchess, and conse¬ 
quently niece of poor Queen Caroline, and first-cousin of Princess Char¬ 
lotte. (See last note on page 280, and foreign history, 1807, II., page 
281.) 

% Arbuthnot, a Scotchman, and Ambristcr, a native of the Bahamas. 



310 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL, 


Chapelle (in Rhenish Prussia), to regulate the affairs of the conti¬ 
nent, and agree about the withdrawal from France of the allied 
army. 

Upon the demise of Charles XIII. of Sweden, February 5, 
Charles John Bernadotte, aged 54 years, ascended the Swedish 
throne as King Charles X1Y. (See foreign history, 1844, IF I., page 
339.) 

Deaths: Warren Hastings (86), ex-Governor-Genernl of India; 
Sir Philip Francis (75), supposed author of the “ Letters of Junius.” 
(See foreign history, 1769, IT III., page 186,) 

1819 . First Steam-Passage across the Atlantic was 
made by the Savannah, a steamship that sailed from New 
York in July and reached Liverpool in twenty-six days. 
(See 1838, T I., page 331.) 

Alabama, the twenty-second State, was admitted into 
the Union, December 14. It was the second State carved 
out of the territory ceded to the General Government by 
Georgia in 1802.* 

Florida was ceded to the United States, by Spain, for 
$5,000,000. (See American history, 1783, 4 I., page 243.) 

New Granada and Venezuela were formed into the Republic of 
Colombia, in 1819, under the presidency of Bolivar.f 

Death of James Watt, Scottish inventor, aged 83 years. (See 
foreign history, 1769, 1 II., page 186.) 

1820 . Maine, the twenty-third State, was admitted 
into the Union, March 15. By right of purchase, it had 
been a part of Massachusetts for 143 years. (See 1677, 
*][" I., page 129, and 1639, T I., page 115.) 

Fourth census of the United States (1820). Popula¬ 
tion, 9,633,822. 

Commodore Decatur, aged 41 years, was killed in a 
duel by Commodore Barron. Death of Benjamin "West, 
American painter, aged 82 years. 

* See note under II., 1802, page 276. 

f “ The republic, however, was soon rent by intestine factions, and in 
November, 1831, a year after the death of Bolivar, it was finally split into 
the three independent Republics of Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador.” 
—“ Appletons’ Cyclopaedia.” (See foreign history, 1861, V., page 389.) 


CHR ONOL0GICAL INDEX. 


311 


Accession to the throne of England of George IV. (Brunswick), 
son of George III. and Princess Charlotte of Mecklenberg-Strelitz. 
Born 1762, died 1830. (See foreign history, 1830, IF I., page 320.) 

Sir Walter Scott was the first baronet created by George IV. 

Assassination of the Duke de Berri (aged 42 years). He was the 
second son of Charles X. of France, and the father of the Duke of 
Bordeaux,* Count de Charabord. 

1821. Second Inauguration of President Monroe; 
administration, from 1821 to 1825. Vice-President, Dan¬ 
iel D. Tompkins, of New York; Secretary of State, 
John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. 

The Missouri Compromise. Missouri having been pro¬ 
posed for admission into the Union in 1820, a long and 
angry debate ensued in Congress, the North opposing her 
admission as a slave State, and the South favoring it. 
This was the beginning of a series of political contests 
which culminated in the civil war of 1861. The ques¬ 
tion was settled by the Missouri Compromise, proposed 
by Henry Clay, in 1820, and passed by Congress, Feb¬ 
ruary 27, 1821. By this act, slavery was permitted in 
Missouri, but prohibited in any other State or Territory 
north of 36° 30' north latitude (the southern boundary of 
Missouri), and west of the Mississippi. (See page 356.) 

Missouri, the twenty-fourth State, was admitted into 
the Union, as a slave State, August 10. It was the 
second State formed from the u Louisiana Purchase.” f 

First American Express, from New York to Boston, 
was established by Harnden. 

February 24.—Under the lead of Don Agustin Iturbide, a Mexi¬ 
can colonel, Mexico threw off* allegiance to Spain, and declared her 
independence. (See foreign history, 1822, IT 1., page 312.) 

Greece threw off* the yoke of Turkey, and began the struggle for 


* In 1830, Charles X. and his eldest son, the Duke of Angoule-ne, re¬ 
nounced their right to the crown of France in* favor of the Duke of Bor¬ 
deaux, then a child aged ten vears. (See note to foreign history, 1830, 
1 III., page 320.) 



312 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


her independence. (Connect with foreign history, 1827, IT I., page 
316.) 

March 13.—Victor Emanuel I. resigned the throne of Sardinia 
to his brother, Charles Felix. (See foreign history, 1831, IT I., page 
321.) 

King John VI., being summoned by the Portuguese Cortes to 
return to Lisbon, appointed his son, Dom Pedro, aged 23 years, 
Regent of Brazil, and then set sail for Portugal. (Connect with 
foreign history, 1822, IT II.) 

Deaths: May 5, at St. Helena, the ex-Emperor Napoleon I., aged 
52 years. (Connect with foreign history, 1840, 1 VII., page 333); 
August 7, in London, Queen Caroline, aged 53 years, the ill-fated 
wite of George IV. 

1822. The United States acknowledged the inde¬ 
pendence of the South American republics. 

Boston was lighted by gas. (See 1835, T Y., page 
328.) 

May 19.—Iturbide wns proclaimed Emperor of Mexico, under 
the title of Agustin I. (Connect with foreign history, 1823, IT I.) 

Brazil an empire; Dom Pedro, the first emperor. In October, of 
this year, the Brazilians, provoked by the impolitic and oppressive 
acts of the Portuguese Cortes, proclaimed their independence, and, 
organizing the empire of Brazil, conferred the imperial crown on 
the Regent, Dom Pedro, under the title of Pedro I. (For Portugal, 
see 1826, IT I., page 316; for Brazil, 1831, 1 III., page 322.) 

Deaths: Canova, Italian sculptor, aged 65 years; William Her- 
schel, English astronomer (74); Percy Bysshe Shelley, English 
poet (30). 

1823. The Monroe Doctrine. The independence 
of the Spanish colonies of South America that had re¬ 
volted from Spain, and formed themselves into republics, 
having been acknowledged by the United States in 1822, 
President Monroe, in his annual message to Congress 
(December 2, 1823), made the important declaration that 
“ the American Continents are not to be considered as 
subjects for future colonization by any European power.” 
The principle herein involved has since become famous 
as the Monroe doctrine, and has been recognized as a 
part of the settled policy of the Republic of the United 
States. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


313 


Iturbide, after a reign of ten months, resigned his imperial dig¬ 
nity to a Mexican Congress, and, on May 11, embarked for Europe. 
(Connect with foreign history, 1824, 111 III. and IV., page 314.) 

Leo XII. ascended the Papal throne. (See foreign history, 1829, 
IT III., page 319.) 

Louis XVIII. sent a French army into Spain to aid in restoring 
to King Ferdinand VII.* the supreme authority of which the Cortes 
had deprived him. (Connect with foreign history, 1833, 1 II., p. 325.) 

Death of Dr. Jenner (74), English physician and discoverer of 
vaccination. (Examine foreign history, 1721, IT II., page 161, and 
1796, ! II., page 254.) 

1824 . Lafayette visited the United States and was 
entertained as the nation’s guest. His tour throughout 
the twenty-four States was one*"continued triumphal 
procession. He was received everywhere with the 
warmest demonstrations of esteem and affection. As a 
token of the country’s gratitude for his generous serv¬ 
ices during the Re volutionary War, Congress voted him 
$200,000 and 23,000 acres of land in Florida. At the 
period of this visit Lafayette was in the sixty-eighth year 
of his age. He set sail for France in September, 1825, 

* After the downfall of Napoleon, Ferdinand VII. was restored to the 
Spanish throne by the allied powers, May, 1814. The severe measures he 
employed against the constitutional party led to a rebellion in 1820. The 
Cortes having been convened, the king was constrained by the necessity of 
his situation to take an oath before that body to govern according to the 
Constitution of the year 1812. Not long afterward an attempt was made 
by the extreme royalists to restore the absolute power of the throne. In the 
conflict which ensued, the party of the Constitution were successful, but 
they abused their victory by putting undue limitations on the royal pre¬ 
rogatives, and by proceeding with the utmost rigor against the adherents of 
the king. As a consequence, disturbances broke forth, and civil w r ar was 
again threatened. Meanwhile there had assembled at Verona (Italy) a Con¬ 
gress of representatives from the powers belonging to the Holy Alliance 
(see 1815, V., page 306), which at this period had been joined by nearly 

all the monarchs of Europe. The Congress resolved to intervene in the 
affairs of Spain, and accordingly the Cortes was commanded to relinquish 
the Constitution of the year 1812 and restore the royal prerogatives. Upon 
the refusal of the Cortes to accede to these demands, a French army of 
100,000 men was sent into Spain, by order of the Congress, to enforce com¬ 
pliance, April, 1823. The troops assembled by the constitutional party to 
resist the invasion were overpowered and forced to lay down their arms, 
and in September of that same year the Cortes restored Ferdinand VII. 
to absolute power. 

14 


314 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


in the frigate Brandywine, which w T as thus named in his 
honor and placed at his disposal by the United States. 
(See 1834, T III., and note on page 326.) 

Upon the death of Louis XVIII., aged 69 years, his brother, 
Count d’Artois (67), became King of France, under the title of 
Charles X. He was deposed in 1830, and died in 1836. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1830, IT III., page 320.) 

Peru became a republic. Its independence of Spain was achieved 
at the battle of Ayacucho, December 9.* 

October 4. Mexico was formed into a republic, with nineteen 
States and four Territories. A Federal Constitution was adopted, 
similar to that of the United States of America. 

Iturbide, ex-Emperor of Mexico, returning from Europe, tried to 
resume his former power, but was taken prisoner and shot. 

First number of the u Westminster Review ” was published. 

Deaths: Eugene Beauharnais (43); Cambac6r6s, French states¬ 
man (70); Dr. Lempriere, English author (64); Lord Byron, Eng¬ 
lish poet (36); Viotti, Italian violinist (69). He was the connecting 
link between the early and modern violin schools. 

1825 . Sixth President of the United States , John 
Quincy Adams f of Massachusetts ; born 1767 , died 18J8. 
There were several candidates, but, none receiving the 
majority of electoral votes, the election devolved on the 

* Ayacucho (formerly Guamanga), a town of Peru. 

f John Quincy Adams was born at Braintree, Massachusetts, July 11, 
1767. At the age of eleven he accompanied his father to France, where he 
pursued his studies for two years. At the age of fourteen he was appointed 
private secretary to Francis Dana, American Ambassador to Russia. He made 
the tour of Europe and reached Paris in time to witness the definitive treaty of 
1783. Returning to America, he was graduated at Harvard College in 1787. 
He then studied law, and soon became distinguished as a political writer. 
In 1794 he was appointed Minister to the Netherlands, and in 1797 he mar¬ 
ried Louisa Johnson, daughter of Joshua Johnson, of Maryland, who was 
then American consul at London. About this time, Washington wrote to 
the elder Adams, “ I give it as my decided opinion that Mr. Adams is the 
most valuable public character we have abroad.” He was Senator from 
Massachusetts in 1803, and in 1809 was appointed. Minister to Russia; his 
diplomatic services at St. Petersburg laid the foundation of those amicable 
relations which still exist between Russia and the United States. In 1814 
he assisted in negotiating a treaty of peace at Ghent, and in the spring of 
the following year became Minister to England. Being appointed Secretary 
of State in 1817, he retained the office until he was elected President in 
1824. He was called to a seat in Congress in 1831, a position which he re¬ 
tained until his death in 1848. His last words were: “ This is the last of 
earth! I am content!” Adams’s excellence in debate obtained for him 
the title of the “ Old Man Eloquent.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


315 



House of Representatives. Administration four years, 
1825-1829. Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, of South 
Carolina; Secretary of State, Henry Clay, of Kentucky. 

The Erie Canal, 363 miles in length, which connects 
Lake Erie at Buffalo with the Hudson River at Albany, 
was completed, at the cost of nearly eight million dollars. 
The work of construction had occupied eight years. 

Accession of Nicholas I.* (29) to the imperial throne of Russia, 
upon the death of his brother, Alexander I., without issue. (See 
foreign history, 1855, IF II., page 366.) 


* Nicholas had a brother seventeen years his senior—the Grand Duke 
Constantine—who, in 1823, formally renounced his hereditary rights to the 
succession. The first wife of this grand duke (from whom, however, by 
mutual consent, he separated in 1800, after a union of four years) was the 
Princess Julienne, of Saxe-Coburg, sister of the Duchess of Kent and aunt 
of Queen Victoria. 







316 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHARI MANUAL 


Louis I.* (39) was crowned King of Bavaria, upon the death of 
his father, Maximilian I. (See foreign history, 1805, IT II., page 280.) 

Francis I. (48), upon the death of his father King Ferdinand I., 
succeeded to the throne of Naples or The Two Sicilies. (See foreign 
history, 1830, IT VI., page 321.) 

Deaths: Letitia Barbauld, English authoress, aged 82 years; 
David, French painter, aged 75 years. 

1826 . The First Railway in the United States was 
the Quincy and Boston , built to convey granite for the 
Bunker Hill Monument, from the granite-quarries of 
Quincy, Massachusetts. The cars were drawn by horses. 

John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , two of America’s 
noblest patriots, and both ex-Presidents of the United 
States, expired on the 'same day, July 4, tbe fiftieth anni¬ 
versary of the Declaration of Independence; Adams aged 
90 years, and Jefferson 82. 

Pedro I., Emperor of Brazil, upon the death of his father, King 
John VI. of Portugal, in 1826, was the legitimate claimant of the 
Portuguese crown, but, as the Constitution of Brazil obliged him to 
reside in the empire, he renounced his rights to Portugal to his 
daughter, Maria II. da Gloria, a child aged seven years, who was 
proclaimed queen—first, under the regency of her aunt, Maria Isa¬ 
bella, and secondly, in 1828, under that of her uncle, Dom Miguel. 
(See note * on p. 494, and connect with for. hist., 1828, IT I., p. 317.) 

By a treaty signed February 24, 1826, a portion of the territory 
of Burmah was annexed to British India. This was the result of 
the war, begun in 1824, between the Burmese Empire and the forces 
of Great Britain under General Sir Archibald Campbell. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1843, IF I., page 338.) 

Death of Carl Maria von Weber (39), German musical composer. 

1827 . The Delaware and Hudson Canal Company 
constructed a railroad from tlieir coal-mines toHonesdale, 
Pennsylvania, a locomotive being imported from England. 
(See 1831, page 321.) 

Battle of Navarino.f in which the combined squadrons of Great 
Britain, France, and Russia annihilated the Turco-Egyptian fleet. 


* Louis I. abdicated the throne in 1848 in favor of his son, Maxi¬ 
milian II. 

f Navarino a seaport of Greece, in the Morea, on a bay of the Medi¬ 
terranean. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


317 


This decisive victory secured the emancipation of Greece from the 
thralldom of Turkey. It was not, however, till 1830 that the Sultan 
acknowledged the independence of Greece. (See foreign history, 
1828, IT II.) 

Anthony Clement ascended the throne of Saxony on the death 
of his brother, Frederic Augustus. (See foreign history, 1836, IT I., 
page 328.) 

Deaths: Pestalozzi (82), Swiss educationist; Laplace (78), French 
astronomer; L. von Beethoven (57), German musical composer. 

1828. The Tariff Bill , imposing protective duties on 
imports, was passed by the United States Congress. It 
was acceptable to the manufacturers of the North, but 
obnoxious to the cotton-planters of the South. (See 1832, 
T III., page 323.) 

Death of Gilbert Stuart, American painter, aged 72 
years. 

Don Miguel, whom the Emperor of Brazil had (in'1828) appoint¬ 
ed Regent of Portugal, during the minority of Queen Maria II., 
usurping the rights of the young sovereign, caused himself to be 
proclaimed king. The Brazilian emperor entered solemn protests 
against this violation of his hereditary rights, and those of his 
daughter, whom he dispatched with a royal cortege to London 
(1828). (See note under ! III. of foreign history, 1831, page 322, 
and connect with foreign history, 1833, IF L, page 324, and 1834, 
IF I., page 326.) 

August 6. A treaty was concluded at Alexandria, by Sir Ed¬ 
ward Codrington, on the part of Great Britain, with the Viceroy of 
Egypt, for the evacuation of Greece by the Egyptians. The repre¬ 
sentatives of the three powers, England, France, and Russia, met, 
to settle the limits of Greece and its form of government. The 
country was organized as a monarchy, and order re-established. 
The Greek patriot, Alexander Ypsilanti, who had been a prisoner 
in Austria for six years, was now released, but died soon after his 
liberation. (See foreign history, 1832, IF II., page 323.) 

The Corporation and Test Acts were repealed by the British Par¬ 
liament in 1828. 

J. F. Champollion, French Egyptologist, brother of J. J. Cham- 
pollion Figdac, set out for Egypt, to explore its antiquities. 

February 18, Feodora, daughter of the Duchess of Kent by her 
first husband, Prince of Leiningen, and half-sister of Queen Victoria, 
married the Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. (See 1881, p. 509.) 

Deaths: Dugald Stewart (75), Scottish metaphysician; Dr. 
Wollaston (62), English naturalist and philosopher; Schubert (31), 
German musical composer. 


318 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 



rein, or Cus¬ 
toms Union, 
established 
in Central 


•CATHOLIC EM A NCI- • 
PATION BILL 

• Passed by British Parliament. * 


1829 . Seventh President of the United States , An¬ 
drew Jackson ,* of Tennessee • born 1767 , died 184-6. 
Elected by Democrats, a name assumed by the old Re- 

* Andrew Jackson was, according to the best authorities, a native of 
the Waxhaw Settlement, North Carolina. His father dying when Andrew 
was an infant, the boy’s early education was much neglected. In 1781, at 
the age of fourteen, he took part in the Revolutionary War. He began his 
career as a lawyer, in the wilds of Tennessee, in 1787, and was first repre¬ 
sentative in Congress from that State, in 1796. In the War of 1812, he 
conducted the principal campaign against the Creek Indians, which re¬ 
sulted in their complete subjugation. By his victory at New Orleans he 
acquired undying fame. He was appointed Governor of Florida in 1821, 
and became United States Senator the next year. In 1828 he was elected 
President of the United States, and was re-clected in 1832. His term of 
office was a very exciting one, and never were the affairs of the republic, 
either foreign or domestic, more prosperous than at the close of his admin¬ 
istration. His great firmness and decision of character, united to strong 
common sense and shining patriotism, compensated greatly for his deficiency 
in more refined traits. In 1837 he retired from public life, and died in 
1845. 













CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


319 


publicans or Anti-Federalists after their formation into 
a separate party. Administration eight years, 1829 to 
1837. Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, of South Caro¬ 
lina, March 4, 1829, till December 28, 1832, when he re¬ 
signed. Acting Vice-President, and President pro tem. 
of the Senate, Hugh L. White, of Tennessee, from De¬ 
cember 28, 1832, till March 4, 1833. Secretaries of 
State, Martin Van Buren, of New York, till April 7, 
1831; Edward Livingston, of Louisiana, from May 24, 
1831, till March 4, 1833. 

The Catholic Emancipation or Relief Bill was passed by the 
British Parliament (April, 1829), UDder the influence of the Duke of 
Wellington and Sir Robert Peel. By this bill Catholics are eligible 
to all offices of state, except that of the Lord Chancellor of England, 
the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and offices in Protestant univer¬ 
sities.* 

The Zollverein, a commercial union or customs union of Central 
Germany, originated (June 1, 1629) by Frederic William Ill. of 
Prussia. Gradually nearly all Germany (Austria excepted) joined 
the union; the members agreeing to levy no duties on merchandise 
passing from one state to another, but to levy them only at the com¬ 
mon frontier. This tariff union was not only a great material ad¬ 
vantage to the parties who entered it, but aided in fostering among 
them a closer political union. It added greatly to the influence of 
Prussia in Germany. 

Pius VIII. ascended the Papal throne. (See foreign history, 
1831, 1 IV., page 322.) 

Death of Sir Humphry Davy (50), English chemist. 

1830. Fifth Census of the United States. Popula¬ 
tion 12,866,020. 

* Among the distinguished men who labored most earnestly to promote 
the cause of Catholic emancipation, Daniel O’Connell held a conspicuous 
rank. Associations, of which this gifted barrister was the leader, were 
formed throughout Ireland to secure the repeal of the laws excluding Cath¬ 
olics from Parliament. To bring matters to an issue, Daniel O’Connell was 
elected member of Parliament (in 1827) from the county of Clare; upon 
his declining to take the test-oath, he was refused the seat to which he had 
been elected; but only to be re-elected by his constituents in Clare the 
following year. Parliament soon realized that “ there was but a choice of 
alternatives, justice to Ireland, or war with a united and determined peo¬ 
ple.” Accordingly, a bill removing Catholic disabilities was passed, which 
received the royal assent on the 13th of April, 1829. 


320 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


William IV. (Brunswick), aged 67 years, ascended the throne of 
Great Britain upon the death of his brother, George IV. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1837, 111., page 330.) 

Algiers* (on the Mediterranean, east of Morocco) was conquered 
by a French fleet, and annexed to France. 

The Three Days’ Revolution f in France was followed by the ab¬ 
dication of Charles X., and the accession of Louis Philippe (of the 
second House of Orleans), under the title of “ King of the French” 
—he was born 1773, deposed 1848, died 1850. (Connect with for¬ 
eign history, 1848, 11 I., page 350.) 

Belgium threw off allegiance to King William of the Nether¬ 
lands, and proclaimed its independence.} (See foreign history, 1831, 
11II., page 322.) 


* This important conquest has been permanently retained by France, 
and, under the name of Algeria, constitutes by far the most extensive of 
her colonial dependencies. For many years the Arabs fought desperately 
to regain their independence, but without success. The closing contest was 
in 1847, when the brave Emir, Abd-el-Kader, who had held out with varied 
fortunes for thirteen years, surrendered to the French under General Lamori- 
ciere. Algeria is under the rule of a governor-general appointed by France. 

f Causes of the revolution. The remote cause may be traced to the 
contests between the ultra-royalists and the Liberal party, which, after the 
restoration of the Bourbons, in 1815, had almost perpetually agitated 
France; but the ‘proximate cause was King Charles’s rashness in resorting to 
undue coercion to crush out liberalism. The Chamber of Deputies, as the 
Legislature was called, had expressed its want of confidence in the policy of 
the new ministry, of which Prince Polignac was the head. Charles sup¬ 
ported the views of his Cabinet, and, dissolving the Chamber, ordered a new 
election of members to that body. The result was the re-election of the 
obnoxious deputies, with others still more hostile to the ministry. Polignac, 
advocating repressive measures, urged the king to act firmly. Charles ac¬ 
cordingly published, in the “ Moniteur ” of July 25, three arbitrary or¬ 
dinances: The first dissolved the recently elected Chamber of Deputies, 
which had not yet met; the second restrained the license of the press; 
and the third violated the charter, by changing the mode of elections. 
Immediately all Paris was in a state of insurrection. For three days the 
royal troops held out against the populace, but finally were driven from the 
city. The king then offered to revoke the obnoxious ordinances, and to 
summon a popular ministry, but the concessions came too late—his depo¬ 
sition had already been decreed, and he and his only son, the Duke of 
AngoulSme, were forced to sign their abdication and retire, for a third time, 
into exile. Equally unavailing were the king’s efforts to secure the crown 
to his grandson, the young Duke of Bordeaux, popularly known as the 
Count of Chambord or Henri V. A provisional government was at once 
constituted, and Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans (son of the unprincipled 
Philippe Egalit6, who perished on the scaffold in 1793) was elected as King 
of the French, or “ the Citizen King.” (Connect with foreign history, 1848, 
1 I., page 350.) 

} The Belgic provinces, which, during the French Revolution, were 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


321 


An insurrection in Poland resulted in the extinction of the king¬ 
dom, and its incorporation into the empire of Russia.* * (See foreign 
history, 1815, IT II., page 305.) 

Ferdinand II. (Bomba), aged 20 years, upon the death of his 
father, Francis I., was crowned King of Naples or the Two Sicilies. 
(Connect with foreign history, 1859, IT II., page 372.) 

1831 . The first locomotive for railroad purposes 
built in the United States was constructed at Baltimore 
by Peter Cooper, of New York, and used for the trans¬ 
portation of passengers on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail¬ 
road, f 

Charles Albert, who, in 1800, had succeeded his father, Charles 
Emanuel, as Prince of Savoy-Carignan, ascended the throne of Sar¬ 
dinia in 1831, upon the death of his kinsman, Charles Felix.:{: 


wrested from Austria and united to France (1794), had been, by the Con¬ 
gress of Vienna (1814), arbitrarily annexed to the States-General of Holland 
and merged into one Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Belgians, who 
differed from the Hollanders in their religion, language, and institutions, 
were from the first opposed to the union, and the tyranny of their rulers 
had increased their discontent. Encouraged by the result of the “ Parisian 
July days,” they resolved to make an effort to recover their rights. Their 
attempt proved successful. Through the intervention of the five great 
powers, whose representatives had met in London, their independence was 
acknowledged, and, their country being erected into a monarchy, the crown 
was offered to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. (Connect with foreign 
history, 1831, II., page 322.) 

* The severity of the Russian rule in Poland, with the loss of national 
existence, had weighed most heavily upon that oppressed people. The suc¬ 
cessful termination of the revolution in France and of that in Belgium 
emboldened the Poles to strike another blow for freedom, but their attempt 
ended most disastrously for themselves—the insurrection, after a succession 
of bloody conflicts, was quelled the following year (1831); and in 1832 the 
Kingdom of Poland was declared to be an integral part of the Russian 
Empire. Since that period, numerous revolts have taken place. “ Fresh 
persecutions, and at length the incorporation of the free state of Cracow 
with the Austrian Empire (1846), were the consequences of their foolhardy 
attempts.” Nothing daunted by their frequent failures, the Polish patriots 
again arose in rebellion in 1863. This, their last effort in the cause of 
freedom, was visited by a merciless retribution on the part of Russia. “ The 
mines of Siberia grew populous with the condemned.” 

f The Baltimore and Ohio was the first passenger railroad in America, 
fifteen miles of which were opened in 1830; the cars were drawn by horses, 
until 1831, when Cooper’s locomotive was substituted for horse-power. 

\ Charles Felix was the last male descendant of the direct line of the 
house of Savoy, and at his death the succession fell to the younger line of 
Carignan, founded in 1630 bv Thomas Francis, son of Duke Charles Emanuel 



322 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Leopold I., Prince of Saxe-Coburg (40), uncle of Queen Victoria, 
and consort of the late Princess Charlotte of Great Britain, after 
declining the throne of Greece, which was tendered to him in 1830, 
accepted that of Belgium, to which he was elected in June, 1831. 
The following year (1832) the King of the Belgians espoused Prin¬ 
cess Louise of Orleans, eldest daughter of Louis Philippe of France. 
(See foreign history, 1865, H I., page 463, and note f.) 

Pedro II., aged five years, was proclaimed Emperor of Brazil, 
upon the forced abdication of his father, Pedro I., April 7, 1831.* 
(Connect with foreign history, 1840, IT IV., page 333.) 

Gregory XVI. ascended the Papal throne. (See foreign history, 
1846, IT III, page 346.) 

Deaths: William Roscoe (79), English historian; Mrs. Siddons 
(75), English actress; Hegel (61), German philosopher; Henry Mac¬ 
kenzie (86), Scottish author; and Niebuhr (55), German historian. 

1832. As the charter of the United States Bank, in 
which the public money was deposited, would expire in 
1836, Congress passed a bill in 1832, renewing the charter, 
but President Jackson vetoed the bill. (Connect with 
1833, II., page 324.) 

Black Hawk War. This war was brought on by the 
refusal of the Sacs and Foxes to surrender certain lands 
in Wisconsin Territory which they had sold to the United 

of Savoy. After several years’ reign, King Charles Albert proposed the 
unification of Italy. He became involved in war with Austria in 1848, and, 
being defeated at the battle of Novara, March 23, 1849, he abdicated in 
favor of his son, Victor Emanuel II. (See foreign history, 1849, II., 
page 353.) 

* The discontent of the Brazilians against the Government, culminating 
in a popular tumult at Rio Janeiro, compelled Pedro I. not only to yield the 
imperial crown to his young son, but also to return to his native land. He 
was accompanied by his daughter, dona Maria II., the young Queen of 
Portugal, who, in 1829, had been recalled from her residence in London. 
The first wife of Pedro I. was Leopoldine of Austria, sister of the noted 
Maria Louisa, Empress of France (1810-1814). Their children were Pedro 
II., Emperor of Brazil; Maria II. da Gloria, Queen of Portugal: Frances 
Caroline, wife of the Prince of Joinville (son of Louis Philippe, King of the 
French); and Maria Januaria, who married the Count of Aquila, brother of 
Ferdinand II. of Naples. The Empress Leopoldine died in 1826, and in 1829 
Pedro I. married Amelie Beauharnais, daughter of Prince Eugene, and sister 
of Josephine Beauharnais, Queen of Oscar I. of Sweden. The death of Pedro 
I. occurred in 1834, that of his widow, Amelie Beauharnais, in 1873. The 
only issue of the second marriage was a daughter, the Princess Amelie, who 
died (1853) in her twenty-second year, unmarried. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


323 


States several years before, but had been permitted to oc¬ 
cupy till needed for settlement. “ When the march of 
civilization reached their borders, and Government was 
disposing of the Territory to settlers,” the Indians, upon 
the plea that the original sale was illegal, not only refused 
to retire, but began a series of depredations upon the front¬ 
ier settlements, and it was only by military force, and after 
the capture of their chief, the famous Black Hawk, that 
they were subdued and transported farther westward. 
(See 1834, *|f II., page 325.) 

A new Tariff Bill was passed by Congress, laying heavy 
protective duties on imported articles. South Carolina re¬ 
sisted and passed the nullification ordinance, by which 
the Tariff Bill was made null and void in that State. 
President Jackson then issued a proclamation, declaring 
that the law would be enforced, on which South Carolina 
threatened to secede from the Union. (Connect with 
1833, 1 III., page 324.) 

Asiatic cholera reached the United States and caused 
alarming mortality throughout the land. 

Deaths in 1832: Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, aged 
95 years, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of 
Independence; Philip Freneau, aged 80 years, American 
poet and journalist. 

The parliamentary Reform Bill, after passing both Houses of the 
British Parliament, received the royal assent June 7, 1832. By its 
provisions popular representation in the House of Commons was 
equalized; all boroughs^with less than 2,000 inhabitants were to 
be disfranchised, and those boroughs with 2,000 and less than 4,000 
inhabitants were to have one member each. 

Otho, aged 17 years, second son of King Louis I. of Bavaria, 
was appointed King of Greece by the allies, France, Great Britain, 
and Russia, whose intervention in 1827 had secured Grecian in¬ 
dependence. (Connect with foreign history, 1862, H I., page 422, 
and note *.) 

Deaths: The Duke of Reichstadt (Napoleon II.), aged 21 years, 


324 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


son of Napoleon I. and Maria Louisa of Austria; * Sir Walter Scott 
(61), English novelist and poet; Goethe (82), German poet; Cuvier 
(63), French naturalist. 

1833. Second Inauguration of President Jackson. 
Administration from 1833 to 1837. Vice-President, Mar¬ 
tin Van Buren, of New York. Secretaries of State: Ed¬ 
ward Livingston retained till May 29; Louis McLane, of 
Delaware, from May 29,1833, to June 27,1834; John For¬ 
syth, of Georgia, from June 27, 1834, to March 4, 1837. 

Removal of the Government Deposits. The public 
funds, amounting to about $10,000,000, were removed 
from the United States Bank, October 1, by order of 
President Jackson, and placed in certain selected banks 
in different parts of the country. This measure the Presi¬ 
dent deemed necessary, as he said, in order “ to preserve 
the morals of the people, the freedom of the press, and 
the purity of the elective franchise. It was the begin¬ 
ning of a contest in Congress respecting the deposits, 
which continued a long time and created much excite¬ 
ment throughout the country.” (Connect with 1836, 
T1., page 328.) 

Clay’s Compromise Bill passed by the United States 
Congress. The act provided for the gradual reduction 
of duties for the next ten years, when they should sink 
to the general level of twenty per cent. The compro¬ 
mise restored tranquillity in South Carolina. 

Death of John Randolph, of Roanoke, Virginia (aged 
60 years), American statesman. 

Maria II. da Gloria, aged 14 years, was restored to the throne 
of Portugal.! In 1835 (January 25) she espoused the Duke of 


* In 1864 there were four monarchs seated on imperial thrones, who were 
cousins-german of the Duke of Reichstadt, viz., Pedro II. of Brazil, Francis 
Joseph of Austria, Napoleon III. of France, and Maximilian of Mexico. 

f Having returned to his hereditary domains, Pedro I. immediately took 
measures to displace his brother from the throne, and establish Dona'Maria 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


325 


Lenchtenberg, son of Prince Eugene Beauharnais and brother of 
her Majesty’s step-mother, Am61ie Beauharnais. Two months after 
their nuptials the duke died, and in 1836 the queen was united to 
Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, nephew of King 
Leopold I. of Belgium, and first-cousin of Queen Victoria and her 
consort Prince Albert. (Connect with foreign history, 1834, IT I., 
page 326, and 1853, T I., page 363.) 

Isabella II. (aged three years) was proclaimed Queen of Spain on 
the death of her father, King Ferdinand VII. By a singular co¬ 
incidence tho claims of the child-queen Isabella, like those of her 
cousin, Maria II. of Portugal, while upheld by the Liberals, were 
disputed by a “usurper-uncle” supported by the royalists.* (Con¬ 
nect with foreign history, 1834, f I., page 326, and examine 1868, 
f II., page 474.) 

Death of Hannah More, aged 88 years, English authoress. 

1834 . Spoliation Claim against France settled. 
President Jackson obliged France to pay to the United 
States $5,000,000 for injuries or damages inflicted upon 
American commerce during the wars of Napoleon. 

The Indian Territory was organized by act of Con¬ 
gress, June 30, 1834. “It is the policy of the United 
States to settle the various Indian tribes in this region 
upon separate reservations, as far as possible, where they 

as queen under a regency. By his maladministration and cruelties Dorn 
Miguel had rendered himself odious to the Liberal party, who now eagerly 
rallied under Pedro; a civil war ensued, in which the queen’s cause was 
aided by volunteers from England and France. The fleet of Miguel was 
captured, Lisbon surrendered, and the usurper fled to Spain. The queen 
was confirmed in her rights by the great powers of Europe, and an ade¬ 
quate force was sent from England to maintain her authority. 

* In 1830 Ferdinand VII. of Spain, yielding to the persuasions of his 
fourth wife, Maria Christina of Naples, abolished the Salic law , by which 
females were excluded from the throne. In consequence of this act, his 
daughter, the Infanta Isabella, who was born October 10, 1830, became 
heir to the Spanish crown, to the exclusion of Ferdinand’s younger brother 
Don Carlos, who under the Salic law was entitled to the succession. Upon 
King Ferdinand’s death (September 29, 1833) Don Carlos caused himself to 
be proclaimed king, under the title of Charles V. Civil war followed. 
“ Maria Christina, the regent, proclaimed Don Carlos a rebel, and concluded 
with Great Britain, France, and Portugal the so-called Quadruple Treaty or 
Alliance, the practical effect of which was to expel Don Carlos and Dom 
Miguel, the champions of absolutism, from Spain and Portugal.” In 1846 
Don Carlos adopted the name of Count Molina, and abdicated his assumed 
rights to the Spanish crown in favor of his eldest son, Don Carlos, Count 
of Montemolin. (See foreign history, 1861, VII., page 389, and note p) 


326 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL, 


may be free from the encroachment of the white people, 
and under the general superintendence and protection of 
the Government.” * 

Deaths: Lafayette f (77), French-American Revolu¬ 
tionary general; William Wirt (62), American jurist. 

The Quadruple Treaty, or, as it is also called, Quadruple Alli¬ 
ance, guaranteeing the constitutional thrones of Portugal and Spain, 
was signed by England, France, Portugal, and Spain, April 22, 
1834. The usurpers, Dom Miguel (who was still keeping up a par¬ 
tisan warfare in Portugal) and Don Carlos, then received notifica¬ 
tion of their definitive expulsion—the one from Portugal, the other 
from Spain. (See notes under foreign history, IFIT I. and II., of 
1833, pages 324 and 325.) 

The year 1834 is memorable for the abolition of slavery through¬ 
out all the British colonies. “ While humanity was thus consulted, 
justice was not neglected, since Parliament provided that a sum of 
twenty millions sterling should be distributed among the proprie¬ 
tors of slaves as a compensation for the loss of their service.” 

* See note under I., 1803, page 276. 

f Lafayette returned to France after the surrender at Yorktown, 1781. 
In response to Washington’s invitation, he revisited the United States in 
1784. During the French Revolution, he took part with the advocates of 
liberty, but with a wise moderation. In 1789, he was appointed com¬ 
mander-in-chief of the National Guard, and, at his suggestion, the tricolor 
was adopted. After the storming and fall of the Bastile, he sent the main 
key of that stronghold to Washington, as a trophy of the daring deed. 
This relic of the despotic ages of the past is still to be seen at Mount Ver¬ 
non. By fearlessly denouncing the excesses of the Jacobins, Lafayette drew 
upon himself their avowed hatred, and was forced to seek safety in flight. 
Captured by the Austrians (then at war with France), he was confined for 
five years in a dreary dungeon at Olmlitz. Twenty-two months of his im¬ 
prisonment were voluntarily shared by his heroic wife, who had herself nar¬ 
rowly escaped the guillotine in Paris. This excellent lady, during the Reign 
of Terror, was seized by her husband’s enemies and cast into prison; her 
decapitation was already decreed, when the prestige of a visit from Mrs. 
Monroe, wife of the American ambassador, brought about the reversal of 
her sentence. The day following the opportune visit, her prison-doors 
opened, not, as had been designed, for her passage to the scaffold, but for 
her happy restoration to liberty. While his parents were suffering all the 
severities of incarceration in Europe, young George Washington Lafayette 
found tender sympathy in the United States, and for a while he remained at 
Mount Vernon, under the guardianship of Washington. Lafayette’s release 
from the Austrian dungeon was demanded and obtained by Napoleon. Ilis 
second visit to the United States, in 1824, has already been alluded to. 
His death occurred in Paris on the 19th of May, 1834. “ Ilis funeral was 

a magnificent tribute to his memory as held in the hearts of the French 
people.” 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX,\ 327 

Deaths: Charles Lamb (60), English essayist; * Samuel T. Cole¬ 
ridge (62), English metaphysician and poet.* 

1835. Second Seminole War . This war originated 
in an attempt to remove the Seminoles from Florida to 
lands west of the Mississippi River. Major Dade, with 
116 men, having been massacred, and the country ravaged 
by the Indians under Osceola, their leading spirit, General 
Scott and General Gaines were sent against them. The 
Seminoles, though repulsed, still continued hostilities. 
(Connect with 1839, 1 I., page 332, and 1842, II., 
page 336.) 

The announcement of the extinction of the public 
debt, with a balance on hand of $19,000,000, was made De¬ 
cember 7, 1835. (Connect with 1836, III,, page 328.) 

Revolution in Texas. Texas, formerly a province of 
the. viceroyalty of Mexico, was united with Coahuila in 
1824, to form a State of the Mexican Republic. Its prox¬ 
imity to the United States, added to its great natural ad¬ 
vantages of soil and climate, its long sea-coast on the 
Gulf of Mexico, and its numerous rivers inviting immi¬ 
gration, it had already been largely colonized by Ameri¬ 
cans, to whom in course of time the Government of 
Mexico became oppressive. In 1835, after a series of 
struggles for their rights, the Texans declared their inde¬ 
pendence. The victory on the San Jacinto achieved the 
following year by General Sam Houston, and the capture 
of the Mexican President Santa Anna, ended the contest. 
(Connect with 1836, T VI., page 328.) 

On December 16 a great tire occurred in the city of 
New York. Five hundred and twenty-nine houses, cover¬ 
ing thirty acres, were laid in ashes, and $18,000,000 worth 
of property were consumed. (See 1836, T V., page 328.) 

* See note f under III. of 1843, page 338. 


328 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Philadelphia was lighted by gas. (See 1822, T II., 
page 312.) 

Death of Chief-Justice Marshall, aged 80 years. 

Ferdinand I. (42) ascended the imperial throne of Austria upon 
tlie death of his father, Francis I. (Connect with foreign history, 
1848, IT III., page 351.) 

Deaths: August Wilhelm von Schlegel (69), German critic and 
philosopher; Vincenzo Bellini (33), Sicilian musical composer. 

1836. The charter of the United States Bank expired 
by limitation, and the bank ceased to be a national insti¬ 
tution. (See 1816, T I., page 307, and connect with 1840, 
T1., page 333.) 

An act was passed by Congress regulating the depos¬ 
its of the public funds in State banks. 

July 11, President Jackson issued the specie circular, 
which required payment for public lands to be made in 
gold and silver; and in his last annual message to Con¬ 
gress he announced that a surplus of $41,000,000 would 
be in the United States Treasury in January 1, 1837. 

Arkansas, the twenty-fifth State, was admitted into 
the Union June 15. It was the third State formed from 
the “ Louisiana Purchase.” * 

On December 15 a destructive fire occurred in Wash¬ 
ington City, D. C. The United States Post-Office, and 
the Patent-Office, with 7,000 models and 10,000 designs 
of inventions, were consumed. (See 1851, T Y., page 358.) 

Texas, which, in 1835, had revolted from Mexico, 
secured its independence by the battle of San Jacinto. 
(Connect with 1837, T IT., page 330.) 

Frederic Augustus II. (49) ascended the throne of Saxony upon 
the death of his uncle, Anthony Clement. (Connect with foreign 
history, 1854, T II., page 365.) 

Deaths: John L. Macadam (80), Scottish improver of roads; 
Nathan Meyer Rothschild (60), London financier; Madame Mali- 
bran {nee Garcia), Italian vocalist, aged 28 years. 

* See note under I. of 1803, page 276. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


329 


1837 . January 26, Michigan, the twenty sixth State, 
was admitted into the Union. It was the fourth State 
formed from the “Northwest Territory.” * 



Eighth President of the United States , Martin Van 
Burenf of New York; lorn 178%, died 186%. Elected 

* See note under II. of 1802, page 276. 

f Martin Van Buren was born at Kinderhook, Columbia County, New 
York, December 6, 1782. He left school at fourteen, and was admitted to the 
bar at twenty-one. After filling several responsible public positions in his 
own State, he was sent, when in his thirtieth year (1821), to the United States 
Senate, where he remained till he was chosen Governor of New York in 
1828. In March, 1829, he became a member of President Jackson’s Cabi¬ 
net, as Secretary of State, and in April, 1831, was appointed Minister to 
England, and entered upon his duties, but the Senate, in its next session 
(December, 1831), not confirming his nomination, he returned to the United 
States early in 1832, and was elected the same year Vice-President. In 
1836 he was chosen President by a large majority over General Harrison. 
He was the Democratic candidate for the presidency in 1840, and the “ Free- 
















330 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

by the Democrats. Administration, four years—1837- 
1841. Vice-President, Richard M. Johnson, of Ken¬ 
tucky. Secretary of State, John Forsyth, of Georgia. 

The period of Mr. Van Buren’s administration was 
one of continued financial embarrassment to the country, 
the great commercial crisis of 1837, which was followed 
by numerous failures, occurring at its very commence¬ 
ment. The establishment of an Independent Treasury, 
or the sub-Treasury system as it was called, was recom¬ 
mended by the President as a means to meet the exigen¬ 
cies of the Treasury and to provide for the relief of the 
people. (Connect with 1840, I., page 333.) 

In February (1837) the United States acknowledged 
the independence of Texas. (Connect with 1845, IV., 
page 341.) 

A rebellion broke out in Canada in 1837, having for 
its object the overthrow of the British authority, and the 
establishment of an independent government. As the 
movement enlisted the sympathies of a large number of 
Americans, some of whom went so far as to co-operate 
with the insurgents, it was apprehended, for a while, that 
the peaceful relations between England and the United 
States would be disturbed. The danger was averted by 
a neutrality proclamation from the President, refusing 
the protection of the Government to citizens of the United 
States who should aid the outbreak, (Connect with for¬ 
eign history, 1838, T I., page 331.) 

Alexandria Victoria—only child of the Duke of Kent, who was 
fourth son of George III., and next brother to William IV.—ascended 


Soil” candidate in 1848, in both of which years he was defeated. In 1807 
Mr. Van Buren married Miss Hannah Hoes, a lady of his native village, dis¬ 
tinguished alike for her beauty and accomplishments. After twelve years 
of wedded life he was left a widower with four sons to mourn their common 
loss. In 1853-’55 he made an extensive tour in Europe. He died at Kin- 
derhook in 1862, at the advanced age of eighty. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


331 


the throne of Great Britain June 20, 1837, upon the death of her 
nncle, King William. Her majesty was in the nineteenth year of her 
age, having been born May 24, 1819, eight months before the death 
of her father. Her mother was the Princess Louise Victoria of Saxe- 
Coburg, widow (in 1814) of Prince Emich, of Leiningen. 

Hanover was separated from the English crown at the death of 
William IV., and passed to Ernest, Duke of Cumberland, the late 
king’s next surviving brother. 

Death : Hummel (59), German pianist and musical composer. 

1838 . First Regular Passages across the Atlantic 
by Steamships. “ The first steamships that made regular 
passages across the Atlantic were the Sirius, of London, 
and the Great Western, of Bristol; the former started 
from Cork, April 4, and struck boldly and directly across 
the ocean to New York; the latter, a few days after, 
started from Bristol for the same destination. The voy¬ 
age was triumphantly successful; without calling at a 
single port for assistance or supply, the ships held their 
course toward America, and at length, on the 23d of 
April—the Sirius first, and the Great Western a few 
hours after—entered the harbor of New York. Long 
before their arrival notice of their coming had been given, 
and, when the ships approached the shores of the great 
commercial city of the New World, they were greeted 
with flags and banners, and with music and ringing of 
bells, and the acclamations of an unnumbered multi¬ 
tude; 5 * 

The United States Exploring Expedition, under Lieu¬ 
tenant Wilkes, U. S. N., sailed from Norfolk, Yirginia, 
August 19 (1838), and, after an absence of nearly four 
years, cast anchor in New York Harbor June 10, 1842. 

The rebellion in Canada was suppressed by Great Britain in 
1838. After protracted negotiation, and after concessions had been 
made by both sides, the breach was healed, and in 1840 the two 
Canadas were united under one Legislature. (See foreign history, 
1867, IT I., and note J, page 470.) 


* Tirabs’s “Wonderful Inventions.” 




332 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


The Chartists, a political body composed chiefly of the working- 
classes of England, created disturbances of a serious nature in 1838, 
and for ten subsequent years occasionally agitated the kingdom.* 

Deaths: Talleyrand (84), French statesman; L. E. Landon (Mrs. 
Maclean), aged 36 years, English author. 

1839. The Seminole or Florida War was still going 
on. On Christmas-day, 1837, Colonel Taylor (afterward 
President) had severely chastised the Seminoles at the 
battle of Okeechobee. In May, 1839, he concluded a 
treaty with them, but they disregarded its obligations, and 
the Florida War continued till 1842. (See 1842, II., 
page 336.) 

Charles Goodyear, an American, invented the method 
of vulcanizing India-rubber. 

England, with the view of neutralizing Russia’s influence in Asia, 
invaded Afghanistan, and engaged in a most disastrous and useless 
war (1839-1842), the saddest episode of which was the wholesale 
slaughter, at Khyber Pass (January, 1842), of her retreating troops. 
After the loss of one army, the English took Cabul (the capital of 
Afghanistan), rescued their surviving captive friends, and evacuated 
the hostile country (October 12, 1842).f (Connect with foreign 
history, 1878, IT I., page 498.) 

The “ Opium Dispute ” between China and Great Britain began 
in 1839. It was caused by the illegal efforts of British traders from 
India to force upon the Chinese the traffic of opium, in violation of 
the laws of China.f (Connect with foreign history, 1840, IT II., 
page 333.) 

Daguerre’s photographic invention was announced to the 
Academie des Sciences, at Paris, on January 29, 1839. 

Christian VIII. (53) succeeded his first-cousin, Frederic VI., as 
King of Denmark. (See foreign history, 1848 ,1 II, page 351.) 

Death of Caroline Bonaparte (57), sister of Napoleon I. and 
widow of Murat; Joseph Michaud (72), French historian. 


* The object of the Chartists was to obtain a new charter, called the 
People’s Charter, consisting of six points: 1. Universal suffrage. 2. Vote 
by ballot. 3. The abolition of property qualifications for members of the 
House of Commons. 5. Annual Parliaments 6. The division of the coun¬ 
try into equal electoral districts. The most alarming demonstration of 
these agitators occurred in 1848, just after the revolution in Paris. The 
appearance of the military dispersed the rioters, and Chartism gave no 
further trouble. 

\ For details of the Afghanistan War, and the Opium War, see Justin 
McCarthy’s *' History of Our Own Times.” 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


333 


1840 . The “ Independent Treasury Bill,” or sub- 
Treasury Bill, was passed by Congress.* “ It provided 
that the public funds should be kept, subject to the order 
of the Secretary of the Treasury, in the Treasury at "Wash¬ 
ington, and in sub-treasuries located in some of the prin¬ 
cipal cities of the nation, under the care of Federal of¬ 
ficers called assistant treasurers.” 

Sixth census of the United States (1810). Population, 
17,069,453. 

The system of the universal penny post, suggested by Mr. Row¬ 
land Hill, first came into operation in Great Britain, January 10, 
1840. It authorized the sending by post a letter not weighing more 
than half an ounce upon the prepayment of one penny, and this 
without any regard to the distance which the letter had to travel. 

Difficulties which arose in China in 1839, on account of the 
illicit introduction of opium into that country by British trading- 
vessels, culminated (1840) in open warfare between Great Britain 
and China. (See foreign history, 1842, IT I., page 337.) 

William II., aged 48 years, ascended the throne of Holland upon 
the abdication of his father, William I. (See foreign history, 1849, 
IF III., page 353.) 

Pedro II., aged 15 years, began his independent reign as Em¬ 
peror of Brazil. 

Frederic William IV., aged 45 years, succeeded to the throne of 
Prussia, upon the death of his father, Frederic William III. (See 
foreign history, 1861, IF I., page 388.) 

Marriage of Queen Victoria, of Great Britain, to her cousin- 
german, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. 

The remains of Napoleon I. were removed from St. Helena and 
received with funeral honors at Paris. 

Deaths: Madame d’Arblay (Miss Burney), aged 88 years, Eng¬ 
lish novelist; Lucien Bonaparte (66), brother of Napoleon I. ; Sir 
William Sidney Smith (76), English admiral (see foreign history, 
1799, IF III., page 259); Paganini (60), Italian violinist. 

1841. Ninth President of the United States , Will¬ 
iam Ilenry Ilarrisonf of Ohio / born 1773, died April 

*The bill was repealed in 1841, during Tyler’s Administration, but the 
“Independent Treasury” was again established in 1846, during Polk’s 
Administration. 

f William Henry Harrison, the son of Benjamin Harrison, one of the 
signers of the Declaration of Independence, and afterward Governor of 
V?rginia, was born at Berkeley, Charles City County, Virginia, February, 


334 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 



J, 18 1^1. Elected by the Whigs. Administration, one 
month. Vice-President, John Tyler, of Virginia. Sec¬ 
retary of State, Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts. 

President Harrison’s death occurring one month after 

1773. He was educated at Hampden Sidney College, and commenced the 
study of medicine, but soon abandoned it for a military life. He was with 
St. Clair and Wayne in the war with the Indians of the Northwest in 1792- 
’94. While on duty at the North Bend, on the Ohio, he married Anna, 
daughter of Judge Symmes, an extensive land-owner. In 1801 he was ap¬ 
pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, and in the course of his administra¬ 
tion made several important treaties with the Indians. He defeated the 
Indians at the battle of Tippecanoe, November 7, 1811, and served with 
distinction in the War of 1812. After the war he was a member of the 
Ohio Senate, and subsequently became United States Senator. In 1828 he 
was sent as Minister to Colombia, South America, but was recalled in 1829, 
when he retired to private life. He was the Whig candidate for the presi¬ 
dency in 1836, but was defeated by Van Buren, over whom he gained a 
splendid victory in the presidential campaign of 1840. He died April 4, 
1841, one month after his inauguration. 








CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


335 


his inauguration, he was succeeded in office, according 
to the provisions of the Constitution, by the Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, John Tyler,* of Virginia, who thus became the 
tenth President of the United States (born 1790, died 
1862). Administration three years and eleven months, 
1841-1845. Acting Vice-President, and President pro 
tem. of the Senate, first, Samuel L. Southard, of New Jer¬ 
sey, from April 6,1841, till May 31,1812 ; second, Willie 
P. Mangum, of North Carolina, from May 31, 1842, till 
March 4,1845. President Tyler had retained the Cabinet 
of his predecessor, but within a few months they all re- 

* John Tyler, son of the distinguished patriot of the Revolution bear¬ 
ing the same name, was born in Charles City County, Virginia, in 1790. 
At the age of seventeen he was graduated at William and Mary College ; 
two years later .(1809) he was admitted to the bar; in 1811, when only 
twenty-one years of age, he was elected to the Virginia Legislature, and in 
1816 he took his seat in the United States Congress as a representative of 
his State; in 1825 he became Governor of Virginia, and in 1827 United 
States Senator. He was a firm supporter of State supremacy, and, sympa¬ 
thizing with the South Carolina nullifiers, he stood alone in the Senate in 
voting against the “ Force Bill.” “ lie voted for the resolution of censure 
against General Jackson for removing the deposits, considering the Presi¬ 
dent’s action to have been arbitrary and illegal, though in his opinion the 
establishment of the United States Bank had been contrary to the Consti¬ 
tution. The Legislature of Virginia, in 1836, instructed their Senators to 
vote for the expunging of this resolution, and Mr. Tyler in consequence re¬ 
signed his seat.” In 1840 he was elected Vice-President, and, on the 
death of Harrison in 1841, became President of the United States. For 
the position of Vice-President Mr. Tvler was indebted to the electoral vote 
of the Whigs, although his past acts proved most unmistakably that he 
had never fully indorsed their political views. Elevated thus unexpectedly 
to the office of Chief Magistrate, he refused to carry out all the measures 
of the Whig party, because of his unwillingness to violate his long-standing 
and well-known principles. His course displeased the Whigs, and gained 
no support from the Democrats. 

He was President of the Peace Convention held at Washington in 1861. 
This convention failing in its object, he espoused the Southern cause, and 
at the time of his death, in 1862, was a member of the Confederate Con¬ 
gress. Mr. Tyler was twice married: first, in 1813, to Miss Letitia Chris¬ 
tian, of Virginia, whose death occurred at the Executive Mansion in Wash¬ 
ington, September 10, 1842. Seven devoted children of this union were 
left to mourn the loss of a devoted mother. The second Mrs. Tyler was Miss 
Julia Gardiner, of New York. Her nuptials took place eight months before 
Mr. Tyler retired from the presidential chair. 


336 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


signed except Daniel Webster, who was engaged in ne¬ 
gotiating an important treaty with England. The cause 
of this disaffection was President Tyler's opposition to 
the re-establishment of a National Bank. He twice used 
the power of the veto to defeat bills passed by Congress 
for chartering such an institution. Upon the resignation 
of Daniel Webster as Secretary of State, in May, 1843, 
the following gentlemen rapidly succeeded one another 
in that important post: Hugh Legare, of South Carolina; 
Abel P. Upshur, of Virginia; and John C. Calhoun, of 
South Carolina. 

The sub-Treasury Act, passed in 1840, was repealed 
in 1841, and a bankrupt law was passed, which freed 
from their obligations to creditors insolvent persons, and 
enabled them to recommence business. 

Daniel O’Connell was elected Lord Major of Dublin October, 1841. 

1842. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty. The ques¬ 
tion relating to the northeastern boundary of the United 
States, or the boundary-line between Maine and the neigh¬ 
boring British province, New Brunswick, had been the 
subject of unsuccessful negotiation for many years. It 
was finally settled (August 9) by Daniel Webster, on the 
part of the United States, and Lord Ashburton, on the 
part of Great Britain.* 

The second Seminole or Florida War was brought to 
a close in 1842. It had been a long and very expensive 
war, waged at the sacrifice of a large number of lives, and 
costing the United States nearly $40,000,000. 

The insurrection in Rhode Island known as the “ Dorr 

* Notice on the chart the difference between the symbol used to desig¬ 
nate a treaty of peace after war and that used for a treaty of commerce, 
of boundaries, of friendship, etc. (See Treaties of Peace after War, on year- 
squares 1805-1814-1848; for boundary and other treaties, see 1842-1844- 
1846-1854, 1868, 1871-1880.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


337 


Rebellion” occurred in 1842. It would have plunged 
the State into civil war had not the President of the 
United States promptly called upon the military to re¬ 
store order.* 

Croton water was introduced into New York city in 
1842, at the cost of about $12,500,000.+ 

The United States Exploring Expedition, under Lieu¬ 
tenant Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., cast anchor in New 
York Harbor June 10,1842, after a cruise of nearly four 
years, chiefly in the Pacific and Antarctic Oceans. The 
most important result of the expedition was the discovery 
of an Antarctic Continent. 

England’s inglorious opium-war with China was brought to a 
close in 1842. The cession of Hong-Ivoug to the British and the 
opening of five principal Chinese ports to commerce were the result. 
(See foreign history, 1857, 1 Ik, page 369.) 

Death of Cherubini (82), Italian musical composer; Ferdinand 
Philippe, Duke of Orleans (32), eldest son of Louis Philippe, King 
of the French, who was killed by attempting to leap from his car¬ 
riage, July 13, 1842+ 

* The cause of the disturbance was the conflicting views of the people 
regarding the manner of obtaining a new Constitution. Rhode Island was 
still governed under the old colonial charter granted by Charles II. in 1663; 
but, as one of the provisions of that document restricted the privilege of 
voting to property-holders, it became obnoxious to the masses, who were 
striving to secure a more liberal Constitution. Two distinct parties arose, 
each aiming to attain the same end, but differing as to the method of so 
doing. One—the “ Suffrage party,” under the leadership of Dorr, whom 
they elected Governor—“ attempted to introduce the desired reforms regard¬ 
less of existing laws. The other, called the “ Law and Order party,” wished 
to accomplish their purpose under the sanction of established authority.” 
The Law and Order party prevailed, and finally a free-suffrage Constitu¬ 
tion was adopted. 

f The water is conducted in the Croton Aqueduct. This aqueduct sur¬ 
passes in extent and magnificence all modern constructions of the kind, 
its whole length, from its source at Croton River to the distributing-reser¬ 
voir on Fifth Avenue and Fortieth Street, being 40£ miles. The capacity 
of the distributing-reservoir is twenty million gallons ; it is a stone struct¬ 
ure forty-five feet above the streets and four hundred and twenty-five feet 
square at the top, covering a little more than four acres. (See, in “ Apple- 
tons’ Cyclopaedia,” article on “ Aqueducts.”) 

\ The Count of Paris, son of the Duke of Orleans, and representative of 
the younger branch of the Bourbon dynasty, has become undisputed claim- 

15 



338 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


1843 . The electro-magnetic telegraiih had been in¬ 
vented as early as 1832 bj T Professor Samuel F. B. Morse, 
of Massachusetts. To test the invention, the United 
States Congress, in 1843, appropriated $30,000 for the 
construction of a line from Washington, District of Co¬ 
lumbia, to Baltimore, Maryland.* 

Deaths : Noah Webster (84), American lexicographer; 
Washington Allston (64), American painter and poet. 

The annexation of Sinde to the British dominions in India was 
effected by Lord Ellenborough, after the defeat of the Ameers by 
Sir Charles Napier. (Connect with foreign history, 1846, IT II., 
page 346.) 

The Thames Tunnel, commenced in 1825, was opened for foot- 
passengers March 25, 1843. 

Deaths: Hahnemann (88), German physician and founder of the 
homoeopathic system; Robert Southey (68), English poet of the 
Lake school,! who, upon the death of Mr. Pye in 1813, was ap¬ 
pointed poet-laureate. 

1844 . A treaty of friendship and commerce between 
the United States and China was negotiated (July 3) by 
Caleb Cushing, of Massachusetts.^: 

The first public dispatch ever sent over the telegraphic 
wires announced at Washington, D. C. (May 29), Polk’s 
nomination by the Baltimore Convention. 

The anti-rent difficulties broke out in Rensselaer Coun¬ 


ant of the throne of France since the death, in 1883, of the Duke of Bor¬ 
deaux, Count de Chambord, grandson of Charles X., who represented the 
elder line of Bourbon. 

* Facts connected with the progress of this wonderful invention are 
noted on the chart, within double bordet'-lines , which, being easily seen at a 
distance, assist in fixing in the memory of the pupil both the event alluded 
to and its corresponding date. Examine year-squares 1843-1844-1857- 
1858-1866. 

f The other poets of the Lake school were Coleridge (died 1834) and 
Wordsworth (died 1850), “ so called because they resided in the Lake dis¬ 
trict of Cumberland and Westmoreland and sought inspiration in the sim¬ 
plicity of Nature.” The term was first used in the “ Edinburgh Review.” 
Charles Lamb, Lloyd, and Professor Wilson (Christopher North) are some¬ 
times placed in the list of Lakers.” 

% See note under ^ I. of 1842, page 336. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


339 


ty, JSTew York, August, 1844, and for a while greatly dis¬ 
turbed the peace of the community.* 

Mormon agitation in Illinois. Joe Smith (the “ Mor¬ 
mon Prophet ”) and his brother were killed by a 
mob.f 

Oscar I. (46) ascended the throne of Sweden and Norway upon 
the death of his father, Charles XIV. (Bernadotte).| (See foreign 
history, 1859, 1 III., page 372.) 

Deaths: Joseph Bonaparte (76), ex-King of Naples and of Spain; 
Thorwaldsen (74), Danish sculptor. 

1845 . March 3. Florida, the twenty-seventh State, 
was admitted into the Union. (See 1819, III., page 
310.) 

Eleventh President of the United States , James K. 
Polkf of Tennessee (born 1806 ; died 186 J). Elected by 

* These outbreaks were caused by the refusal of certain tenants to pay 
the small rent due upon lands held under lease from large landed proprie¬ 
tors, the obligation of which had been contracted in perpetuity by their 
ancestors of many previous generations. The rent, though trifling—merely 
a few bushels of wheat or a few fat fowls per year—was resisted upon the 
plea of its illegality. Peace was restored only at the point of the bayonet; 
but, the difficulty being referred to the courts, “ the State Constitution of 
1846 abolished all feudal tenures, and forbade the leasing of agricultural 
lands for a period exceeding twelve years.” 

+ The Mormons were a set of fanatics, followers of Joe Smith, who, in 
1830, pretended to have received a revelation from heaven, appointing him 
the founder of a new religion. They made a settlement first in Ohio, but, 
desiring a wider field for the growth of their church, removed to Missouri. 
Being driven thence, in 1840, they established themselves in Illinois, where 
they built the town of Nauvoo. From this place, likewise, they were ban¬ 
ished on account of their irregularities, and in 1847 they emigrated, under 
Brigham Young, to the far West, near Great Salt Lake, which then belonged 
to Mexico. (Connect with 1857, II., page 368.) 

\ Charles XIV. and Joseph Bonaparte married own sisters, daughters 
of Mr. Clary, of Marseilles, France. Oscar I. married Josephine Beauhar- 
nais, daughter of Prince Eugene Beauharnais. 

# James Knox Polk, born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, No¬ 
vember 2, 1795, was the son of J. K. Polk, a farmer in moderate circum¬ 
stances, who in 1806 removed his family to Tennessee. The son, returning to 
his native State for a collegiate course, was graduated at the North Carolina 
University in 1818, and was admitted to the bar in 1820. In 1822 he mar¬ 
ried Miss Sarah Childress, daughter of Captain Joel Childress, of Tennessee. 
Elected member of Congress in 1824, Mr. Polk was twice Speaker of the 
House of Representatives. In 1839, refusing a re-election to Congress, 


340 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


the Democrats. Administration four years, 1845 to 1849. 
Yice-President, George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania; Sec¬ 
retary of State, James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. 



The United States Naval Academy, designed to train 
midshipmen for the navy, was opened at Annapolis, 
Maryland, October 10, 1845. In May, 1861 (during the 
civil war), it was removed to Newport, Rhode Island, but 
was re-established at Annapolis in September, 1865, where 
it now occupies lands formerly known as Fort Severn. 

with which he had been connected for fourteen years, he was chosen Gov- 
ernor of Tennessee. In the presidential campaign of 1844 the principal 
issue presented to the people was the annexation of Texas, which Mr. Polk 
was pledged to promote. He was elected, and the annexation of Texas in¬ 
volved the country in a war with Mexico. He died in 1849, three months 
after he had retired from the presidential chair. 












CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


341 


The Academy is under the direct supervision of the Navy 
Department.* 

Texas, the twenty-eighth State, was admitted into the 
Union December 29. 

Sir John Franklin sailed May 26, 1845, from Sheerness (a sea¬ 
port town of England), on his third Arctic expedition of discovery 
and survey, in search of a Northwest passage to India.f (See 
United States history, 1851, IT IV., page 358.) 

December, 1845. A revolution in Mexico raised Paredes to the 
head of the Government, displacing Herrera, for want of vigor on 
the subject of the annexation of Texas to the United States. 

Deatli of Rev. Sydney Smith (74), English essayist. 

* “Since March 3, 1873, the course of instruction occupies six years, the 
last two of which are spent at sea. There are to be allowed in the Academy 
one cadet-midshipman for every member or delegate in the House of Repre¬ 
sentatives, appointed at his nomination, one for the District of Columbia, 
and ten appointed at large by the President. The number of appointments 
which can be made is limited by law to twenty-five each year, named by the 
Secretary of the Navy after competent examinations, the cadets being from 
fourteen to eighteen years of age. The successful candidates become stu¬ 
dents of the Academy, and receive the pay of cadet-midshipmen, $600 per 
annum. Besides the cadet-midshipmen, twenty-five cadet-engineers, from 
sixteen to twenty years of age, may be appointed each year on competitive 
examination, involving a higher standard of knowledge. The course of in¬ 
struction is thorough, embracing mathematics, steam-engineering, physics, 
mechanics, seamanship, ordnance, history, law, etc.”—A. R. Spofford, Li¬ 
brarian of Congress. 

f As Franklin’s official instructions required his return to England in 
1847, intense anxiety arose on account of his protracted absence, and sev¬ 
eral expeditions were sent from America as well as from England in search 
of him. The first reliable tidings of Sir John and his party were obtained 
in 1854 by Dr. Rae, of the Hudson Bay Company, who “reported to the 
Admiralty that he had purchased from a party of Esquimaux a number of 
articles which had belonged to Sir J. Franklin and his party—namely, Sir 
John’s star or order, part of a watch, silver spoons, and forks with crests, 
etc. ... Dr. Rae arrived in England October 22, 1854, with the relics, 
which have since been deposited in Greenwich Hospital.” (Haydn’s “ Dic¬ 
tionary of Dates.”) A more recent and much more satisfactory account of 
the fate of Franklin was obtained in 1859, through an expedition sent out at 
Lady Franklin’s expense: Captain McClintock, the commander of this expe¬ 
dition, learned the tidings of the commander’s death from a document left in 
a cairn on the shores of King William’s Land by the survivors of Franklin’s 
party. The paper, dated April 25, 1848, stated that Sir John Franklin died 
June 11, 1847 ; that his ships, the Erebus and Terror, were abandoned 
April 22, 1848, when the survivors, one hundred and five in number, started 
for the Great Fish River. Many relics were found of this party, who per¬ 
ished on their journey soon after they left the vessels.—“ Appletons’ Annual 
Cyclopaedia.” 



342 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


1846 . The Smithsonian Institution , “ for the increase 
and diffusion of knowledge among men, 55 a handsome 
building at Washington, D. C., was founded by means of 
a legacy of $515,169—bequeathed for the purpose to the 
United States Government by Janies Smithson, an English 
physicist, who died in 1829. In April (1846) Congress 
passed an act for organizing the Institution, and on May 
1, 1847, the corner-stone of the building was laid.* 

The Oregon Treaty. This treaty between the United 
States and Great Britain (signed at Washington, June 
15, 1846) established the forty-ninth degree of north lati¬ 
tude as the Northwestern boundary-line of the United 
States.f 

The Wilmot Proviso. This was a bill for excluding 
slavery from all future Territories of the United States ; 
it was introduced into Congress August 8, by David Wil¬ 
mot, Representative from Pennsylvania. It passed the 
House, but was rejected by the Senate. It w T as the 
basis of the organization known as the “Free-Soil party 55 
in 1848, and of the “Republican party 55 in 1856. 

* For further details of the Institution and its founder, see “ Appletons’ 
Cyclopaedia.” 

f The contest between the United States and Great Britain concerning 
this boundary had for a time threatened to end in war. Both countries, in 
fact, claimed the same territory—the English, on account of the operations 
of the British fur-traders within the region, while the United States based 
her claims on several grounds: on discovery, in 1792 (see 1792, II., page 
249); on exploration in 1804 (see 1804, III., page 278); and on occupa¬ 
tion, as early as 1811, when the Pacific Fur Company, organized by John 
Jacob Astor, of New York, established a trading-post at the mouth of the 
Columbia River, known as Astoria. The fourth claim was based on “ the 
cession made by Spain, in the Florida Treaty (1819-1821), of whatever 
rights she had through her early navigators who reached those parts.” The 
Democratic party were for accepting as the boundary nothing short of 54° 
40', and, during the presidential canvass which resulted in the election of 
President Polk, their popular cry was, “ Fifty-four forty or fight.” Fortu¬ 
nately, the compromise proposed by the President, of fixing the line at 49°, 
was accepted, and war was averted. Out of the original Oregon lands have 
been carved the State of Oregon (1859), and the Territories of Washington 
(1853) and Idaho (1863). (See III. of 1872, and note *, page 482.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


343 


Mexican War , 181$. The annexation of Texas and 
the dispute about its western boundary-line were the im¬ 
mediate causes of this war—the region between the Rio 
Grande and the Nueces River being claimed by both 
Mexicans and Texans. Hostilities seemed imminent as 
early as the spring of 1845 ; accordingly, General Zachary 
Taylor, who was sent by the United States to defend the 
new State of Texas against Mexican inroads, took post 
(August, 1845) at Corpus Christi, near the mouth of the 
Nueces. In compliance with subsequent orders, Taylor 
led his u Army of Occupation ” farther into the disputed 
territory, and encamping (March 28, 1846) on the bank of 
the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras, began to construct 
a fortress, known afterward as Fort Brown. The Mexi¬ 
cans, regarding these movements as equivalent to a dec¬ 
laration of war, made vigorous preparations to check 
them. The first outbreak of hostilities was the defeat 
and capture (April 24) of a small reconnoitring party of 
American dragoons under Captain Thornton. On May 8 
General Taylor encountered and defeated the Mexicans 
under General Arista at Palo Alto,* and the next day 
attacked them in their intrenchments at Resaca de la 
Palma, f where he completely routed them, driving them 
back across the Rio Grande; he then crossed that river 
and took possession of Matamoras X (May 18) without op¬ 
position. (Connect with 1846, T VIII., page 345.) 

Formal Declaration of War , May 13 , 181^6. On learn¬ 
ing the capture of Thornton’s party, Congress declared 

* Palo Alto, a prairie near the southern extremity of Texas, about nine 
miles northeast of Matamoras. 

f Resaca de la Palma, a ravine in Texas, on the route from Point Isabel 
to Brownsville, about four miles north of Brownsville. 

\ Matamoras, a town of Mexico, on the southern bank of the Rio 
Grande, forty miles from the Gulf of Mexico, opposite Brownsville, 
Texas. 


344 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


that “ war existed by the act of Mexico.” The plan of 
operations devised at Washington, for the invasion of 
Mexico, was eventually as follows: One squadron of the 
navy (under Commodore Stockton) was to join the fleet 
(under Commodore Sloat) already in the Pacific, in an at¬ 
tack upon the Mexican ports of California; another (un¬ 
der Commodore Conner) to co-operate in the Gulf of 
Mexico; Taylor’s “ Army of Occupation ” was to hold the 
line of the Rio Grande ; the u Army of the West,” under 
General Kearny, was to invade New Mexico, and, after 
reducing that Territory, to proceed to the Pacific coast to 
aid Stockton in the conquest of California; the “ Army 
of the Center,” under General Wool, was to march from 
San Antonio, Texas, into the heart of Mexico and take 
possession of the rich country of Chihuahua; lastly, Gen¬ 
eral Scott was to advance from Vera Cruz to the capture 
of the city of Mexico. 

Operations on the Pacific Coast. California was de¬ 
clared independent of Mexican rule as early as July, 1846. 
This was effected by the joint exertions of Captain Fre¬ 
mont, U. S. A., and Commodores Sloat and Stockton.* 
(Connect with 1847, T I., page 346.) 

Army of the West. Conquest of New Mexico , August , 
181fi. General Stephen W. Kearny, with eighteen hun¬ 
dred men, set out from Fort Leavenworth, on the Mis¬ 
souri (June, 1846), and, after a toilsome march of nine 


* Some time prior to the war, Fremont had been engaged in surveys 
and explorations of the regions lying between the Rocky Mountains and 
the Pacific. In May, 1846, he received orders from Government to pro¬ 
tect the interests of the United States in California, and had already 
obtained some advantages over the Mexicans, when in June, 1846, Com¬ 
modore Sloat, of the Pacific fleet, captured Monterey, a seaport town of 
California. Before the end of the month, Commodore Stockton arrived 
at Monterey and assumed command. With the co-operation of Fremont 
he soon reduced the whole of California. (Connect with 1847, I., 

page 347.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


345 


hundred miles, reached Santa Fe (the capital of Hew 
Mexico) in August, and, without striking a blow, took 
possession of the entire province. Having organized a 
new government, he left the main body of his army at 
Santa Fe (October 6), under the command of Colonel 
Doniphan, and pushed on with a small cavalry force to¬ 
ward the Pacific. He had not gone far when he learned 
that California was already occupied by United States 
troops; thereupon he sent back to Santa Fe a part of his 
escort, and with the remainder continued his march west¬ 
ward. (Connect with 1847, ^ I., page 346.) 

Taylor"8 Operations. Monterey * captured September 
&Jh For several months the “ Army of Occupation ” had 
remained encamped at Matamoras, awaiting re-enforce¬ 
ments, which only arrived the latter part of August. 
General Taylor being then prepared to advance, began 
his march toward Monterey. This stronghold of the 
Mexicans, garrisoned by ten thousand men under General 
Ampudia, after sustaining a series of assaults during a 
siege of several days, was carried (September 24) by the 
American army, only six thousand strong. Taylor agreed 
to an armistice of eight weeks, at the close of which he 
sent a detachment, under General Worth, to take posses¬ 
sion of Saltillo, seventy-five miles southwest of Monterey. 
In December another detachment, under General Patter¬ 
son, occupied Victoria, f The port of Tampico, on the 
Gulf of Mexico, was previously seized by the Gulf squad¬ 
ron, under Commodore Conner. (Connect with 1847, 
III., page 347.) 

* Monterey, a city in the interior of Mexico, seventy-five miles from 
Saltillo, twenty-five miles from the Rio Grande, and seven hundred miles 
from the city of Mexico. 

f Victoria, an inland town of Mexico, also called Nuevo Santander, is 
one hundred and twenty miles northwest of Tampico. 


346 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

The Army of the Center. General Wool, the com¬ 
mander of this division of the American forces, having 
at San Antonio * thoroughly drilled his men, three thou¬ 
sand in number, started on the 20th of September, 1846, 
for his Mexican campaign. Ilis original design was to 
penetrate the province of Chihuahua (che-wa'wa), t hut, 
after crossing the Rio Grande, and learning that Monte¬ 
rey had been captured by the Americans, he abandoned 
the idea of a separate invasion, and, by the advice of 
General Taylor, united his forces with those of General 
Worth, at Saltillo. 

Iowa, the twenty-ninth State, was admitted into the 
Union December 28, 1846. It was the fourth State 
carved from the “ Louisiana Purchase.” J 

Another revolution in Mexico, August 6, recalled ex-Dictator 
Santa Anna from his exile in Cuba, placed him in the presiden-. 
cy, after the deposition and imprisonment of President Paredes. 
Santa Anna then assumed the comm and-in-chief of the Mexican 
armies. 

The year 1846 was signalized in Great Britain by the repeal of 
the Corn Laws, and in British India by Sir Hugh Gough’s great vic¬ 
tory over the Sikhs. (Connect with foreign history, 1849, 1 V., 
page 354.) 

Pius IX. ascended the Papal throne. 

Death of Louis Bonaparte (68), ex-King of Holland, husband of 
Hortense Beauharnais, and father of Louis Napoleon, afterward Na¬ 
poleon III., Emperor of the French. 

1847 . Final Operations of the Army of the West. 
As has been stated, # General Kearny, in the fall of 1846, 
sent back to Santa Fe what he considered a supernumer¬ 
ary escort, and, accompanied by only one hundred men, 
continued his long and perilous march to California. 

* A town in Texas, eighty miles southwest of Austin. 

f Chihuahua, a State of Mexico, bounded on the north by New Mex¬ 
ico, and on the east, in part, by Texas. It is an important mining 
district. 

X See note under I., of 1803, page 276. 

# See 1846, f VII., page 345. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


347 


Though more than once narrowly escaping being cut off 
by the enemy, he finally reached the headquarters of 
Commodore Stockton in time to assume command at the 
battle of San Gabriel* (January 8). This battle estab¬ 
lished permanently the authority of the United States in 
California. Meanwhile, Colonel Doniphan, acting under 
Kearny’s instructions, had proceeded southward with the 
main body of the army to effect a junction with General 
Wool. After a march of one thousand miles through the 
enemy’s country, and two victories over superior forces 
—one at Bracito,f on Christmas-day, 1846, the other at 
the Pass of Sacramerfto, :£ February 28, 1847—he secured 
peaceable possession of the rich city of Chihuahua, and 
the province of which it is the capital. In this salubrious 
climate Doniphan allowed his men to recuperate till the 
month of May, when he marched them to Saltillo, then 
the headquarters of General Wool. (See 1846, ^ IX., 
page 346.) 

General Taylor's Army . Battle of Buena Vista , 
February 2%, 83, 184-7. Late in 1846 General Taylor 
learned that he had been superseded in command by Gen¬ 
eral Winfield Scott, to whom the campaign against the 
city of Mexico had been assigned. In January, 1847, 
General Scott made a requisition for about ten thousand 
of Taylor’s troops, which left the brave old commander 
not quite seven thousand men. Santa Anna being in¬ 
formed of the movement, at once prepared “to strike 
while his enemy was divided and weak,” but Taylor, ever 
the “ Rough and Ready,” proved equal to the emergency. 
With not more than five thousand men he awaited in a 

* San Gabriel, a village in the southern part of California, on the South¬ 
ern Pacific Railroad, and nine miles east of Los Angeles. 

+ Bracito, on the Del Norte. 

j Pass of Sacramento, eighteen miles from Chihuahua. 


348 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


narrow pass, at Buena Vista,* the approach of the Mexi¬ 
cans, twenty thousand strong. The battle began on the 
afternoon of the 22d of February, and raged furiously on 
that and on all the next day. The second night closed in, 
and the Americans slept on their arms, expecting to renew 
the contest in the morning. “ General Wool, who at the 
earliest dawn was astir to reconnoitre, descried the enemy 
in full retreat. Hastening with the news to the tent of 
Taylor, the two commanders embraced and wept, while 
the glad shouts of victory rang over the battl e-field. 
This was the end of Taylor’s campaign, which had been 
in every respect most glorious. The northern provinces 
of Mexico were now secured to the Americans. 

General Scott's Campaign against the City of Mexico , 
March 9 to September 7J, 1847. General Scott, with 
twelve thousand troops, assisted by the Gulf squadron 
under Commodore Conner, appeared before Vera Cruz 
on the 9th of March. This ancient city, situated on the 
Gulf of Mexico, was defended by the strong fortress of 
San Juan de Ulloa. After a heavy bombardment the 
city was taken on March 27. Scott then advanced into 
the interior of the country. A series of victories awaited 
him. At the impregnable mountain-pass of Cerro Gordo 
he found Santa Anna with a large force prepared to dis¬ 
pute his passage. After a hard-fought battle (April 17) 
the Mexicans were completely routed, Santa Anna escap¬ 
ing from the battle-field on a mule. Onward the brave 
soldiers now bent their course—Perote and La Puebla 
surrendered without resistance. At this latter city Scott 

* This celebrated battle-field of Mexico is ninety miles southwest, of 
Monterey, and ten miles frem Saltillo. It consists for the most part of 
mountain-ridges, narrow defiles, and impassable ravines. The action that 
took place here is sometimes called the battle of La Angostura, from the 
name of a pass occupied by a detachment of Taylor’s army at the com¬ 
mencement of the battle, one and a half mile northeast of Buena Vista. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


349 


waited three months for re-enforcements, which arriving 
August 7, he resumed his inarch toward the city of Mexico. 
The 20th of August was signalized by three notable 
triumphs: first, the strongly fortified camp of Contreras 
was assaulted and carried; then followed the storming 
and capture of the Castle San Antonio; and, lastly, the 
brilliant victory of Churubusco. On the 8th of Septem¬ 
ber, General Worth took by assault Molino del Key* 
[Mo-le'no del ra] (King’s Mill), and five days later (Sep¬ 
tember 13) the Stars and Stripes proudly waved over 
Chapultepec, “ the monarch fortification of the valley of 
Mexico,” and the last defense of the capital. On the 
14th of September, General Scott took peaceable posses¬ 
sion of the city of Mexico, and thus achieved the object 
of his campaign.f The war was now virtually at an end. 
(Connect with 1848, T I., page 350.) 

Postage-stamps were first used in the United States 
in 1847. (Connect with 1851, T III., page 358.) 

One of the great inventions of the nineteenth centu¬ 
ry is the sewing-machine. Elias Howe, of Massachu¬ 
setts, took out a patent in 1840 for his invention, and 

* Molino del Rey was a fortified stone building, the site of a large 
foundry, at which the church-bells of Mexico were being cast into cannon. 
Scott had been deceived as to the enemy’s strength, which was five times 
that of the Americans. The important victory here won was gained at 
great cost to the forces of the United States. Of the fourteen American 
officers engaged in the battle, eleven fell. 

f “General Scott’s campaign, from the attack on Vera Cruz to the sur¬ 
render of the city of Mexico, in a military point of view, must be considered 
one of the most brilliant of modern times. It is true, however, that the 
Mexicans were not ranked with the great nations of the earth; . . . their 
government was inefficient; the people were divided among themselves; 
and their soldiers, though fighting bravely, were badly officered. While, 
therefore, we may consider the conquest of so extensive and populous a 
country in so short a time, and attended with such constant superiority 
even to the greater numbers of the enemy, as highly gratifying evidence 
of the courage and capacity of our army, still we must not, in judging of 
our achievements, fail to consider the real weakness of the nation whom 
we vanquished.” 


350 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


in 1847 the Howe sewing-machines began to be in gen¬ 
eral use. 

Deaths: Daniel O’Connell (72), Irish patriot and orator; Felix 
Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (38), German musical composer. 

1848. The Mexican War was formally terminated 
February 2 by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,* which 
ceded f to the United States Upper California and Hew 
Mexico, as well as the territory between the Nueces and 
the Kio Grande. The Federal Government, in compen¬ 
sation, agreed to pay to Mexico the sum of $15,000,000, 
and to assume all debts to the amount of $3,000,000 due 
by Mexico to citizens of the United States. The treaty 
having been ratified by both Governments, peace was 
proclaimed by President Polk July 4. (Connect with 
1853, IV., page 362.) 

Gold discovered in California (18^8). Shortly after 
the close of the Mexican War, it was discovered that Cali¬ 
fornia possessed gold-mines of immense value. The news 
of the discovery attracted to it a tide of immigration not 
only from the United States, but from all parts of the 
civilized world, and within a few years San Francisco, 
from a hamlet containing only a few miserable shanties, 
was transformed as if by magic into a flourishing city. 

Wisconsin, the thirtieth State, was admitted into the 
Union May 29. ^ It w T as the fifth State carved out of 
the “Northwest Territory.” 

The third revolution in France broke out in February, 1848. 
It resulted in the abdication of Louis Philippe, and the estab- 

* Guadalupe Hidalgo, a small town three and a half miles north of the 
City of Mexico. 

\ Out of the “Mexican cession” of 1848 were formed the States of 
California (1850), Nevada (1864), a small part of Kansas (1861), the greater 
part of Colorado (1876), the Territories of New Mexico and Utah (1850), 
and Arizona (1863); in the latter is included the Mesilla Valley, or “Gads¬ 
den Purchase ” (1853). 

X See note under II. of 1802, page 276. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


351 


lishment of the second French Republic, with Louis Napoleon as 
President * 

Accession of Frederic VII. of Denmark (40), upon the death of 
his father, Christian VIII. (Connect with foreign history, 1863, IT 
III., page 437.) 

Francis Joseph I. (18), son of Francis, Archduke of Austria, and 
the Princess Sophia, daughter of Maximilian I., King of Bavaria 
(1805-1825), became Emperor of Austria, December 2, 1848, upon 
the abdication of his uncle, Ferdinand I.f 

Maximilian II. (36) ascended the throne of Bavaria upon the 
abdication of his father, Louis I. (Connect with foreign history, 
1864, IT III., page 453.) 

The Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein declared their independ¬ 
ence of Denmark. For a time Prussia encouraged their revolt. 
The contest which ensued lasted two years, ending in 1850 with the 
defeat of the duchies. (Connect with foreign history, 1863, f IV., 
page 438.) 

Deaths: Isaac Disraeli (82), English writer; Donizetti (50), 
Italian musical composer. 

1849. March 3, the Department of the Interior was 
established by the United States Congress. It comprises 
a number of offices, such as the Patent-Office, Census-Of¬ 
fice, Land-Office, and Bureau of Indian Affairs, all of 

* The “ Citizen King ” had failed to learn wisdom from the painful ex¬ 
periences of the past. His intriguing ambition in procuring the marriage 
of his son, the Duke of Montpensicr, to the sister of the Queen of Spain, 
and also the Queen’s marriage to her cousin, had given great umbrage to 
England and the Continental powers; and within his own dominions his 
attempts to strengthen the regal prerogative, to restrain the liberty of the 
press, to put down all opposition to his Government, aggravated by a de¬ 
pression in trade and heavy taxation, betrayed his subjects into forming 
disloyal meetings, termed “ Reform Banquets.” The suppression of the 
Parisian banquet on February 22, 1848, was the immediate cause of the 
downfall of monarchy in France. The effects of this revolution were felt, 
as usual, throughout Europe. Revolutionary risings took place at Vienna, 
Berlin, Milan, Rome, Venice, Naples, and elsewhere, demanding one af¬ 
ter another freer constitutions, liberty of the press, and other popular 
reforms. It was only by yielding to the storm and making reasonable con¬ 
cessions to the people that the various governments restored order and 
peace. 

f Francis Joseph I. married in 1854 his first-cousin, Princess Elizabeth, 
daughter of Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria. Their children are : 1. GesMe, 
who married in 1873 Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, a nephew of King Otho, 
of Greece, and first-cousin of Louis II., of Bavaria. (See 1886, page 524.) 
2. Rudolph, Prince Imperial of Austria, who married in 1881 Stephanie, 
daughter of Leopold II., King of Belgium. 3. Marie Valerie, born 1868. 


352 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

which had formerly been distributed among the other 
departments. The Secretary of this new department was 
made a member of the President’s Cabinet. (See ®|f IV. 
of 1867, page 469.) 



Twelfth President of the United States, Zachary Tay¬ 
lor,* of Louisiana; born 1781+, died 1850. Elected by 

* Zachary Taylor, a Virginian by birth, a Kentuckian by education, and 
a soldier by profession, was born in 1784. Entering the army at the age of 
twenty-four, his reputation as a courageous and trustworthy officer was es¬ 
tablished by his success against the Indians in the West and in Florida; 
but it was his glorious campaign in the Mexican War which brought him 
prominently before the country, won for him universal respect and admira¬ 
tion, and placed him in the highest office in the gift of the nation. Presi¬ 
dent Taylor survived his inauguration only sixteen months. He died in 
Washington, July 9, 1850. When Zachary Taylor was quite a young officer 
he married Miss Margaret Smith, of Maryland, a ladv who, through all the 













CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


353 


the Whigs. Vice-President, Millard Fillmore, of New 
York; Secretary of State, John M. Clayton, of Dela¬ 
ware. President Taylor’s death occurring July 9, 1850, 
about one year and four months after his inauguration, 
he was succeeded in office by Vice-President Fillmore. 

The republic proclaimed at Rome, by the revolutionists, Febru¬ 
ary 9, 1849, was overthrown the following July 3 by the French 
under Marshal Oudinot.* * 

Victor Emanuel II. (29) succeeded to the throne of Sardinia upon 
the abdication of his father, Charles Albert, whose attempt to wrest 
Lombardy from Austria was foiled at the decisive battle of Novara 
(Italy), gained by Marshal Radetsky over the Piedmontese, March 
23, 1849. (Connect with foreign history, 1859, IT I., page 372.) 

William III (32) ascended the throne of Holland upon the death 
of his father, William Il.f 

The Hungarians, who, under their patriotic Governor, Louis Kos¬ 
suth, had in 1848 declared their independence of Austria, were sub¬ 

hardships and trying circumstances incident to the frontier life of a soldier’s 
family, proved herself a model wife and mother. Mrs. Taylor’s predilec¬ 
tion for quietude and retirement rendered her unwilling to assume the re¬ 
sponsibility of public receptions, and, although she remained near her hus¬ 
band during the short period of his administration, the duty of dispensing 
the honors of the “ White House ” devolved upon her third and youngest 
daughter, Mrs. Bliss. The second daughter was the wife of Jefferson 
Davis (afterward President of the Southern Confederacy), but she died a 
few months after her marriage. 

* The revolutionary spirit that agitated France and the German states 
in 1848 found its way into Italy, where “ Mazzini was its head and Gari¬ 
baldi its right arm.” The immediate object of the rising was to expel the 
Austrians from Venetia and Lombardy (provinces which had been given to 
Austria by the Treaty of Paris in 1815). It was well known that the sym¬ 
pathies of the Pope (Pius IX.) were with the people and with liberty, there¬ 
fore the revolutionists hoped to use the Holy Father as a tool in carrying 
out their lawless designs, but when his Holiness forbade either his name or 
his troops being employed as instruments of bloodshed and strife, and 
furthermore refused to concede all that was demanded, the agitators turned 
their weapons against him. Rome was seized and declared a republic. The 
Pope found safety only in flight. From his exile at Gaeta (Naples) he ap¬ 
pealed to the Catholic nations in Europe to restore his prerogatives. France 
responded by sending to Rome an army under Oudinot; the Papal authority 
being re-established (July, 1849), Pius IX. returned to the Vatican, April, 
1850, after an absence of about eighteen months. 

f William III., through his mother, is nephew of the Emperors Alexan¬ 
der I. and Nicholas of Russia. He has been twice married, first in 1839 to 
Princess Sophia, daughter of King William I. of Wurtemberg; second, in 
1879, to Emma, daughter of Prince Waldeck-Pyrmont, and sister of the 
Duchess of Albany, widow of Leopold, youngest son of Queen Victoria. 




354 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


dued in 1849 by the combined armies of Austria and Russia. Kos¬ 
suth sought refuge in Turkey. (Connect with American history, 
1851, IT VI., page 358.) 

Another victory of Gough over the Sikhs* in 1849, reducing 
them to submission, secured the annexation of the Punjaub to Brit¬ 
ish India. 

Death of Chopin (39), Polish pianist and musical composer. 

1850 . Invasion of Cuba. Lopez, a Cuban revolu¬ 
tionist, with about six hundred reckless adventurers of 
different nationalities, whom be had enlisted in various 
parts of the United States, made a descent upon Cuba 
(May 19), with the view of exciting a rebellion against 
Spanish rule, and securing the annexation of the island to 
the United States. Receiving no encouragement from the 
people, the “ filibusters,” as this lawless band was called, 
made a hasty retreat to their vessels, and sailed for Key 
West, Florida. (Connect with 1851, 1* II., page 357.) 

The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. This treaty, concluded 
April 19, ratified July 4 (1850), by Sir Henry Lytton 
Bulwer for the British, and Mr. John Middleton Clayton 
for the American Government, was to secure the con¬ 
struction of a ship-canal through Central America, under 
a grant obtained by the United States from the Republic 
of Nicaragua in 1849. The prominent conditions of said 
treaty were, that neither of the contracting parties should 
obtain exclusive control over the canal, or occupy, fortify, 
colonize, or assume dominion over any part of Central 
America. Moreover, that no time should be unnecessa¬ 
rily lost in constructing said canal.f \ 

* The Sikhs were a warlike race of men who inhabited the Punjaub, or 
country of the five rivers, in Northern India. In 1852, Pegu, a province of 
the Burmese Empire, was annexed to British India. At last, nearly the 
whole of Hindostan came under British sway, when in 1856 England added 
to her Indian dominions the kingdom of Oude (North India), which gave her 
the range of the Himalaya Mountains as a natural frontier on the north. 

f There has been quite a warm correspondence recently between the 
United States and Great Britain relative to the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, the 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


355 


Thirteenth President of the United States , Millard 
Fillmore , of New York;* lorn 1800 , 187 f Ad- 



New Mexici 
aud Utah 
organized a: 
Territories. 


DEATH DF 

Wordsworth 


i'PoetTaureate 

fedSOYn 

DEATH .Of 

Calhoun 

hAMER.SlATESMAr' 

\:lkdOS)jrs 


First Descent of 
Lopez on Cuba. 


.1800 


ADMITTED 
TO THE 

UNION 

SepWtfi. 


The N. W. Pas¬ 
sage discovered 
by McClure , of 
the British Navy 


Clayton-Bul- 
wer Treaty. 


1th Census of 
the U. S. Pop. 
23,191,876. 


ministration, two years and about eight months—July 
10, 1850, to March 4, 1853. Acting Vice-President and 

United States contending that said treaty is “ voidable ” on several grounds: 
(1) because it had reference to a particular canal, by the Nicaragua route 
only; (2) because of the infraction of its principal article by Great Britain 
in having converted the “settlement” of Balize (maintained in 1850 for 
the purpose of cutting logwood and mahogany) into an organized British 
colony, with executive and judicial officers, and occupying a defined terri¬ 
tory nearly equal in area to three of the smaller States of the Union; final¬ 
ly, because of the failure of the considerations originally contemplated. 
(For further particulars of the diplomatic correspondence, the student is 
referred to “Appletons’ Annual Cyclopaedia,” 1881-83.) 

* Millard Fillmore, of New York, Vice-President with Taylor as Presi¬ 
dent, and his successor in office, was born in 1800. In youth he learned 
the trade of a fuller. On being released from his apprenticeship, he pur- 
















356 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


President pro tern . of the Senate, William Rufus King, 
of Alabama. Secretaries of State : (1) John M. Clayton, 
of Delaware, retained till July 22, 1850; (2) Daniel 
Webster, of Massachusetts, from July 22, 1850, till No¬ 
vember 6, 1852; (3) Edward Everett, of Massachusetts, 
from November 6, 1852, to March 4, 1853. 

The Compromise Measure of 1850 , popularly called 
the Omnibus Bill* The most important transaction of 
Fillmore’s Administration was the passage of the Omni¬ 
bus Bill, so called because it covered so many disputed 
points: 1. California was to be admitted as a free State. 
2. Utah and New Mexico were to be organized as Terri¬ 
tories, without mention of slavery. 3. The claims of 
Texas to territory in New Mexico were tD be bought by 
the United States.f 4. Slave-trade to be prohibited in 
the District of Columbia. 5. The Fugitive-Slave Bill, 
providing for the return of slaves to their masters. This 
was carried through by the eloquence of Henry Clay, the 
great pacificator, seconded by Daniel Webster. President 
Fillmore affixed his signature to the bill in September of 
1850. (See 1854, T IV., page 364.) 

sued the study of law, in which profession he owed success entirely to his 
abilities and perseverance. He married Abigail Powers, of New York. In 
the State Legislature and in Congress he distinguished himself by his talents 
and attention to the duties of his position. As the Whig candidate for 
Governor of New York, he was defeated in 1844; but three years later was 
elected Comptroller of the State. In 1848 he was elected Vice-President, 
and in 1850 the death of President Taylor placed him in the office of Chief 
Magistrate. He returned to Buffalo in 1853, where he died in 1874. 

* Clay’s compromise measures were introduced into the Senate as early as 
January, 1850, though not substantially adopted till the following September. 

f The boundary-line between Texas and New Mexico was fixed at four 
degrees east of Santa Fe. “After the admission of Texas into the Union, 
she found herself unable to pay her debts from the proceeds of her public 
lands, and on August 2, 1850, Congress, as one of the compromise measures 
of that year, voted to pay to the State $10,000,000, in consideration of the 
reduction of her boundary (by giving up a portion of her northern territory 
to New Mexico), cession of territoiy, and relinquishment of claims against 
the United States.”—“ Appletons’ Cyclopaedia.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


357 


New Mexico and Utah were organized as Territories 
in 1850* out of lands ceded by Mexico in 1848. 

California, the thirty-first State, was admitted into the 
Union September 9. It was a part of the Mexican ces¬ 
sion, f 

Seventh census of the United States (1850). Popula¬ 
tion, 23,191,876. 

Death on March 31 of John C. Calhoun (68), Ameri¬ 
can statesman and orator. 

The Northwestern passage was discovered (October, 1850) by 
Captain McClure, of the British Navy. 

Pope Pius IX issued a Bull (September 24, 1850) re-establishing 
in England the Roman Catholic Hierarchy, which had been sup¬ 
pressed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Dr. Nicholas Wiseman, 
raised to the dignity of cardinal, was nominated Archbishop of 
Westminster. The procedure causing much excitement, Parliament 
passed the Ecclesiastical Titles Act,” August, 1851, which made 
the assumption of territorial titles in Great Britain punishable by 
law. The bill was not enforced, and finally, in 1871, was repealed. 
See Haydn’s “ Dictionary of Dates.” 

Deaths: In April, William W T ordsworth{ (80), poet-laureate of 
Great Britain; July 2, Sir Robert Peel (62), British statesman and 
orator; August 26, Louis Philippe (77), ex-Kmg of the French. 

1851. On the 4th of July the corner-stone of the 
extension of the national Capitol at Washington was laid 
by President Fillmore, with appropriate ceremonies. The 
apron and trowel made use of by Washington for a simi¬ 
lar purpose in 1793 were used on this occasion. • Daniel 
Webster was the orator of the day. 

Lopez, with four hundred and eighty men, made an- 

* All the States of the Union have been first organized by acts of Con¬ 
gress as Territories, excepting the original thirteen States. “ The differ¬ 
ence between a State and a Territory is this: A State makes its own laws, 
has a written Constitution, chooses its rulers, and is represented both in the 
Senate and House of Representatives of the United States. A Territory is 
governed by laws made by Congress; it has no written Constitution; its 
rulers are appointed by the President; it sends no Senators to the Senate ; 
and it is represented in the House only by a delegate, who has no vote.” 

f See note under I. of 1848, page 350. 

| See note under foreign history, 1843, III., page 338. 


358 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


other descent on Cuba; he was, however, defeated and 
captufed by the Spanish authorities in Cuba, and finally 
garroted as a malefactor on August 26. Fifty-one of his 
followers were shot, and the rest sent prisoners to Spain. 
These lawless expeditions, sailing as they did from our 
shores, would doubtless have involved the United States 
in a war with Spain, had they not been strongly de¬ 
nounced by the Government. 

Reduction of Postage in 1851. For a single letter to 
points within a radius of 3,000 miles, three cents, pre¬ 
paid; not prepaid, five cents. For any greater distance, 
double those rates. (Connect with 1863, page 435.) 

The first United States Grinnell Expedition sent to 
the Arctic seas, in search of Sir John Franklin, having 
failed in its object, returned to New York in October, 
1851, after an absence of a year and a half. The vessels, 
the Advance and Rescue, were commanded by Lieuten¬ 
ant De Haven, United States Navy, but had been fur¬ 
nished by the munificence of Mr. Henry Grinnell, of 
New York. (Connect with 1855, T V., page 366.) 

On December 24, the principal room of the Library of 
Congress was destroyed by fire, together with paintings, 
statuary, models, and about thirty-five thousand volumes. 
(See 1871, T II., page 480.) 

Louis. Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot (who, in 1849, 
had fled to Turkey, and thence had been sent to Asia), 
was liberated from his confinement in September, 1851, 
through the intervention of England and the United 
States. Late the following December he arrived in New 
L ork as the nation’s guest. Everywhere he was received 
with honors such as had been paid to no foreigner since 
the time of Lafayette. He left America in May, 1852, 
laden with the generous contributions that had been be- 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


359 


stowed upon him by private individuals. Government, 
while sympathizing most cordially with the cause of the 
distinguished stranger, “ refused to depart from its long- 
established policy of not interfering with the affairs of 
foreign nations.” 

Deaths: James Fenimore Cooper (62), American novel¬ 
ist; John James Audubon (71), American ornithologist. 

The first great International Exhibition of the works of industry 
was designed by the Prince-Consort of Great Britain, and opened 
in Hyde Park, May 1, 1851. (See for. hist., IT II. of 1862, p. 422.) 

1852 . A temporary difficulty occurred between the 
United States and Great Britain regarding the right 
Americans enjoyed by treaty of fishing on the banks of 
Newfoundland, provided they kept three miles from 
shore. Happily, the question was settled satisfactorily 
by negotiation.* (See 1" III. of 1854, and note *, p. 364.) 

The United States declined the w Tripartite Treaty,” 
respecting Cuba, proposed by England and France.f 

Deaths: June 29, Henry Clay (75), and October 24, 
Daniel Webster (70), American statesmen. 

Second French Empire was proclaimed. The Prince-President, 
being declared Emperor, assumed the title of Napoleon III., Em¬ 
peror of the French, December 2,1852. He was born 1808, died in 
exile, 1873. (Connect with foreign history, 1870, IT I., page 478.) I 


* “ In the case of bays, the British construed the clause of the treaty, 
‘ three miles from shore' to mean within three miles of a line drawn from 
headland to headland; while the Americans claimed the right of entering 
within headlands, provided they kept three miles from shore.” 

f In consequence of the recent attempts made by Lopez to revolutionize 
Cuba, the idea became prevalent in Europe that the United States might 
obtain possession of that island, and thus gain command of the Gulf of 
Mexico. As a means of forestalling such an event, England and France 
proposed to the United States to enter a “ Tripartite Treaty,” by which the 
three powers should bind themselves to resist all attempts in the future to 
disturb Spain in the possession of Cuba. (Connect with 1854, V., page 

364.) 

\ The mutual distrust that from the first had existed between the Prince- 
President of the French Republic and the Legislative Assembly made it 
quite apparent that one or the other must be overthrown. Louis Napoleon, 



360 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Death of the Duke of Wellington (Arthur Wellesley), aged eighty- 
three years. 

1853 . Fourteenth President of the United States , 
Franklin Pierce * of New Hampshire ; lorn 180h died 
1869. Elected by the Democrats. Administration, four 
years, 1853-1857. Vice-President, William Rufus King,f 
of Alabama, one month and three days. Acting Vice- 
President and President pro tem. of the Senate—1. David 
R. Atchison, of Missouri, April 18, 1853, till December 
5, 1854; 2. Jesse D. Bright, of Indiana, December 5, 


to bring matters to a crisis, resorted to his celebrated coup d'etat (stroke of 
state policy), “ which in this case meant a massacre by military force, and 
the midnight arrest of his opponents,” December 2, 1851. Before dawn 
his enemies were dispersed and peace apparently restored. The Assembly 
was then formally dissolved, and by the voice of the nation the President’s 
term of office was extended to ten years. In November, 1862, the second 
French Empire replaced the second French Republic, and Louis Napoleon, 
being elected Emperor by nearly eight million votes, was formally proclaimed 
on December 2, when he assumed the title of Napoleon III. The putative 
Napoleon II. (Duke of Reichstadt, who never reigned) was the son of Napo¬ 
leon I. and Maria Louisa of Austria. Napoleon III. was the nephew of 
Napoleon I., and son of Louis Bonaparte, ex-King of Holland, and Hortense 
Beauharnais, daughter of the Empress Josephine and her first husband, 
Alexander Beauharnais. In 1853 Napoleon III. married Eug6nie, Countess 
of Teba, a Spanish lady of remarkable beauty and accomplishments, and the 
result of the union was the birth of a son, March 16, 1866. 

* Franklin Pierce, born in New Hampshire in 1804, was a graduate of 
Bowdoin College, Maine, and a lawyer by profession. In 1834 he married 
Jane Means Appleton, daughter of Rev. Jesse Appleton, D. D., of New 
Hampshire. Mr. Pierce having served several terms in the House of Rep¬ 
resentatives, was chosen United States Senator by the Legislature of his 
State. He declined an appointment in the Cabinet under Polk, also the 
nomination for Governor of New Hampshire. He favored the annexation 
of Texas, and enlisted as a private soldier in the Mexican War, attaining 
subsequently by his valor the rank of brigadier-general. As Democratic 
candidate for the presidency in 1852, he defeated General Scott by an over, 
whelming majority. His term of office ended, he made the tour of Europe. 
On his return to the United States he retired to his home in Concord, New 
Hampshire. He died in 1869. 

f At the time of President Pierce’s inauguration, Mr. King was resid¬ 
ing temporarily in Cuba, lor the benefit of his health. By a special act of 
Congress, the oath of office as Vice-President was administered to him in 
Cuba by the American consul-general at Havana. In April, 1853, he re¬ 
turned to his home in Dallas County, Alabama, where he died on the 17th 
of that month. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


361 


1854, till March 4, 1857. Secretary of State, William L. 
Marcy, of New York. 



^fdlSYhX 


Boundary 
dispute with 
Mexico set¬ 
tled by the 
Gadsden 
Bur chase. 


Washington 

Territory 

organized. 


Turkey 

L EAD TO THE 

Crime an War. 


Difficulty 
between A us- I 
tria and U. 8 .1 
on account of I 
the seizure of \ 
Koszta , the 
• Hungarian. • 


Deaths. 
Wm. Rufus 
Kingr, 
Yice-Pres. 
of the U. 8. 
67 yrs. 


A difficulty which arose between Austria and the 
United States, on account of the seizure of Koszta,* the 
Hungarian, w T as finally settled by compromise. 

* Martin Koszta, a Hungarian refugee, when in the United States in 
1850, declared his intention of becoming an American citizen, and went 
through the preliminary forms. In 1858 y business having called him to 
Smyrna, in Asia Minor (it is the principal seaport of Turkey in Asia), he was 
seized as a Hungarian rebel, by order of the Austrian consul-general, and 
confined on an Austrian ship. Captain Ingraham, of the American sloop St. 
Louis, lying in port, demanded the release of the prisoner, upon the ground 
of his being an American citizen, and prepared to enforce his claim by at¬ 
tacking the Austrian vessel. Koszta was thereupon given up, under a pro¬ 
test. Austria remonstrated against the course pursued by Captain Ingra¬ 
ham, but eventually a compromise was effected, and Koszta returned to the 
home of his adoption. 

16 















302 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


The World’s Fair, at the Crystal Palace in New York, 
was opened July 14, 1853, in presence of President Fill¬ 
more and many other dignitaries. It embraced an ex¬ 
position of the arts and industries of all nations, the first 
of the kind ever held in the United States.* (Seep.490.) 

The Gadsden Purchase . The inaccuracy of the maps 
delineating the territory ceded by the Treaty of Gua- 
dalupe-Hidalgo led to a misunderstanding between the 
United States and Mexico, concerning the southern bound¬ 
ary of New Mexico—both countries claiming the region 
between the Mexican province of Chihuahua and the 
Gila River, in which is situated the Mesilla Valley. Gen¬ 
eral Gadsden, of South Carolina, United States minister 
in Mexico, settled the difficulty satisfactorily by negotia¬ 
tion. The boundary between the two countries being 
established as it now exists, by a treaty concluded De¬ 
cember 31,1853, the United States agreed to pay Mexico 
$10,000,000 for the ceded district. It is known as the 
“ Gadsden Purchase,” and forms the southern portion of 
Arizona Territory.f 

Washington Territory was organized in 18534 

* On October 5, 1858, the “Palace” was destroyed by fire, with many 
valuable works of art, am one; which were the colossal group by Thorwald- 
sen of “ Christ and his Apostles,” and the statue by Kiss of “ The Amazon 
and the Tiger.” 

f On the 5th of February, preceding the “ Gadsden Purchase,” Mexico 
had authorized the United States to construct a railroad across the Isthmus 
of Tehuantepec, the stable benefits of which should be secured equally to 
the people of Mexico and the United States. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec 
is the narrowest part of the land separating the Gulf of Mexico from the 
Pacific, the distance being about one hundred and thirty miles. Recently it 
has been proposed to unite the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at this point by a 
ship-canal, of which the river Tehuantepec and some lakes would form a part. 

X Washington Territory, situated in the northwestern part of the United 
States, is the only organized Territory of the Union possessing a sea-coast. 
“ Only two ports of the United States exceed Port Townsend (on Puget 
Sound, near the Strait of Juan de Fuca) in American ocean steam-vessels in 
foreign trade, to wit, New York and San Francisco.”—Appletons’ “Annual 
Cyclopaedia,” 1884. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


363 


Death of William TCufus King (67), Vice-President of 
the United States. 

Accession of Pedro V. (16) to the throne of Portugal, upon the 
death of his mother, Queen Maria 11. (See 1861, IT III., page 388.) 

Russian aggressions upon Turkey led to the Crimean War.* 

Death of Mrs. Opie (aged 84 years), English author. 

1854 . The Astor Library, in New York, was opened 
January 9 for the use of the public. 

Treaty between the United States and Japan. Com¬ 
modore Matthew C. Perry, United States Navy, brother 
of the hero of Lake Erie, succeeded in negotiating a 
treaty with Japan, which secured to the United States 
the advantage of trade with that distant empire. The 
privilege was subsequently extended to other nations. 
(Connect with 1860, T I., page 372.) 

Keciprocity treaty of trade and fisheries between 
the United States and Great Britain, proclaimed Sep¬ 
tember 11, 1854. By this treaty, commerce between 

* For the remote cause of this war, see McCarthy’s “ History of the 
World,” page 651: “The giant power of Russia began to encroach omi¬ 
nously upon the Turkish borders in search of a southern seaboard. . . . 
The other European powers, jealous of Russia’s growth, were opposed to 
her obtaining this seaboard, which would give her command of the eastern 
Mediterranean and immense commercial advantages. England, the great 
naval and commercial power, with vast interests of her own in the East, 
led the opposition, and protected the Turks.” The aggressive acts of Rus¬ 
sia, immediately preceding the outbreak, were as follows: As a preliminary 
step toward extending her southern seaboard, Russia had long coveted the 
possession of Constantinople, and only awaited a pretext to secure the prize 
by force of arms. An occasion now presetted itself in a quarrel that arose 
between the Greeks and Roman Catholics concerning the exclusive custody 
of parts of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The Emperor 
Nicholas arrogantly demanded to be acknowledged protector of all the 
Greek Christians throughout the Turkish dominions—a demand that was 
naturally rejected by the Porte—whereupon the Czar, to compel acquies¬ 
cence, took forcible possession (July 2, 1853) of the Danubian principalities, 
Moldavia and Wallackia. Meanwhile, England and France, anxious to 
maintain the balance of pow r er, resolved to unite with Turkey in repressing 
the ambition of Russia. Accordingly, the combined French and English 
fleets sailed into the Black Sea (December, 1853), and early in 1854 vir¬ 
tually blockaded the Russian fleet in the harbor of Sebastopol. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1854, I, page 364.) 


36i LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Canada and the United States was rendered almost free 
of duty * (See T I. of 1878, page 497.) 

The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, introduced by Senator 
Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, was to secure the organ¬ 
ization of Kansas and Nebraska as Territories, with the 
provision that the question of slavery should be decided 
by the votes of the settlers. The principle it involved 
was termed “popular or squatter sovereignty.” Con¬ 
gress passed the bill in May, 1854. Intense bitterness of 
feeling ensued. The North considered the bill a viola¬ 
tion of the Missouri Compromise, which prohibited the 
existence of slavery north of 36° 30'. The South averred 
that the Compromise of 1850 had annulled the older act 
by admitting California into the Union as a free State, 
since a large part of its territory lies south of 36° 30'. 
(Connect with 1855, T I., page 365.) 

The Ostend Conference. Buchanan, Mason, and Soule, 
American ministers to England, France, and Spain, met 
at Ostend, Belgium, October 10 and 11, and issued a cir¬ 
cular, “setting forth the advantages to be derived both 
by Spain and the United States by the transfer of Cuba, 
as well as the danger to both nations of allowing it to re¬ 
main in the possession of Spain.” As an indemnification 
for the cession of the island, Spain was to be offered 
$120,000,000. The proposition was as strongly opposed 
by England and France as by Spain, and here the at¬ 
tempted negotiation ended. (See T II. of 1852, p. 359.) 

Progress of the Russo-Turkish or Crimean War during 1854: 
On March 12, Great Britain and France formed an alliance with 
Turkey, and a few days later hostilities against Russia were formally 


* This treaty was terminated on March 17, 1866, in virtue of notice 
given by the United States, March 17, 1865, pursuant to the fifth article of 
the original agreement. (See treaties and conventions concluded between 
the United States and other powers, published by the United States Gov¬ 
ernment.) 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


365 


proclaimed in London. The principal events of the year were the 
battles of Alma (September 20), Balaklava (October 25), and Inker- 
mann (November 5), all of which were victories for the allied forces. 
The siege of Sebastopol was begun on September 26. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1855, IT I., page 366.) 

King John, at the age of 52 years, succeeded his brother, Frederic 
Augustus II., on the throne of Saxony. (Connect with foreign his¬ 
tory, 1873, IF IV., page 487.) 

Deaths: Talfourd (59), English tragic poet; Madame Sontag 
(49), German vocalist. 

1855 . The result of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill was a 
rush of settlers from North and South into the Territories 
to swell the votes either for or against slavery, and for 
some time (1855-1857) “ bleeding Kansas ” was the scene 
of civil war and election-riots. (Connect with 1856, T I., 
page 366.) 

The Panama Kailroad being completed from sea to 
sea, the first train passed over it on January 28.* 

Koebling’s suspension-bridge, two miles north of Ni¬ 
agara Falls, was crossed for the first time on March 14, 
1855.f (See T I. of 1883, and note if, p. 511.\ 

Walker, the Filibuster , in Nicaragua. In 1855 Nica¬ 
ragua became involved in civil war, and its people were 
divided into two distinct factions. With the view of 
taking part in the conflict, William Walker, a citizen of 
the United States, accompanied by a band of lawless ad¬ 
venturers (filibusters), invaded the republic. Siding with 

* The Panama Railroad was located by Colonel Hughes and executed 
by Colonel George M. Totten, as chief-engineer. The expense of the work 
was assumed, in 1850, by an American company composed of Messrs. Aspin- 
wall, Chauncey, and Stephens, and completed at the cost of $7,000,000. 
The whole length of the road from Aspinwall (on an island in Navy Bay, 
which opens into the Caribbean Sea) to Panama on the Pacific coast is 
forty-eight miles. 

f It connects Suspension-Bridge Village, on the eastern side of the Ni¬ 
agara River, with Clifton on the western side, and sustains the track of the 
Great Western Railway. Its length is eight hundred feet, and its height 
above the river two hundred and thirty feet. The cost of construction was 
$500,000. 


366 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


the Liberal faction, Walker succeeded in raising himself 
to the presidency. An abuse of power led to his down¬ 
fall, and he returned to the United States in 1857, only 
to devise new schemes for a second invasion before the 
close of the year. Continuing his adventures, he was 
finally taken prisoner in Honduras and shot in 1860. 

On October 11 Dr. Elisha Kent Kane, commander 
of the second United States Grinnell Expedition sent in 
search of Sir John Franklin, returned to New York after 
an absence of two years and four months. The result of 
the expedition was the discovery of an open sea encir¬ 
cling the north pole. Of Sir John Franklin and his 
party no tidings were gleaned. (See note f, page 341.) 

Death of Abbott Lawrence (62), American philanthro¬ 
pist and statesman. 

The Russo-Turkish or Crimean War. Early in January, 1855, 
Sardinia, entering the alliance against Russia, sent to the seat of 
warfare 15,000 men. The siege of Sebastopol had lasted nearly a 
year when the two important forts guarding it on the south—the 
Malakoff Tower and the Redan—were stormed September 8, the 
one by the French, the other by the English. These decisive actions 
led to the immediate fall of Sebastopol, and forced the Czar to sue 
for peace. (Connect with foreign history, 1856, IF I., page 367.) 

Accession of Alexander II. (37) to the imperial throne of Russia, 
upon the death of his father, Nicholas I., March 2, 1855 (see p. 389). 

Deaths: Charlotte Bronte (Currer Bell), English novelist, aged 
38 years. 

1856. Difficulties in Kansas being on the increase, 
the Kansas question naturally occupied a considerable 
share of the attention of the United States Congress. 
(Connect with 1858, T page 370.) 

The British relief bark Resolute, which had been 
abandoned in the Arctic ice by her commander, Captain 
Kellett, of the expedition under Sir Edward Belcher, was 
found afloat in the Atlantic, by an American whaler, who 
brought her to New York. She had drifted a thousand 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


367 


miles from the place where she had been frozen in, and 
yet her armament and stores were as complete as at the 
time when she was abandoned. Congress voted forty thou¬ 
sand dollars for the purchase and refitting of the Resolute, 
and, when thoroughly repaired and equipped, she was in¬ 
trusted to Captain H. J. Hartstene, United States Navy, 
to be presented to Queen Victoria. After the lapse of 
twenty-four years, the ship being no longer seaworthy, 
a desk was made of her wood and presented by her Maj¬ 
esty to the President of the United States, November 29, 
1880. 

Death in 1856 of Commodore Charles Morris, of the 
United States Navy, aged 72 years. 

Peace Conference at Paris. The definitive treaty of peace be¬ 
tween Russia on one side and England, France, Turkey, and Sar¬ 
dinia, on the other, with Austria and Prussia as concurrent parties, 
was signed and ratified at Paris, April 27, and proclaimed at Lon¬ 
don April 29.* 

Death of Robert Schumann (46), German musical composer. 

1857. Fifteenth President of the United States , 
James Buchananf of Pennsylvania; born 1791 , died 
1868. Elected by the Democrats. Administration, four 
years, 1857-1861. Vice-President, John C. Breckenbridge, 

* This treaty, known as the Treaty of Paris, required Russia to re¬ 
nounce her protectorate over the Danubian provinces and to dismantle the 
fortress of Sebastopol; the navigation of the Danube was declared free; 
the Black Sea was made neutral—that is, it was opened to the commerce 
of all nations, while no war-vessel was allowed to sail on it, and no arsenal 
to be erected on its borders. The Christians in Turkey were declared to be 
under the protection of all the Christian powers of Europe who signed the 
treaty. Russia accepted the terms of this treaty, but as soon as a favor¬ 
able occasion offered, in the downfall of the Napoleonic dynasty in France 
(see note f under 1870, page 478), she repudiated the chief clause, which 
prohibited the maintenance of a Russian fleet in the Black Sea. 

+ James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, was born in 1791. lie was grad¬ 
uated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, in 1809, and began the practice of 
law in 1812. In 1814 he was a member of the State Legislature, and of 
Congress in 1820. As ambassador to St. Petersburg he negotiated the first 
commercial treaty between Russia and the United States. Returning home, 
he was elected to the United States Senate in 1833. Under President Polk, 


368 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

of Kentucky. Secretaries of State, (1) Lewis Cass, of 
Michigan, till December 14,1860 ; (2) Jeremiah S. Black, 
of Pennsylvania, December IT, 1860, to March 4, 1861. 



Death of Crawford, 
American Sculptor, 
aged 43 years. 


• Atlan -• 

tic Cable, ( 
first 

joined a£| 
seaAug T 
5th, but | 
breaks 

Aug. 11. | 


• Mormon • 
rebellion 
in Utah 
suppressed. 


• General 
financial 
panic in 
the U. S. 

begins 
Aug. 2Ath 


• War against China re- 
. newed by Great Britain. 


As has been related,* the Mormons, after their expul¬ 
sion from Illinois, had emigrated to Salt Lake Valley—a 
region then under the jurisdiction of Mexico, but which, 
by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848), became the 
property of the United States. In 1850, when Utah was 

in 1845, he was appointed Secretary of State, and in 1858 was sent by 
President Pierce as minister to the court of St. James’s. He was elected 
President by the Democrats in 1856. 

Mr. Buchanan was never married. During his administration his niece, 
Miss Harriet Lane, presided at the White House. His term of office over, 
he retired to Wheatland, his private residence, near Lancaster, Pennsyl¬ 
vania, where he died in 1868. 

* See note to % IV. of 1844, page 339. 













CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


369 


organized as a Territory, Salt Lake Yalley being included 
within its limits, Brigham Young, the Mormon leader, 
was appointed Governor by President Fillmore, and was 
confirmed in this position by President Pierce. Under 
the influence of fanaticism, the Mormons committed a 
great many excesses, and at length became so defiant of 
the laws of the United States, that President Buchanan, 
having appointed another Governor, was obliged to send 
an army of twenty-five hundred men to Utah to aid in 
upholding his authority. At first the Mormons prepared 
to resist, but finally they submitted without bloodshed. 

Shortly after the inauguration of President Buchanan, 
a general financial panic swept over the country. Bank¬ 
ruptcies and failures were of daily occurrence, banks sus¬ 
pended specie payments, and a general depression of busi¬ 
ness continued for many months, not only in the United 
States but also in Europe. 

The first attempts to establish telegraphic communica¬ 
tion between Europe and America were made in 1857; 
the Atlantic cable was joined at sea August 5, but broke 
August 11. (Connect with August 5, 1858, page 370.) 

Deaths in 1867: Dr. Elisha Kent Kane (37), Arctic 
explorer, and Thomas Crawford (43), sculptor.* 

The Sepoy rebellion, or mutiny of the native troops in the 
Presidency of Bengal, which occurred in 1857, was a severe shock 
to the British rule in India. First at Meerat, May 10, then at Delhi, 
and afterward at twenty-two different stations, the standard of re¬ 
volt was raised; the scenes of bloodshed that followed baffle descrip¬ 
tion, “ but the barbarous massacre of women and children at Cawn- 
pore capped the climax of appalling horrors.” After hard fighting, 
the rebellion was quelled, and the British authority over the re¬ 
volted districts was re-established more firmly than ever. (Connect 
with foreign history, 1858, IT II., page 371.) 

In consequence of an outrage offered (October 8, 1856) by the 
Chinese to a vessel sailing under British colors, war was renewed 
by Great Britain against the Celestial Empire. Canton was bom- 

* For Crawford’s Statue of Liberty, see 1863, p. 436. 



370 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL . 


barded December, 1867. France uniting with England, Peking was 
captured in 1860, and the Chinese signed a treaty which opened all 
China to merchants and missionaries. 

1858. January 4.—The Lecompton Constitution for 
Kansas was rejected by a ma jority of ten thousand votes.* 

April 6.—A contract was signed by John A. Wash¬ 
ington,f proprietor of Mount Yernon, to sell that time- 
honored place to “The Mount Yernon Ladies’ Associa¬ 
tion,’' for the sum of $200,000—the purchase to comprise 
the mansion, the tomb, and two hundred acres of the 
original estate. The Association, aided by the efforts of 
the distinguished orator, Edward Everett, soon collected 
the purchase-money, and thus secured the home and 
grave of “ the Father of his Country,” to be held in per¬ 
petuity as a place of pilgrimage, sacred to the nation. 

May 11.—Minnesota, the thirty-second State, was ad¬ 
mitted into the Union. It was formed out of part of the 
“ Louisiana Purchase,” except that portion of its territory 
east of the Mississippi, which was a part of the North¬ 
west Territory 4 

The disasters that marked the first attempts to span 
the Atlantic by a submarine cable did not prevent a re¬ 
newal of the experiment. On August 5,1858, this enter¬ 
prise was accomplished. Congratulatory messages between 
the Queen of Great Britain and the President of the 
United States were sent along the lines on August 16. 
Within a month, however, the cable proved imperfect, 
and communication was interrupted until eight years 
later. (Connect with 1S66, page 465.) 

* This Constitution was drawn up by a convention that met for that 
purpose at Lecompton, Kansas, September 7, 1867, but, as it incorporated 
various provisions establishing slavery as the fundamental law of Kansas, 
it proved distasteful to the majority of the people, and hence its rejection. 

f John A. Washington, who held the rank of colonel in the Southern 
Confederacy, was mortally wounded in a skirmish, September 15, 1861. 

X See note under I., of 1803, page 276. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 373 

Deaths in 1858: Thomas IT. Benton (76) and James 
Gadsden (76), American statesmen. 

January 25.—The Princess Royal of Great Britain, aged seven¬ 
teen years, was united to Frederic William, Crown Prince of Prus¬ 
sia, aged twenty-six years. The nuptial ceremonies took place in 
the Royal Chapel of St. James’s Palace, London.* 

The extinction of the British East India Company, after its dura¬ 
tion for two centuries and a half.f 

1859. Oregon, the thirty-third State, was admitted 
into the Union, February 14. (See note under T II., 1846, 
page 342.) 

A serious difficulty arose in the autumn of 1859, in re¬ 
gard to the boundary-line between the United States and 
British America. It involved the disputed military posses¬ 
sion, or right of sovereignty, over the island of San Juan, 
lying in the strait that separates Vancouver Island from 
Washington Territory. Happily, General Scott adjusted 
the dispute amicably. (See 1872, page 482, and note *.) 

John Brown’s Raid, October 16. Brown was an active 
Free-State settler, from Kansas, who, accompanied by a 
number of lawless companions, invaded Virginia for the 
purpose of liberating the slaves. He seized the United 
States Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, with the design 
of arming the negroes, stopped the railroad-trains, and cut 
the telegraph-wires. A conflict ensuing with the United 
States military, Brown w T as captured by them, but tried, 
convicted, and hanged by the authorities of the State of 
Virginia, Dec. 2, 1859. 

Deaths in 1859: Washington Irving (76), William H. 
Prescott (63), historians and men of letters; J. Y. Ma- 

* See Theodore Martin’s “ Life of the Prince Consort,” vol. iv., page 138. 

f The recent insurrection of the Sepoys being attributed to the misrule 
of the Company, its political power was transferred to the Crown, by act 
of Parliament, September 1, 1858. Queen Victoria was thereupon pro¬ 
claimed Sovereign of India, which she still governs, through a Viceroy, aided 
by a Council of rive. (Connect with foreign history, 1876, I., page 493.) 


372 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


son (60), American statesman; Horace Mann (63), Ameri¬ 
can educationist; Rufus Choate (60), American jurist. 

The Austro-Sardinian War, or, as it is sometimes called, the 
Franco-Italian campaign against Austria (from April to July), was 
between Francis Joseph of Austria, and Victor Emanuel II. of 
Sardinia, aided by Napoleon III. of France. Object of the War .— 
On the part of Francis Joseph : the protection of the Austrian prov¬ 
inces of Lombardy and Venetia against the unjust aggressions of 
Sardinia. On the part of Victor Emanuel: the conquest of those 
provinces, and their annexation to his kingdom. Result of the War. 
—The Austrians were defeated at Magenta,* June 4, and again, 
June 24, at Solferino,t after which the Emperor of the French, ap¬ 
prehending the intervention of Prussia in behalf of Austria, hastily 
concluded the preliminaries of peace at Villafranca, J July 11, by 
which Lombardy was annexed to Sardinia, Venetia retained by Aus¬ 
tria, and Savoy and Nice were to be ceded to France. In October, 
Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and the Romagna entered into an alliance, 
and declared for annexation to Sardinia. These movements were 
but the prelude to the unification of Italy. (Connect with foreign 
history, 1860, IF I., page 874.) 

Francis II. (23) succeeded to the kingdom of Naples, or the 
Two Sicilies, upon the death of his father, Ferdinand II., May 
22 .# 

Charles XV. (38) became King of Sweden and Norway, upon the 
death of his father, Oscar I., July 8, 1859. (See 1872, page 483.) 

Deaths: Spohr (75), German violinist; Alexander von Hum¬ 
boldt (90), German naturalist; Lord Macaulay (59), English histo¬ 
rian and essayist. 

1860. Early in the spring a Japanese embassy, con¬ 
sisting of seventy-one persons, arrived in the United 
States, and were entertained as the nation’s guests. The 
object of the visit was to forward the commercial inter¬ 
ests of their country and ours; they brought for the 
President’s signature the treaty that had been agreed 
upon in 1854 by the Emperor of Japan and Commodore 
Perry. (See T II. of 1854, page 363.) 

* Magenta, a town of Italy, fifteen miles by rail west of Milan. 

1 Solferino, a village of Italy, eighteen miles northwest of Milan. 

X Villafranca, a town of Italy, twenty miles southwest of Turin. 

* The mother of Francis II. was Princess Christine of Sardinia, daugh¬ 
ter of Victor Emanuel I. His queen was Marie Sophie Am41ie, daughter 
of Maximilian Joseph, Duke of Bavaria, and own sister of Elizabeth, Em¬ 
press of Francis Joseph of Austria. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX\ 


373 


Another event of interest that occurred this year was 
the arrival in New York Harbor (June 28) of the mam¬ 
moth English steamship Leviathan, afterward named The 
Great Eastern—the largest vessel in the world, being over 
one eighth of a mile long, and capable of accommodating 
from four to five thousand passengers. After being vis¬ 
ited by thousands of Americans from various parts of the 
Union, she left New York August 16, and reached Eng¬ 
land August 26.* 

The Prince of Wales at the Tomb of Washington. 
The Prince, accompanied by the Duke of Newcastle, 
Secretary of State for the Colonies, embarked (July 9) 
on a visit to British America and the United States, trav¬ 
eling under the title of Baron Renfrew. On the 3d of 
October the young Prince reached Washington as the in¬ 
vited guest of President Buchanan. The most interest¬ 
ing incident of his stay at the seat of government was an 
excursion on the 5th, in company with the President, to 
Mount Vernon, “ the home and burial-place of Washing¬ 
ton.” f 

Civil War foreshadowed. Political factions, swayed 
by discordant views upon the vexed questions of slav¬ 
ery, State rights, and free trade, arose during the in¬ 
fancy of our republic; “they grew with her growth, 
and strengthened with her strength,” and more than once 

* For the after adventures of this noble vessel, see “ Appletons’ Annual 
Cyclopaedia,” 1861-1866. 

f The reporter of the London “ Times ” wrote thus of the event: “ Be¬ 
fore this humble tomb the Prince, the President, and all the party stood 
uncovered. It is easy moralizing on this visit, for there is something grand¬ 
ly suggestive of historical retribution in the reverential awe of the Prince 
of Wales, great-grandson of George III., standing bareheaded at the foot of 
the coffin of Washington. For a few moments the party stood mute and 
motionless, and the Prince then proceeded to plant a chestnut by the side 
of the tomb. It seemed, when the royal youth closed in the earth around 
the little germ, that he was burying the last faint trace of discord between 
us and our great brethren in the West.” 


374 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

imperiled the integrity of her existence. Already those 
jarring elements seemed nearing a crisis, when, just be¬ 
fore the presidential canvass of 1860, a split among the 
Democrats, by leading to the triumph of the united Re¬ 
publicans, “ fanned the smoldering tire into a full blaze,” 
and thus hastened the long-threatened rupture between 
the North and the South. The platform of the Republi¬ 
cans was antagonistic to the extension of slavery; there¬ 
fore, as soon as the election of Abraham Lincoln (the Re¬ 
publican candidate) was made known, public meetings, to 
provide for the protection of Southern rights and institu¬ 
tions, w T ere held in the South, and in South Carolina an 
Ordinance of Secession was passed by a State Convention 
December 20. (Connect with 1861, ^ II., page 375.) 

Eighth Census of the United States (1860). Popula¬ 
tion, 31,443,321. 

Deaths in 1860: W. C. Preston (66) and J. K. Pauld¬ 
ing (80), statesmen and orators; S. G. Goodrich (“ Peter 
Parley ”), aged 67 years, author of school histories. 

The revolution of 1859 in Italy, which resulted in the annexa¬ 
tion of Lombardy to Sardinia, spread rapidly to the other states of 
the Peninsula. In March, 1860, the people of Parma, Modena, Tus¬ 
cany,* and the Romagna expelled their rulers, and by a unanimous 
vote transferred their allegiance to Victor Emanuel. Garibaldi, 
meanwhile, overran the Two Sicilies; the youthful Francis II. was 
driven from his throne, and the kingdom of Naples was united 
to Sardinia. (Connect with foreign history, 1861, IF II., page 
388.) 

Deaths: Mrs. Jameson (63), Irish author; G. P. R. James (59), 
English novelist; Sir William Napier (75), British general and 
author; Stephanie Louise Adrienne Beauharnais (71), Grand-Duch¬ 
ess of Baden, adopted daughter of Napoleon I. and cousin of Napo¬ 
leon IILf 


* For particulars connected with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, see note 
on page 525. 

f Stephanie Beauharnais was the granddaughter of an uncle of Alex¬ 
andre Beauharnais, first husband of the Empress Josephine, consequently 
she was a near kinswoman of Napoleon III. A special interest is attached 
to her name, not only on account of her being the adopted daughter of Na- 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


375 


1861 . January 29, Kansas (the thirty-fourth State), 
which for several years had been the scene of violent 
contests between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery parties, 
was at last admitted into the Union, as a free State. 
The greater portion of its territory was carved from the 
u Louisiana Purchase.” 

Early in 1861, six Southern States, following the ex¬ 
ample of South Carolina, withdrew from the Union, viz., 
Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana, in 
January, and Texas, the first day of February. On the 

poleon I., and of her close connection through her husband with the sov¬ 
ereigns of Sweden, Russia, and Bavaria, but also because of the prominent 
positions which several of her grandchildren have occupied and still occupy 
among the crowned heads of Europe. In 1806 Stephanie married Prince 
Charles, hereditary Grand Duke of Baden, brother-in-law of Gustavus IV. 
of Sweden, of Alexander I. of Russia, and of Maximilian I. of Bavaria. 
In 1818 she was left a widow with three daughters, Louise, Josephine, and 
Marie. I. Louise, the eldest (born 1811), married her first-cousin, Gustavus, 
Prince of Vasa, whose father, Gustavus IV. of Sweden, was deposed and 
exiled in 1809. (See Pardoe’s “Episodes of French History”: “A Scene 
in the Life of Bernadotte,” p. 120.) Their only offspring is Queen Caroline 
of Saxony, wife of Albert, the present sovereign of that kingdom. (See 
note # under 1873, IV., p. 487.) II. Josephine, the second daughter 
(born 1813), married Prince Anthony of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringcn (died 
1885), a relative of the Emperor of Germany. Four of their children hold 
conspicuous places in history: (1.) Stephanie (born 1837, died childless in 
1859) was the queen of Pedro V. of Portugal, whose father, King Ferdi¬ 
nand, was a first-cousin of Queen Victoria. (2.) Prince Leopold of Hohen- 
zollern (born 1835) married the Infanta Antonia of Portugal, sister of the 
late Pedro V. and of Luiz I., the present King of Portugal. It was to 
this prince that the throne of Spain was offered in 1870, and, although he 
declined its acceptance, the fact that a scion of the house of Brandenburg 
had been proposed as a candidate for the position, led to a series of mis¬ 
understandings between Napoleon III. and King William of Prussia, which 
terminated in the extinction of the imperial rule in France. (See 1870, 
I., p. 478.) (3.) Prince Charles, a younger brother of Prince Leopold 
(born 1839), was proclaimed King of Roumania in 1881. (See 1881, I., 

p. 508.) (4.) Princess Marie, the youngest child (born 1845), married, in 
1867, Philippe, Count of Flanders, brother of Leopold II., King of Belgium, 
and first-cousin of Queen Victoria. She is the mother of Prince Baldwin, 
heir-presumptive to the throne of Belgium. III. Mane, the youngest of the 
three princesses of Baden (born 1817), married, in 1843, his Grace Archi¬ 
bald, Duke of Hamilton and Brandon, who died in 1863. William Alex¬ 
ander, the present Duke of Hamilton, is her son, and therefore the grand¬ 
son of Stephanie Beauharnais, Napoleon’s adopted daughter. 


376 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL 

4th of February, delegates from all the seceded States, 
except Texas, met at Montgomery, Alabama, and formed a 
Union entitled “The Confederate States of America.” 
A provisional government was instituted for one year, 
with Jefferson Davis, of Mississippi, as President, and 
Alexander II. Stephens, of Georgia, as Yice-President. 
Meanwhile, the seceded States took possession of all the 
Federal forts, arsenals, navy-yards, and other Federal 
property within their borders, except Forts Moultrie and 
Sumter in Charleston Harbor, Fort Pickens at Pensacola, 
and the forts near Key West, Florida. 

Virginia, strongly opposed to the policy of secession, 
and ardently hoping to restore harmony, came forward 
as pacificator. At her suggestion, an informal “Peace 
Conference,” composed of delegates from thirteen North¬ 
ern and seven Southern States, convened in Washington, 
D. C., February 4th—ex-President Tyler presiding. Un¬ 
fortunately, the conference failed in its object, and its 
members disbanded. The “ Southern Confederacy ” next 
made an effort to effect, with the Federal authorities at 
Washington, a peaceful adjustment of matters relating to 
common property and the public debt. While President 
Buchanan received the deputies politely, as private gen¬ 
tlemen, he declined to recognize their official character. 
Such was the inauspicious state of affairs at the close of 
Buchanan’s administration. 

Colorado * formed, partly frcAn the “ Louisiana Pur¬ 
chase ” and partly from the “ Mexican cession.” Dakota, 
from the “Louisiana Purchase,” and Nevada,* from the 
“ Mexican cession,” were organized as Territories, Colo¬ 
rado on February 28, the others on March 2. 

Sixteenth, President of the United States , Abraham 

# For Colorado, see 1870, page 491; for Nevada, see 1864, page 452. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


377 



• • 

Colorado , 
Dakota , 
Nevada 
organized 
as Terri- 
• tories. . 


Louis 






of Portugal 


Victor 
Emanu¬ 
el, King 
of Italy. 


Lincoln ,* < 9 /^ Illinois • fom 7£6*5. Elected by 

Republicans. Administration four years, one month, and 

* Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, February 12, 1809. When he 
was about eight years old, his parents emigrated to Indiana. During his 
boyhood and early manhood he participated in all the hardships and toils 
incident to a pioneer’s life, and enjoyed but few opportunities of attending 
school. His mother, who was a woman of intelligence and piety, taught 
him to read and write, and “encouraged a taste for books.” In 1830, he 
removed with his father to Illinois, which henceforth became the home of 
his adoption. During the Black Hawk War, he enlisted as a volunteer, 
and was at once promoted to a captaincy. In 1834, being elected to the 
Legislature of his State, he devoted all his leisure to the study of law, was 
admitted to the bar in 1836, and rapidly attained distinction in his profes¬ 
sion ; he began his career as a lawyer at Springfield, and soon became a 
popular leader of the Whig party in Illinois. In 1842, he married Mary 
Todd, of Lexington, Kentucky; of the four sons, the issue of this union, only 
two survived the father. Mr. Lincoln was elected to the United States Con¬ 
gress in 1846, and in 1860 to the presidency of the United States; to the 
latter position he was re-elected in 1864. Six weeks after his second in¬ 
auguration, he was assassinated in Ford’s Theatre, Washington, on Good- 
Friday night, April 14, 1865. (See 1865, page 460.) 













378 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


ten days, March 4, 1861, to April 14, 1865. Vice-Presi¬ 
dent, Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine; Secretary of State, 
William H. Seward, of Hew York; Secretary of War, 
Simon Cameron, of Pennsylvania, till January 15, 1862, 
when he was succeeded by Edwin M. Stanton, of Penn¬ 
sylvania. 

Fall of Fort Sumter. Beginning of the Civil War* 
In his inaugural address, which was calm and dispassion¬ 
ate, President Lincoln assured the people that he had 
“ no purpose to interfere ” with the institution of slavery 
where it already existed ; stating, furthermore, that in his 
opinion he had no right to do so. At the same time he 
denounced secession from the Union as unconstitutional, 
and declared his intention “to hold, occupy, and possess 
the places and property, in the South, belonging to the 
Federal Government ”—meaning, of course, the forts and 
arsenals which had been seized by the Confederates. This 
announcement was received in the South as a challenge 
to war. Fort Sumter, at that time, was held by a small 

* In so small a compass as the Chart Manual, it is impossible to follow 
in detail the almost countless minor engagements that took place in our 
great civil war. We can merely sketch the outlines of vast military plans, 
decisive battles, and significant political movements, sufficiently to connect 
the first with the last act of the drama. The record of this war may, at 
first, appear complicated and perplexing, especially to young pupils. This 
arises from the fact that, generally, there were several independent armies 
in battle array at the same time, whose respective campaigns were going on 
simultaneously, but in localities far removed from one another. With the 
view to simplify the difficulty, we have followed the movements of each 
great division of the Union army, one by one, from the beginning of its 
campaigns to the close of the year, before shifting to another division. 
Dates of important events are noted; when the various operations of the 
year have been thus consecutively followed, let the pupil separate them and 
arrange them in chronological order. As geography and chronology are 
said to be the two eyes of history, it will be hardly possible to secure a 
clear and distinct conception of the war unless the topography of the dis¬ 
tricts in which battles occurred be well understood—in other words, unless 
the map of the United States, with its physical and political divisions of 
territory, mountain ranges, rivers, cities, prominent railroads, etc., become, 
as it were, photographed on the eye of the student. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


379 


United States garrison under Major Robert Anderson. 
Learning that a fleet laden with supplies and re-enforce¬ 
ments for the garrison was already under sail, the authori¬ 
ties at Montgomery resolved to secure the stronghold be¬ 
fore these succors could arrive. Accordingly, orders were 
issued to General Beauregard, commander of the South¬ 
ern forces in and around Charleston, to demand of Major 
Anderson a surrender. Upon receiving a refusal, Beau¬ 
regard opened upon the fort a terrific fire. After sus¬ 
taining this bombardment for thirty hours, Anderson, 
being without further means of defense, was compelled 
to capitulate (April 13). The following day, the brave 
commander, being permitted to march out with the honors 
of war, set sail for New York. No lives were lost on 
either side. 

The excitement produced by the fall of Sumter was 
intensified a hundred-fold, when (April 17) Lincoln issued 
a proclamation for 75,000 troops, each loyal State being 
called upon to furnish her quota of the number. In all 
the free States the demand met with a ready and even 
enthusiastic response. Not so, however, in the border 
slave States, for, Delaware excepted, not one ranged her¬ 
self promptly and decidedly on the side of the Union. 
In Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky, the people were 
divided in sentiment. When, on the 19th of April, the 
eighty-sixth anniversary of Lexington and Concord (see 
1775, pages 193 to 195), Massachusetts troops were hur¬ 
rying through Baltimore for the defense of the national 
capital, they were assailed by a mob, and three of their 
number killed and several wounded. Thus on Maryland 
soil was the first blood shed in the great civil war. 

Secession on the Increase. Virginia, despite her at¬ 
tachment to the Union and her desire for its preservation, 


380 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


decided, now that the die was cast, and coercion seemed 
inevitable, to link her fate with her sisters of the South, 
and on the 17th of April formally severed her connection 
with the Federal Government. The following day her 
militia secured possession of Harper’s Ferry,* but not un¬ 
til the armory, with most of its valuable stores, had been 
destroyed by the retreating Unionists. Two days later 
(April 20), by the capture of the navy-yard at Gosport, 
near Norfolk,f they obtained immense quantities of arms 
and ammunition. The loss of property to the United 
States on this occasion was more than $10,000,000, and 
at a time when it was sorely needed. On the 3d of May, 
Lincoln called for 83,000 additional men. Following the 
example of Virginia, Arkansas, on the 8th of May, and 
North Carolina on the 20th, passed ordinances of seces¬ 
sion, and in June Tennessee withdrew from the Union, so 
that the Confederacy now numbered eleven States. As 
it soon became evident that Virginia would be the chief 
battle-field of the war, the capital was removed from 
Montgomery to Hiclimond, and Lieutenant-Colonel Rob- 

* Harper’s Ferry, a village in Jefferson County, West Virginia, at the 
junction of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers, and on the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad (eighty-one miles west of Baltimore), is built around the base 
of a hill known as Bolivar Heights. Bolivar Heights (over the village), 
Loudon Heights (across the Shenandoah), and Maryland Heights (on the 
Maryland shore), were considered during the civil war as points of strate¬ 
gic importance, and, being alternately occupied by the contending parties, 
became the field of severe fighting, as is testified by the battle-mounds still 
to be seen. The great national arsenal and armory formerly located here 
have been transferred to Rock Island, Illinois, and the village of Harper’s 
Ferry is in a decadent condition. The extraordinary beauty of the scenery 
remains unchanged. The Potomac here passes through a gorge of the Blue 
Ridge, and is spanned by a bridge nine hundred feet long. The Shenan¬ 
doah enters the Potomac just below the bridge, and “ their united currents 
rush wildly and rapidly over the broad ledges of rock which stretch across 
their bed.” Thomas Jefferson, nearly a century ago, pronounced “the pas¬ 
sage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge one of the most stupen¬ 
dous scenes in nature, and well worth a voyage across the Atlantic to wit¬ 
ness.” 

\ See the first and second notes on page 224. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


381 


ert E. Lee, son of “ Light-Horse Harry,” was placed in 
command of the forces of his native State.* 

Secession from the Old Dominion . Western Virginia 
the first Battlefield . The people of Virginia occupying 
the region west of the Alleghany Mountains were op¬ 
posed to the principle of secession ; therefore, when their 
State withdrew from the Union, they resolved to with¬ 
draw from the State, and erect themselves into an inde¬ 
pendent Commonwealth. Troops from the North and 
from the South poured in—the former, to prevent seces¬ 
sion from the General Government; the latter, from the 
Old Dominion. Then was presented the novel paradox 
of a seceded State fighting against secession, and a nation 
at war to prevent secession fighting to uphold it.” The 
invading Union forces, composed principally of Ohio and 
Indiana men, were commanded by General G. B. McClel¬ 
lan. Their victories at Philippi f in June, at Eich 

* At the outbreak of the civil war, Colonel Lee, one of the most effi¬ 
cient officers graduated from West Point Military Academy, had been in the 
United States service twenty-five years. The subjoined quotation, from a 
letter to his sister, announcing his resignation, explains his motives of ac¬ 
tion, and shows at the same time the painful sacrifice just made, to what 
he deemed his highest duty, viz., loyalty to his native State : “We are now 
in a state of war, which will yield to nothing. The whole South is in a 
state of revolution, into which Virginia, after a long struggle, has been 
drawn; and though I recognize no necessity for this state of things, and 
would have forborne and pleaded to the end for redress of grievances, real 
or supposed, yet in my own person I had to meet the question whether I 
should take part against my native State. With all my devotion to the 
Union, and the feeling of loyalty and duty of an American citizen, I have 
not been able to make up my mind to raise my hand against my relatives, 
my children, my home. I have therefore resigned my commission in the 
army, and, save in defense of my native State—with the sincere hope that 
my poor services may never be needed—I hope I may never be called upon 
to draw my sword.” 

f Philippi , a post-village in Barbour County, West Virginia, on the 
Tygart’s Valley River, about eighty-eight miles south-southeast of Wheel¬ 
ing, and twenty miles south of Grafton. The battle was won by Colonel 
(afterward General) Kelley, who raised the first volunteer regiment south of 
Mason and Dixon’s line, and whose active exertions during the remainder 
of the war, as protector of the border communications, were invaluable to 
the Federal Government. 


382 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Mountain and Carriers Ford* in July, and several 
minor engagements, in which success attended their 
arms, entirely wrested Western Virginia from the Con¬ 
federates before the end of the year.f 

The Union and Confederate Struggle in Missouri 4 
Though the Convention and Legislature of Missouri had 
voted against secession, there existed within her borders 
a strong Confederate element, which, sustained by troops 
from Texas and Arkansas, seemed determined to/carry 
the State, while, on the other hand, General Lyon was 
equally determined to hold her in the Union. Having 

* Rich Mountain, a post-hamlet of Randolph County, West Virginia, 
fifteen miles northeast of Beverly. Garrick's Ford, a crossing of the Cheat 
River, near St. George, Tucker County, West Virginia. It was at the last- 
named place that the Confederate General Robert Garnett was killed. 

\ On September 10, General Rosecrans made a spirited attack upon a 
small body of Confederates under General J. B. Floyd, at Carnifez Ferry, 
on the Gauley River (an affluent of the Kanawha). During the night that 
followed the action, Floyd retreated, and, by destroying the bridge and 
ferry-boats, prevented pursuit. Two days later, General R. E. Lee arrived 
with re-enforcements, and assumed command of Floyd’s and Wise’s troops. 
Marching onward, he encountered General Reynolds at Cheat Mountain, a 
hamlet in Randolph County, about sixty miles south of Grafton. Skirmishing, 
more or less severe, was carried on for several days, on the last of which 
fell Colonel John A. Washington, one of Lee’s aides, and recently the pro¬ 
prietor of Mount Vernon (see page 370). “On the approach of winter, 
General Lee was detailed to take charge of the Southern coast defenses, 
Wise was ordered to Richmond, and, in December, Floyd was removed to 
Tennessee, and thus ended the operations of the season in West Vir¬ 
ginia.” 

% “ During the war, the entire country was divided by the ITnited States 
authorities into military divisions, military departments, and districts, whose 
boundaries and organization were from time to time changed, abolished j and 
renewed.” On January 1, 1861, the State of Missouri was placed in the 
Department of the West, where it remained until the formation, on July 3, 
1861, of the Western Department, which comprised the State of Illinois and 
the States and Territories west of the Mississippi River and east of the 
Rocky Mountains. Fremont held command of the Western Department 
for four months (the full period of its existence), from July 3, 1861, to No¬ 
vember 9, 1861, when he was superseded by Halleck, as commander of the 
Department of Missouri. When Halleck was placed in command of the 
Department of Missouri (.November 9, 1861), General Don Carlos Buell was 
directed to assume command of the Department of the Ohio. (For Fremont, 
see March 11, 1862, note * on page 407; for Halleck, see March 11, 1862, 
note # on page 392; for Buell, see October 30, 1862, note f on page 400.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


3S3 


broken up the secession camp near St. Louis, this gallant 
officer next defeated the Confederate Governor Jackson 
at Booneville* (June 17), but was mortally wounded at 
Wilson’s Creek* (August 10), in which battle the Con¬ 
federates were victorious, as they had likewise been at 
Carthage,* July 5. On the 20th of September, Lexing¬ 
ton * surrendered to the Confederate General Price; it 
was, however, recaptured by the Unionists, October 16. 
On November 6, General Ulysses S. Grant sailed down 
the Mississippi from Cairo,f Ill., and broke up a secession 
camp at Belmont, on the western side of the river; but 
before he could effect his retreat he was attacked by a 
Confederate force sent over from Columbus, Ky. He 
was compelled, after a sharp fight and the loss of about 
six hundred men, to cut his way back to his boats (No¬ 
vember 7). Although, throughout this campaign, vic¬ 
tory, for the most part, attended the arms of the Confed¬ 
erates, Missouri continued loyal to the UnicE. (Connect 
with 1862, T II, page 390.) 

Preparations for the Conflict in East Virginia . From 
McClellan’s successful campaign westward, we now turn 
to the main armies eastward. The grand object of the 
Unionists was the capture of Bichmond, while that of the 
Confederates was the capture of Washington, then the 

* Booneville , a city, the capital of Cooper County, Missouri, on the south 
bank of the Missouri River, about two hundred and twenty-five miles by 
water from St. Louis. Wilson's Creek , a position ten miles southwest of 
Springfield, which i3 on the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad, two hun¬ 
dred and forty-two miles west southwest of St. Louis. Carthage , a flour¬ 
ishing town of Jasper County, Missouri, about sixty miles west of Spring- 
field. Lexington, capital of Lafayette County, Missouri, on the south bank 
of the Missouri River, about eighty-four miles below Kansas City by water, 
and forty-two miles east by rail. 

f Cairo , Illinois, is situated at the extremity of the State, at the conflu¬ 
ence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, about one hundred and eighty miles 
below St. Louis. During the civil war, it was a depot of supplies and an 
important military point. Columbus, Kentucky, see note f on page 391. 


384 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


headquarters of the commander-in-chief, General Win¬ 
field Scott. For the protection of this city, toward which 
Federal troops were hastening from all directions, the 
veteran Scott sent a force across the Potomac (May 24) 
to seize Arlington Heights* and Alexandria. Fortress 
Monroe,f on York Peninsula, was fortified by 12,000 
troops under General Butler, while a column under Gen¬ 
eral Patterson was posted in the vicinity of Harper’s 
Ferry4 The main Confederate army was concentrated 
near Manassas Junction, # under Beauregard, while Gen¬ 
eral Joseph E. Johnston,|| with a considerable body of 

* Arlington Heights, opposite Washington, are on the Virginia shore of 

the Potomac. The Arlington estate belonged originally to Colonel D. P. 
Custis, the great-grandfather of Mrs. Robert E. Lee. Colonel Custis had 
married Miss Martha Dandridge, of New Kent County, Virginia, who, being 
left a widow in 1755, became the wife of Washington January 6,1759. The 
children of her former marriage were a son and a daughter: the latter died 
at sixteen, but the son, Parke Custis, grew up to manhood and was aide-de- 
camp to Washington; he died of camp-fever in 1781, leaving a wife and 
four children. The two younger of these children, Eleanor and her infant 
brother, George Washington Parke Custis, were adopted by General Wash¬ 
ington as his own. The former married, in 1799, Lawrence Lewis, the 
nephew of her adopted father—the latter remained an inmate of Mount 
Vernon till the decease of his grandmother in 1802; he then removed to 
Arlington, his paternal inheritance, and erected the mansion known as Ar¬ 
lington House. Mr. G. W. P. Custis married in early life Miss Mary Lee Fitz- 
hugh, of Virginia, and died in 1857, leaving an only child and heiress, Mary 
Custis, who, in 1831, had become the wife of Robert E. Lee, of the United 
States Army. Colonel and Mrs. Lee were residing at the old Custis home¬ 
stead of Arlington at the outbreak of the civil war; upon Colonel Lee’s 
resignation of his commission in the army, he removed his family south¬ 
ward, to White House, on the Pamunkey River, Virginia. This was another 
of Mrs. Lee’s inherited estates (see note f on page 410). “ The deserted 

Arlington estate became a camp-ground for the national troops; forts were 
erected on its hills, and the mansion was used as headquarters. In 1863, 
the domain was sold on account of the non-payment of taxes, and was pur¬ 
chased by the United States ” and converted into a national cemetery. 

f See note # on page 401. % See note * on page 380. 

# Manassas Junction (now called Manassas) is in Prince William County, 
Virginia, on the Virginia Midland and Great Southern Railroad, at its junction 
with the Manassas Gap Railroad, twenty-seven miles west of Alexandria. 

| “ General Joseph E. Johnston , born 1807, was the youngest son of Ma¬ 
jor Peter Johnston, the friend and companion in arms of General Harry 
Lee, in the Revolution. He was graduated at West Point Military Academy 
in 1829, served in the Florida War, and was highly distinguished in the 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


385 


troops, was stationed at Winchester,* in the Shenandoah 
Valley,f ready to re-enforce him, and a detachment of 
Confederates under General Magruder was encamped at 
Big Bethel, about ten miles northwest of Fortress Mon¬ 
roe, for the purpose of holding Butler’s men in check. 

Active Hostilities in East Virginia / at Big Bethel , 
Bull Bun , and BalVs Bluff. The first encounter oc¬ 
curred at Big Bethel (June 10) between detachments 
from Butler’s army and from Magruder’s forces; the 
fight was a sharp one, and resulted in the repulse of the 
Unionists. General Scott being too old and infirm to 
take the field, General McDowell was placed in com¬ 
mand of the Army of the Potomac, and advanced from 
Arlington Heights (July 16) to attack the main Southern 
army under Beauregard ; after a skirmish at Centreville J 
(July 18) McDowell, resuming his march, found the Con¬ 
federates strongly intrenched behind Bull Bun, # a con¬ 
siderable mill-stream near Manassas Junction. On Sun¬ 
day morning, July 21, a desperate battle opened. At 
first the advantage was with the Federalists; the Confed- 

Mexioan War.” At the outbreak of the civil war he held the rank of 
brigadier-general in the United States Army, and was occupying the post of 
quartermaster-general in Washington. When Virginia, his native State, 
seceded from the Union, he resigned his commission in the Federal army 
and went South. No other officer of equal rank relinquished his position 
in the United States Army to join the Southern Confederacy. 

* Winchester , the capital of Frederick County, Virginia, is on the Harper’s 
Ferry and Valley Branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Its distance 
from Harper’s Ferry is thirty-two miles, it is one hundred and fifty miles 
north-northwest of Richmond, and seventy-one miles west by north of Wash¬ 
ington. 

f The Shenandoah Valiev lies directly west of the Blue Ridge Mount¬ 
ains, and is watered by the Shenandoah River and its branches. It runs 
southwest from Harper’s Ferry, and is famous for its rare fertility and pict¬ 
uresque beauty. “ It acquired a mournful interest as a battle-ground and 
land of camps during the civil war.” 

\ Centrcville , a village in Fairfax County, Virginia, about seven miles 
northeast of Manassas Junction. 

# Bull Run forms the boundary between Fairfax and Prince William 
Counties, until it enters the Occoquan River, fourteen miles from its mouth. 

17 


386 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 



erates had been driven from the held, and were on the 
point of succumbing, when re-enforcements from J. E. 
Johnston’s army * in the Shenandoah arrived just in 
time to turn their threatened defeat into victory. Here 
the battle ended; the Union army was thrown into dis¬ 
order, and its retreat became the most disgraceful rout 
recorded in the annals of war.f The main armies in 
Virginia did not encounter each other again during the 
year 1861. But in the fall a detachment of two thousand 
men from General Stone’s command in Maryland, being 
sent across the Potomac, was met by a Confederate force 
at Ball’s Bluff, near Leesburg (Loudon County, Virginia), 
October 21, and signally defeated. 

After the disaster at Bull Pun, Congress appropriated 
five hundred millions of dollars for continuing the war, 
and authorized Lincoln to raise half a million of men. 
General McClellan, who had been summoned from West 
Virginia to take command of the Army of the Potomac, 
succeeded as commander-in-chief of the armies of the 
United States, November 1—General Scott having re- 

* General Patterson had been posted near Harper’s Ferry, for the ex¬ 
press purpose of preventing the junction of Johnston’s army with Beau¬ 
regard’s. Johnston, however, was too shrewd for his antagonist, as his 
march to Manassas proved. 

f “ A sudden panic, conveyed from the front to the rear, seized almost 
the entire army; regiment after regiment melted away, as the flying troops, 
wild with terror, pressed upon them. All organization was at an end; 
. . . Congressmen, and ladies who had come out to see the fight, and offi¬ 
cers and privates who had run from it, streamed over the country, breath¬ 
less with haste and speechless with fright. Many never stopped till they 
were safe over the Long Bridge.” On the field, or in the battle of Bull 
Bun, were the Confederate generals Joseph E. Johnston, the ranking officer, 
Beauregard, Longstreet, Ewell, E. Kirby Smith, Early, Bonham, Evans, Bee, 
Bartow, and T. J. Jackson. It was during the heat of this battle that 
General Bee, to encourage his men, shouted, “See Jackson, standing like a 
stone wall! ” From that time the name of “ Stonewall ” attached to Jackson 
and to his brigade. Jefferson Davis reached the battle-field just at the close 
of the conflict. Of the Union generals present there were McDowell, Tyler, 
Hunter, Heintzclman, Schenck, Keyes, Sherman, Porter, Burnside, Runyon, 
and Corcoran. 




CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 387 

tired from active service on account of his age and in¬ 
firmities. 

Southern Coast blockaded . As early as April 27, the 
Federal Government had ordered a blockade of the South¬ 
ern coast. On August 29, an expedition under Commodore 
Stringham and General Butler captured the forts at Hat- 
teras Inlet; * and on November 7 another expedition un¬ 
der Commodore Dupont and General Thomas W. Sher¬ 
man captured the two forts at the entrance of Port Royal 
Harbor, South Carolina, f This point became afterward 
the depot of Union supplies. (See 1862, page 404 .)n^7 

Foreign Policy , and the Trent Affair. About a 
month after the fall of Sumter, Great Britain issued a 
proclamation of neutrality (May 13, 1861) acknowledging 
the “ Southern Confederacy ” as a belligerent power, and 
soon France and Spain did likewise. In November, the 
event known as the “ Trent affair,” came near involving 
the United States in hostilities with England. Messrs. 
Mason and Slidell, two Confederate commissioners, the 
one to England the other to France, ran the blockade, 
and at Havana took passage on board the Trent, an Eng¬ 
lish mail-steamer. Thef Trent was pursued and finally at¬ 
tacked by the United States war-vessel, San Jacinto, com¬ 
manded by Captain Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Mason 
and Slidell with their secretaries, Eustis and McFarland, 
were seized and taken to Fort Warren, Boston Harbor. 
Great Britain expressed great wrath at this insult to her 

* Hatlera* Inlet , south of Capo Hatteras ; it connects Pamlico Sound 
with the Atlantic Ocean. See note f on page 403. 

f Port Royal Island , South Carolina, is a part of Beaufort County, and 
is separated from the mainland by Broad River, which here enters the sea 
through a channel called Port Royal Entrance. The island is about twelve 
miles long and seven miles wide. The town of Beaufort is situated upon 
it. Large vessels can pass through Port Royal Entrance into a good harbor 
formed by the mouth of Broad River. 


388 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


flag, and immediately prepared for war. The United States, 
however, by promptly disavowing the act of Capt. Wilkes 
and surrendering the four gentlemen to the British Gov¬ 
ernment, lulled the excitement and averted hostilities. 

»— During the year 1881 the banks suspended specie pay¬ 
ments, and the Federal Government issued bank-notes 
called greenbacks. (See 1879, I., page 501.) 

Deaths in 1861: Stephen A. Douglas (48), statesman ; 
Wakefield Francis (72), physician and author; George 
Tucker (86), Virginia jurist and author. 

William I.* (63) succeeded to the throne of Prussia upon the 
death of his brother, Frederic William IV. (See foreign history, 
1871, 1 L, and note || on page 480.) 

Unification of Italy. In February, 1861, deputies from all Italy, 
except the Austrian province of Venetia, and what was left of the 
Papal States (now comprising merely a narrow strip of territory on 
the Mediterranean, including the cities of Rome and Civita Vecchia), 
having met at Turin, held the first Italian Parliament, and there 
Victor Emanuel II. of Sardinia was declared King of Italy. (Con¬ 
nect with foreign history, 1870, IT II., pages 478 and 479.) 

Louis I.t aged 23 years, ascended the throne of Portugal, No¬ 
vember 11, 1861, upon the death of his brother, Pedro V. 


* King William I. (born 1797) was made regent in 1868 ; he married, 
in 1829, Princess Augusta, of Saxe-Weimar, and has two children— Prince 
William, born 1831, and Princess Louise , bora 183S. Prince William , the 
present Prince Imperial of Germany, married, in 1858, the Princess Royal 
of Great Britain. (See foreign history, page 371.) They have six chil¬ 
dren: (1) Frederic W illiam (born 1859), who married, in 1881, Augusta, of 
Schleswig-Holstein (a niece of Prince Christian, the husband of Princess 
Helena of Great Britain), and is the father of three sons. (See royal mar¬ 
riages, 1881, page 509.) (2) Princess Charlotte (born 1860), who was mar¬ 

ried in 1878 to Bernard of Saxe-Meiningen Hildburghausen, and has a daugh* 
ter. (3) Henri, born 1862. (4) Victoria, born 1866. (5) Sophie Dorothea, 

born 1870. (6) Marguerite, born 1872. Princess Louise of Prussia , the 

only daughter of William I., present Emperor of Germany, married, in 1856, 
the Grand-Duke of Baden. She has two sons and a daughter—the latter 
is the Crown Princess of Sweden. (See foreign history, 1872, page 483, 
and 1881, page 510.) 

f On October 6, 1862, King Louis of Portugal married, at Lisbon, Prin¬ 
cess Maria Pia (born 1847), the fourth child, but second daughter, of Victor 
Emanuel, King of Italy. (See note * under foreign history, i878, page 500.) 
Their children are (1) the prince royal, Charles , Duke of Braganza (born 
Sept. 28, 1863); (2) Alfonso , Duke of Oporto (bora July 31, 1865). (For the 
marriage of the Duke of Braganza, see royal marriages of 1886, page 524.) 




CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


389 


Alexander IT., Emperor of Russia, despite the great opposition 
of his nobles, abolished serfdom throughout his dominions in 1861; 
thus 40,000,000 Russian peasants, held in a state of absolute bond¬ 
age to the proprietors of the soil, passed to the happy condition of 
freedmen. (See 1881, note * under Russia, page 509.) 

On September 20 (1861) the “ Republic of New Granada, South 
America,” changed its name to “ The United States of Colombia,” 
which it still retains.* (Examine foreign history, 1819, IF I., and 
note, page 810.) 

Franco-Anglo-Spanish expedition was undertaken against Mex¬ 
ico. Vera Cruz captured.! (Connect with foreign history, 1862, 
IT IV., page 422.) 

On Dec. 23, 1861, Rouraania (formed in 1859 by the union cf 
Moldavia and Wallachia) was formally proclaimed a principality, 
tributary to Turkey. (See foreign history, 1866, IT III., page 468.) 

Deaths: Count Montemolin J (43)—Don Carlos de Bourbon, 


* In our national history there is an importance attached to this re¬ 
public, on account of the treaties which have been concluded between it 
and the United States. The first was made in 1824, when New Granada 
formed a state of the Republic of Colombia ; the second (made December 
12, 1846) was with the independent Republic of New Granada, proclaimed 
June 12, 1848. By the thirty-fifth article of said treaty, the privilege of 
the right of way or transit across the Isthmus of Panama was guaranteed 
to the United States, upon any mode of communication that then existed or 
that should hereafter be constructed. The dates of subsequent treaties are 
1850, 1857, 1864. (See “Treaties and Conventions,” published by the 
United States Government, Washington, D. C.) 

f In 1821 Mexico had renounced allegiance to Spain. During the forty 
years that followed, she was perpetually torn by civil strife, having “passed 
through thirty-six different forms of government and under seventy-three 
different rulers.” The Liberals, under Benito Juarez, were now (1861) in 
power, and, among other measures for the relief of the exhausted country, 
decided to suspend all payment on her debts for a period of two years. 
Such an arrangement seemed absolutely necessary, but three of her credit¬ 
ors, France, England, and Spain, were unwilling to submit to it, and entered 
into tripartite alliance, in London, October 31, 1861, to enforce “a fulfill¬ 
ment of the obligations contracted toward their Majesties by the Republic 
of Mexico,” as well as “ to demand ... a more efficacious protection for 
the persons and properties of their subjects.” A few months later, Span¬ 
ish troops were landed at Vera Cruz, and English and French ships were on 
their way to the same port. The United States Government (though tardi¬ 
ly) was invited to join these powers in demanding a redress of grievances, 
but declined, preferring to come to the aid of her sister republic by offer¬ 
ing to negotiate a loan. (Connect with note % under foreign history, 1862, 
page 422.) 

\ Don Carlos had vainly attempted, in April, 1860, to revive his pre¬ 
tended rights to the Spanish crown. Defeated in his efforts, and compelled 
to leave Spain, he and his brother, Don Juan, made a public retraction at 
Cologne in June, 1860. The mother of these^princes was the sister of 



390 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

Prince of Asturias, son of Don Carlos—who, in 1833, disputed 
Queen Isabella’s right to the throne of Spain. (See foreign history, 
1833, and notes on pages 324 and 325.) The Duchess of Kent (75), 
mother of Queen Victoria; Count Cavour (50), Italian statesman 
and prime-minister of Victor Emanuel II.; Mrs. Elizabeth Barrett 
Browning (51), English poet; Prince Albert (42), consort of the 
Queen of Great Britain ; Lacordaire (59), French divine and orator ; 
Eugene Scribe (70), French dramatic writer. 

1862. The Second Year of the War. The cam¬ 
paigns were both on a larger scale, and more system¬ 
atically conducted than the previous year, during which 
some, at least, of the volunteer commanders had been 
hurried into the conflict without sufficient knowledge of 
strategy, while neither time nor opportunity had been 
afforded them to drill the new recruits into efficient sol¬ 
diers. The Union army, now under General McClellan 
as commander-in-chief, numbered about 475,000 men ; 
that of the Confederates 350,000. By the Union com¬ 
manders, three objects were kept prominently in view— 
the opening of the Mississippi River,* the enforcement 
of a thorough blockade,f and the capture of Richmond4 

Operations in the West , preparatory to opening the 
Mississippi. Two divisions of the Union army were, at 
this period, posted in the West: one commanded by Gen¬ 
eral Halleck, with headquarters at St. Lonis, Missouri; the 
other by General Buell, with headquarters at Louisville, 

Dom Miguel, of Portugal, who likewise had attempted to usurp the rights 
of his niece, Maria II., to the Portuguese throne. (See foreign history, 
1833, and notes on pages 324 and 325.) Count Montemolin died childless. 
His brother and heir, Don Juan (born 1822), married, in 1847, Maria 
Beatrice, second daughter of Francis IV., Duke of Modena (the oldest 
daughter of the duke married Count Chambord, Duke of Bordeaux). Don 
Juan renounced his claims to the Spanish throne, in 1868, in favor of his 
eldest son, Don Carlos (born 1848), Duke of Madrid, the present head of 
the Carlist party. The Duke of Madrid married, in 1867, Marguerite of 
Parma, and is the father of five children: (1) Blanche de Castile, born 
1868; (2) Jacques, born 1870; (3) Elvira-Marie, born 1871; (4) Beatrice, 
born 1874; (5) Alexander, born 1876. 

* See pages 394 and 396. 

\ See page 407. 


f See pages 403, 404, 405. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


391 


Kentucky.* Tlie Confederates, whose chief commander 
in the West was General Albert Sidney Johnston, held pos¬ 
session of the Mississippi River, from the Gulf of Mexico 
to their stronghold, Columbus,f near the southwestern 
corner of Kentucky. To them it was of vital importance 
to keep open the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, con¬ 
necting Richmond with the Mississippi, and conveying 
supplies from Texas to the Southern army. To effect 
this, they held & line of fortified posts from the Missis¬ 
sippi to Cumberland Gap,J the principal ones being at 
Columbus, Bowling Green, and Mill Spring, in Southern 
Kentucky; and in Tennessee, Forts Henry and Donelson, 
the former on the Tennessee River, and the latter on tfre 
Cumberland. 

Union Victories in January and February—Fall of 
Forts Henry and Donelson . To break up the line of 
Confederate defenses was the first movement made by 
the Federal commanders in 1862. General George II. 
Thomas opened the campaign (January 19) by the capt¬ 
ure of Mill Spring # or Fishing Creek. Here, General 
Zollicoffer, the Southern commander, was killed, and his 
army routed. On the 6th of February, Fort Henry was 

* Ralleck’s command (to which he was assigned November 9, 1861) 
consisted of the Department of Missouri, while Buell’s was the Depart¬ 
ment of tlie Ohio. The troops serving in the latter department were or¬ 
ganized by Buell as the Army of the Ohio. Until March 11, 1862, all the 
military departments throughout the country were under the control of 
General McClellan. (Examine, under 1861, note \ on page 382; for the De¬ 
partment of the Missouri, connect with note # on page 392; and for the 
Department of the Ohio, see note.+ on page 400.) 

f Columbus, Kentucky, on the Mississippi River, opposite Belmont, Mis¬ 
souri. It was so strongiy fortified that it was called the Gibraltar of the 
West. 

% Cumberland Gap , at the southwestern extremity of Virginia, on the 
boundary-line of Kentucky and Tennessee, is a pass through the Cumber¬ 
land Mountains, 500 feet deep, and, in some parts, just wide enough for a 
road. It was an important strategic point in the civil war. 

# Mill Spring, a post-hamlet of Wayne County, Kentucky, on the Cum¬ 
berland River, eighty miles south of Lexington. 


392 LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


reduced in about an hour, by a cannonade from Commo- 
. dore Foote’s flotilla of gunboats.* Ten days later (Feb- 
/ ruary 16) General Grant, after a series of severe engage¬ 
ments, lasting Tor three days, in the midst of snow and 
ice, captured Fort Donelson. The fall of these forts, ne¬ 
cessitating the evacuation of Columbus, Bowling Green, 
and Nashville, was a severe blow to the South. - The 
Union army took possession of Nashville on February 
23, and a month later (March 22) of Columbus. Ken¬ 
tucky and a large part of Tennessee were now lost to the 
Confederates. General A. S. Johnston,f leaving a part of 
his force to hold East Tennessee, concentrated the main 
army at Corinth,J Mississippi, which was the center of 
a secpnd line of Southern defenses from Memphis \ to 
Chattanooga.;{: 

-tU March* (1862)—War in Arkansas—Battle of Pea 


* Two days after the fall of Fort Henry, Roanoke Island was captured 
by Union troops. (See page 403.) 

fWhen Johnston evacuated Nashville, he at first occupied Murfrees- 
borough, Tennessee, but soon turned south west ward to the little village 
of Corinth, Mississippi, to unite with Beauregard, who was concentrating 
near that point air the available Confederate forces from the south and 
southwest. Bragg was brought up from Florida, and Polk from the Mis¬ 
sissippi. “Before the end of March there were 45,000 men at or near 
Corinth, and Price and Yan Dorn were on their way with 30,000 more from 
Arkansas.” 

X Corinth, a village in the northeastern part of Mississippi, is located on 
the Mobile and Ohio R. R., at its junction with the Memphis and Charleston 
road. Memphis , Tennessee, is a city and port of entry on the Mississippi 
River, 420 miles below St. Louis, Missouri. It is the western terminus of 
the Memphis and Charleston R. R., and the eastern terminus of the Mem¬ 
phis and Little Rock R. R., and is the most important city on the Missis¬ 
sippi between St. Louis and New Orleans. (For Chattanooga, Tennessee, 
see note * on page 398.) 

# The Department of the Mississippi was created March 11, 1862. The 
Department of the Missouri, which, upon its formation on the 9th of No¬ 
vember, 1861, had been assigned to Major-General Halleck, was, on the 11th 
of March, 1862, enlarged for a time, so as to bring the Armies of the Ohio, 
of the Tennessee, and of the Mississippi under the control of that com¬ 
mander for combined operations—the designation of the department being 
changed at the same time to that of the Mississippi. (For Halleck’s next 
appointment, see first paragraph on page 397.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


393 


Ridge. The next important Federal victory was at Pea 
Ridge, or Elk Horn, in the northwestern corner of Ar¬ 
kansas. The battle—a fiercely contested one (March'7, 8) 
—was between a detachment of Halleck’s army, led by 
General Curtis, and the Confederates under Generals Van 
Dorn, Price, and McCulloch. During the engagement, 
McCulloch was killed.* 

April 6 , 7—Battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing , 
Tennessee .f After his victory at Fort Donelson, Grant 
was ordered to strike a blow at Corinth, which was 
a position of the utmost importance, being the key to 
the whole system of railroad communications between 
the Mississippi and the East, and the border slave States 
and the Gulf of Mexico. Accordingly, about the middle 
of March, the Federal army, 35,000 strong, moved up 
the Tennessee, and, disembarking at Pittsburg Landing, 
w r ent into camp near Shiloh meeting-house, to await the 
arrival of re-enforcements which Buell was to bring from 
Nashville. The Confederates, under Albert Sidney 
Johnston and Beauregard, resolved to attack Grant be¬ 
fore this junction could be effected. Moving rapidly 
forward from Corinth, they fell suddenly upon the en¬ 
campment near Shiloh at early dawn (Sunday, April 6), 
and, taking the troops completely by surprise, captured 

* Upon the same day that the Federal forces achieved this victory in 
the West occurred the destruction near Fortress Monroe, Virginia, of the 
United States vessels Cumberland and Congress, by the Confederate ram 
Merrimac. (See page 402.) Other operations in the East during March 
were: on the 9th, the engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac (see 
page 402); on the 14th, the capture of Newbern, North Carolina, by Union 
troops (see page 403); on the 23d, the Union victory at Winchester, Vir¬ 
ginia (see page 407). 

f Pittsburg Landing, on the western bank of the Tennessee River, is 
about 22 miles north of Corinth. It occupies a bluff 80 feet high and half 
a mile long, stretching back to a plateau, two and a half miles from the 
landing; here stood a log meeting-house, known as Shiloh church, which 
has given name to the battle fought near it. 


394 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

one division and drove the rest to the river’s edge, where 
the Union gunboats helped to check their assault. Gen¬ 
eral Johnston, however, was killed, and Beauregard suc¬ 
ceeded to the command. Before nightfall Buell’s army 
reached the battle-field, and when, on the next morning, 
the conflict was resumed, the tide changed. The Confed¬ 
erate forces, then inferior in number, and exhausted by 
the exertions of the previous day, were driven from the 
field. They retreated, however, in good order, and reached 
Corinth unpursued. The battle of Shiloh ranks among 
the most bloody engagements of the civil war. The loss 
on each side was nearly ten thousand in killed and 
wounded. (Connect with second paragraph on page 
395.) 

Operations on the Mississippi. Capture of Mew Ma¬ 
drid, March 13—of Island No. 10, April 7—of New 
Orleans, April 25 .* When the Confederates evacuated 
their stronghold at Columbus, Kentucky, they pushed 
down the river and took possession of New Madrid f and 
Island No. 10. f On the 13th of March (1862) General 
Pope dislodged them from the former place, and on the 
7th of April—the last day of the great battle of Shi¬ 
loh—Commodore Foote, aided by Pope, forced them 
to surrender Island No. 10. Six thousand Confederates 
were made prisoners of war. This brilliant exploit—a 

* War events of note that occurred elsewhere in April were: on the 
4th, the beginning of McClellan’s Peninsular campaign (see page 408); 
on the 11th, Fort Pulaski, Georgia, captured, and, on the 25th, Fort Macon, 
North Carolina, occupied by the Federalists (see page 404). 

f New Madrid , a village of Missouri, on the Mississippi River, at the 
terminus of the Little River Valley and Arkansas R. R., about forty 
miles by land south-southwest of Cairo, Illinois. Island No. 10 is situated 
in the Mississippi, at the western extremity of Kentucky, and on the 
border of Tennessee, about forty miles below Columbus. The islands in 
the Mississippi are numbered in order from the mouth of the Ohio to New 
Orleans. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


395 


severe blow to the Confederacy—was accomplished with¬ 
out the loss of a man. By it the navigation of the Mis¬ 
sissippi was opened to the Union fleet down to Fort 
Pillow, which was 110 miles below Island No. 10, and 
60 miles above the important position of Memphis.* But 
the greatest disaster that had yet befallen the Southern 
cause was the capture of New Orleans.-' A naval arma¬ 
ment under Commodore Farragut, carrying a land-force 
under General Butler, sailed up the Mississippi as far as 
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, which, on opposite banks 
of the river, 75 miles below New Orleans, defended the 
passage to that city. A heavy bombardment of six days 
(April 18-23) having failed to reduce those strongholds, 
Farragut boldly ran past them, through rafts and chains, 
and amid a terrific fire; he then encountered and de¬ 
feated the Confederate fleet, and on the 25th of April 
appeared before New Orleans. Three days later, Forts 
Jackson and St. Philip surrendered to Commodore David 
Dixon Porter, and, on the first of May, General Butler 
took military possession of the city. (See note # on 
page 396.) 

May f 30 , Corinth occupied by the Federal Army . 

0 After the battle of Shiloh, Halleck assumed command in 
person, at Pittsburg Landing (April 10), and, being largely 
re-enforced, advanced by slow stages toward Corinth. 
Beauregard, realizing that his force was wholly inade¬ 
quate to repel the Federal attack, evacuated Corinth on 
the night of the 29th of May, and the next day Ilalleck 

* For Memphis, see note % on page 392. 

f Eastward, the month of May was marked by a succession of battle- 
scenes: on the 4th, Yorktoion , Virginia, taken, and on the 5th, battle at 
Williamsburg, Virginia (see page 409); 10th, Norfolk , Virginia , reoccupied 
by the Unionists (see page 405); May 31, battle of Fair Oaks , or Seven 
Fines (see pages 499 to 411). 


396 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

marclied in. By the fall of Corinth, the center of the sec¬ 
ond Confederate line of defenses was broken.* 

June, 1862.\ Operation son the Mississippi resumed. J 
Fall of Memphis. After the capture of Island No. 10, 
Commodore Foote would have advanced without delay 
upon Memphis, but that Fort Pillow, sixty miles above 
that city, could not be passed without the co-operation of 
a land-force, which was no longer available, Pope having 
been called to Pittsburg Landing to re-enforce Halleck. 
Successful operations for opening the Mississippi were, 
therefore, interrupted until June 4, when the garrison at 
Fort Pillow evacuated their stronghold, the position being 
considered insecure after the withdrawal (May 29) of the 
Confederates from Corinth. The passage being now free, 
Commodore Charles Henry Davis (successor to Foote, 
who had retired from service on account of wounds re¬ 
ceived at Fort Donelson) at once steamed down the 
river, and, after defeating a small Confederate fleet, 
took possession of Memphis on the 6th of June. This 
was the last important achievement on the Mississippi in 
1862. # The only fortified posts on this river, from its 
source to the Gulf of Mexico, now remaining to the 
Confederates, were Vicksburg in Mississippi, and its 

* See Confederate assault upon Corinth, October 4, 1862, page 399. 

f War events in the East, early in June, were, Lee’s appointment to the 
Confederate command in Virginia (June 3, see page 411), and Jackson’s re¬ 
treat from the Shenandoah Valley (see page 413). The battle of Oak Grove 
occurred on the 25th of June ; it was the first of the Seven Days’ battles 
between the Confederates, under Lee, and McClellan’s retreating army (see 
page 414). 

X See second paragraph on page 394. 

# “ After the capture of New Orleans (April 25), Farragut’s fleet passed 
up the stream, where for some months he patrolled the river, to prevent 
the transmission of supplies for the Confederates, drawn from Texas. The 
batteries at Vicksburg were the northern limit of this patrol, till the 28th 
of June, when he ran past them with all the vessels of his fleet except three, 
which, through a misunderstanding of orders, failed to pass. The Union 
loss was less than fifty killed and wounded.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 3<j7 

outpost, Port Hudson in Louisiana. (See July, 1863, 
page 427.) 

July* On the 11th of this month (1862) Major-Gen¬ 
eral Iialleck was appointed commander-in-chief of the 
armies of the republic; his headquarters were at Wash¬ 
ington, D. C., which he reached on the 23d.f 

Kentucky invaded by the Confederates 4 Augustf 
Septemberand October . By the acquisition of Mem¬ 
phis (June 6) the Union army had secured absolute con¬ 
trol of the entire line of railway communications front 
Memphis through Corinth and Huntsville || nearly to 

* On the 1st of July, 1862, the Union cavalry under Colonel Sheridan 
defeated a large force of Confederate cavalry, under General Chalmers, at 
Boonville, Mississippi; for this achievement Sheridan was promoted briga¬ 
dier-general. The most important event eastward during this month was 
the Union victory (July 1) at Malvern Hill, Virginia. On the same day Lin¬ 
coln called for 300,000 more men. (See page 415.) 

f As has already been mentioned in note # on page 892, the Armies of 
the Tennessee, of the Ohio, and the Mississippi, were (March 11, 1862) placed 
under the control of the Department o f the Mississippi. When Halleck was 
called to Washington as chief commander, Grant was left in charge of the 
Army of the Tennessee. Three months later (October 16, 1862), the desig¬ 
nation of the Department of the Mississippi was changed to the Department 
of the Tennessee , of which Grant assumed chief command. (For Grant’s 
next appointment, soethirteenth line of page 432). The department remained 
unchanged until No/ember 28, 1864, when it was transferred to the Depart¬ 
ment of the Mississippi. (See “ Statistical Record of the Campaigns of the 
Civil War,” by Frederick Phisterer ; also Badeau’s “ Life of Grant.”) 

\ Though after the fall of Memphis there had been no important engage¬ 
ments between the main armies in the West during June and July, there 
were many conflicts in Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee, through Con¬ 
federate guerrilla parties. The cavalry raids of Morgan and Forrest in Ken¬ 
tucky and Tennessee rendered the Southern cause effective service by pre¬ 
paring the way for the advance of Bragg and Kirby Smith into those States 
at a later date. 

# The notable events in the East during August and September were as 
follows : On the 9th of August, Lincoln called for 300,000 additional troops, 
and on the same day occurred a battle at Cedar Mountain, Virginia (see 
page 416); August 26 to September 1, Pope’s battles between Manassas and 
Washington (see page 417); September 6, Lee’s invasion of Maryland; 

• 14th, Battle of South Mountain, Maryland; 15th, capture of Harper’s Ferry 
by “Stonewall Jackson”; 17th, battle of Antietam, Maryland (see pages 
417, 418, 419). 

|| Huntsville , in Northern Alabama, on the Memphis and Charleston 
R. R., two hundred and twelve miles east by south of Memphis and ninety- 


398 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Chattanooga.* To break through this line of investment 
and repair the losses they had sustained in Kentucky and 
Tennessee, was now the chief aim of the Confederates. 
Detachments of their troops were posted at Knoxville,! 
under E. Kirby Smith; at Holly Springs,! under Van 
Dorn; at Iuka,! under Price, while the main army was 
at Chattanooga, under Braxton Bragg, the successor of 
Beauregard, who had been relieved of his command on 
account of declining health. E. K. Smith left Knoxville 
the latter part of August for his raid into Kentucky, and 
on the 30th of the month defeated a Federal detachment 
near Richmond,! Kentucky, after which he occupied 
Lexington ! and Frankfort,! and, advancing toward the 
Ohio, caused alarm for the safety of Cincinnati.! The 
city was saved by the energy of General Wallace. Mean¬ 
while, Bragg, with the main army, pressed northward 
from Chattanooga and entered Kentucky on the 5th of 
September, and, after gaining a victory at Munfordville ! 
(September 17), pushed on to Frankfort to make a junc¬ 
tion with Smith, preparatory to an attack upon Louisville*! 
In this last design he was foiled by Buell. Having col- 

eight miles west-southwest of Chattanooga. It was surprised and captured 
on the 11th of April, 1862, by a detachment of Buell’s army, under Mitchel. 

* Chattanooga, in Tennessee, near the boundary-line of Georgia, is on the 
left bank of the Tennessee River. It was an important post during the civil 
war, owing to the line of railway connections of which it was the center. 

f Knoxville , Tennessee , on the Holston River, about tv r o hundred miles 
by w ater, above Chattanooga, but by railroad, one hundred and twelve miles 
northeast of that place. From 1*794 to 181*7 it was the capital of Tennes¬ 
see. Holly Springs and Iuka are in the northern part of Mississippi—the 
former southwest, and the latter twenty-two miles southeast of Corinth. 

\ Richmond, Kentucky, about twenty-five miles south-southeast of Lex¬ 
ington. Lexington, Kentucky, twenty-nine miles east-southeast of Frank¬ 
fort. Frankfort, the capital of Kentucky, on the Kentucky River, about 
seventy miles south by west of Cincinnati, and sixty-five miles east of Louis- , 
ville. Cincinnati , the chief city of Ohio, lies on the right bank of the Ohio 
River, five hundred miles from its mouth. Munfordville, Kentucky, seventy- 
three miles south of Louisville. Louisville, the chief city of Kentucky, is 
situated on the Ohio River, at the falls. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


399 


lected an immense amount of plunder, Bragg began a 
retrograde movement, pursued by Buell. On the 8th of 
October he made a stand at Perryville * and gave battle. 
The engagement was a severe one, and the victory inde¬ 
cisive. Though Buell retained possession of the battle¬ 
field, Bragg gained his immediate object, which was sim¬ 
ply to cover the retreat of his “ wagon-train, forty miles 
long,” and to continue his route unmolested to Chatta¬ 
nooga. 

Battles of Iuka {September 19) and Corinth {October 
4). While the invasion of Kentucky was in progress, 
Price arid Yan Dorn in Northern Mississippi were not 
idle. To recover, in part at least, their line of defense, 
they had planned an assault upon Corinth, but were fore¬ 
stalled in their movements by Rosecrans,f who, assuming 
the aggressive, attacked and defeated Price at Iuka, and 
two weeks later repulsed the combined attack made by 
Yan Dorn and Price upon Corinth. The last action w T as 
a severe one, in which the Confederates lost about five 
thousand men. 

December 29—Failure at Vicksburg.\ The military 
operations of this month, westward and eastward,* were 
equally disastrous to the Union cause. After the battle 
of Iuka (September 19), Grant left to Bosecrans the de¬ 
fense of Corinth, and advanced northward to Jackson,J 

* Perryville , Kentucky, is forty miles southwest of Lexington. 

f Rosecrans at this time held a position under Grant, to whom the com¬ 
mand of the Army of the Tennessee had been assigned, when Halleck was 
called to Washington (July 23) to assume the duties of commander-in-chief. 
(For Rosecrans’s next appointment, October 30, 1862, see note f, page 400.) 

\ Vicksburg , the largest town of Mississippi, is on the Mississippi River, 
about a mile below the mouth of the Yazoo River, and four hundred miles 
above New Orleans. Jackson , Tennessee , a flourishing city of Madison 
County, on the South Fork of the Forked Deer River, is about ninety miles 
east-northeast of Memphis. 

# On the 13th of December (1862) Burnside was signally defeated at the 
battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia. (See page 420.) 


400 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Tennessee, where with General W. T. Sherman he con¬ 
certed a plan for the capture of Vicksburg. The at¬ 
tempted expedition proved a complete failure, and was 
attended by a heavy loss of supplies, which Van Dorn 
seized at Holly Springs.* 

Battle of Murfreesborough * or Stone River (Decem¬ 
ber 31 , 1862, to January 2, 3 , 1863). This battle, one of 
the bloodiest of the war, was between Rosecrans, now 
commanding the Army of the Cumberland,f and Bragg,\ 
who, after his retirement from Kentucky (see page 399), 
had massed his forces near Murfreesborough, Tennessee. 
The Federal commander, moving forward from Nashville, 
came into collision (December 31) with the Confederate 
army on Stone River, a short distance from Murfreesbor¬ 
ough. Bragg, who began the attack, gained all the ad¬ 
vantages of the first day’s engagement—but the battle 
being renewed on January 2, Rosecrans, in turn, repulsed 
his antagonist, -who, however, retreated in good order on 
the morning of the 3d, and took a position farther south 
at Shelbyville* and Tullahoma,* where he remained 
till the end of June, 1863. (Connect with 1863, page 
431.) 

* Holly Springs , Mississippi , is on the Mississippi River, twenty-five miles 
from Grand Junction, and about forty-six miles southeast of Memphis. 
Murfreesborough , Tennessee , thirty miles southeast of Nashville and one 
hundred and nineteen miles northwest of Chattanooga. Nashville , the. capi¬ 
tal of Tennessee, is on the left bank of the Cumberland River, two hun¬ 
dred miles from its mouth. Many of the private residences in this city are 
on a scale of magnificence unsurpassed in the largest Eastern cities. Shel- 
byville , capital of Bedford County, Tennessee, is on Duck River, and is sixty 
miles south by east of Nashville. Tullahoma , a post-village and summer resort 
of Coffee County, Tennessee, is sixty-nine miles south-southeast of Nashville. 

f On the 30th of October, 1862, Buell was relieved of the command of 
the Department of the Ohio (see note * on page 391), and “ Rosecrans was 
assigned to the command of the troops—the designation of the command 
being changed to that of the Department of the Cumberland .” Rosecrans 
fixed his headquarters at Nashville. (See Gist’s “ Army of the Cumber¬ 
land,” page 72, and, for Rosecrans, connect with the eighteenth line of page 
432 of the Manual.) 

I * 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


401 


Naval Actions and Coast Operations of 1862. The 
Merrimac and Monitor , March 8 , 9. The several block¬ 
ading expeditions of this year were eminently successful; 
the seaboard of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida 
yielded to their skill, while the brilliant achievements of 
the Western Gulf Squadron on the lower Mississippi, as 
already noted,* opened the navigation of that river, from 
its mouth to a point far above New Orleans. Scarcely of 
less importance to the national Government was the re¬ 
occupation of Norfolk, Virginia; but, before giving de¬ 
tails of those victories, we must mention the great naval 
event of the war—one that startled, not only America, 
but the whole civilized world. We allude to the first ap¬ 
pearance in Hampton Hoads f of the two famous iron-'S 
clads, the Merrimac and the Monitor. When, early in 
1861, the Federal authorities abandoned the navy-yard at 
Norfolk, among the ships set on fire was the steam-frig¬ 
ate Merrimac, but, as she was also scuttled, she sank be¬ 
fore the fire had damaged her hull. The Confederates 
afterward raised her, and by cutting down her deck al¬ 
most to the water’s edge, and fitting her with a sharp 
steel prow and a sloping iron roof, converted her into a 
powerful ram. This odd-looking craft,‘‘resembling an 
immense building submerged to its eaves,” sailed out 
from Norfolk a little before noon, March 8,{ to make a 
descent on the Union fleet that lay off Newport News, 
nine miles above Fortress Monroe.* While the heaviest 

* See page 395. 

f Hampton Roads , Virginia ..a channel between Chesapeake Bay and the 
estuary James River, separating Fortress Monroe at Old Point Comfort from 
Sewell’s Point. 

\ This date corresponds with that of the last day’s desperate struggle at 
Pea Ridge, Missouri. (See page 393.) 

# Fortress Monroe , at Old Point Comfort, Virginia, on Hampton Roads, 
incloses eighty acres of land, and thus far its construction has cost the 


402 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


guns could do her no injury, and shell after shell bounded 
off her mailed roof as harmlessly as if they were rubber 
balls, she sank the United States sloop-of-war Cumber¬ 
land in less than an hour, and so disabled the Congress 
that the noble frigate, after losing her brave commander, 
Lieutenant Smith, was forced to surrender, and finally 
was blown up. The Minnesota, while advancing to the 
relief of the ill-fated vessels, ran aground, and to this 
accident owed her preservation—the shallowness of the 
water preventing the approach of the Merrimac. At sun¬ 
set the iron monster steamed back to her moorings, and 
awaited the next morning to renew her ravages. But on 
the following day the Merrimac found herself confronted 
by a new and unexpected champion—one quite able to 
cope with her in single combat. This was the Monitor, 
an iron-clad vessel of a novel design, bnilt in New York 
under the direction of Ericsson; her deck was heavily 
cased in iron and surmounted by a revolving iron turret, 
which, concealing two enormous guns, could be readily 
turned so as to point them in any direction. During 
the night, Lieutenant Worden, the commander, brought 
his vessel into the channel just in time to test her 
strength. Assuming the offensive, the Monitor, upon 
the approach of the great Confederate ram, hurled at 
her two 168-pound balls. “Then began the battle of 
the iron ships; it was the first of the kind in the world,” 
and lasted several hours, with no important result on 
either side. The Merrimac attempted to run down the 
Monitor, but without success; at last, “ despairing of 
doing anything with her doughty little antagonist,” and 

United States three million dollars. There are here a United States School 
of Artillery and an arsenal. About a mile south of the fortress is a small 
fortified island, called the Rip Rap. These fortifications protect the en¬ 
trance to Hampton Roads and James River. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


403 


being herself somewhat damaged, she returned to Nor¬ 
folk* 

Blockading Expeditions on the Atlantic Coast. Early 
in January (1862) General Ambrose E. Burnside and 
Commodore L. M. Goldsborough, commanding a joint 
military and naval force, sailed from Hampton Roads to 
aid in closing Southern harbors against blockade-runners, 
and thus cut off the Confederate States from all communi¬ 
cation with foreign nations. Their special objective point 
was on the shores of North Carolina, within the waters of 
^Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds.f On the 8th of Febru¬ 
ary they reached Roanoke Island, attacked and carried its 
fortifications, and captured a garrison of nearly three thou¬ 
sand men.+ Following up this victory, they destroyed 
the Confederate flotilla overtaken in the adjacent waters; 
Elizabeth City, # and several other places near the coast 
were then occupied. About a month later (March 14), 
just the day after Pope’s occupation of New Madrid, || 
Burnside’s troops, after a hot engagement, captured New- 

* “ The story of this conflict spread over the globe. Tt seemed to give ; 
the death-stroke to wooden war-vessels. The Monitor system not only pre-*s^ 
sented the Union with a vessel which could cope with all the other Confed¬ 
erate ironclads, render the blockade more efficient, bombard forts, and pro¬ 
tect the coast against all fear of foreign invasion, but it rendered the United 
States the most formidable naval power in the world.”—Barnes’s “ Popular 
History of the United States ” 

f Pamlico Sound is a shallow portion of salt water east of North Caro¬ 
lina, separated from the Atlantic Ocean by long, narrow, and sandy islands 
or sand-banks, the chief of which is Hatteras. The northeastern part com¬ 
municates with Albemarle Sound , through Croatan Sound. Vessels can pass 
from open sea into Pamlico Sound through Ocracoke Inlet and Hatteras In¬ 
let. Cape Hatteras is the southern extremity of Hatteras Island. The forts 
at the entrance of Hatteras Inlet #ere captured by a Union fleet August 29, 
1861. (See page 387.) 

\ This victory was achieved just two days after the fall of Fort Henry, 
and about a week before that of Fort Donelson, Tennessee. (See page 
.391.) 

# Elizabeth City , a post-villasre of North Carolina, on the Pasquotank 
River, forty miles south of Norfolk, Virginia. 

| Sec page 394. 


404 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


bern, North Carolina;* finally, on the 25th of April — 
the date of the appearance of Farragut’s fleet before 
New Orleans f — Fort Macon, commanding Beaufort 

^_ Qio-fort) Harbor,;); North Carolina, was seized. All the 

principal ports of this State, Wilmington excepted, were 
now under the control of the national arms. 

Equal success attended an expedition under Commo¬ 
dore Dupont, fitted out at Port Royal, South Carolina,* 
to operate against certain sea-ports of Florida and Georgia. 
During March, Fernandina, || Jacksonville, St. Augustine, 
and other places in Florida, and St. Mary’s, A Brunswick, A 
and Darien, A in Georgia, were captured. Fort Pulaski, 
guarding the mouth of the Savannah River, yielded to 
the batteries of Captain (afterward General) Gillmore, on 
the 11th () of April; this victory closed the harbor of 
Savannah for the remainder of the war, although no at- 

* Newbern , in its size and position, was one of the chief cities of North 
Carolina, and was second only to the sea-port of Wilmington. It is situ¬ 
ated at the junction of the Neuse and Trent Rivers, about ninety miles 
northeast of Wilmington. Its possession was most important to the Union 
cause. 

f See page 395. 

X Beaufort, a port of entry of North Carolina, is on an inlet of the At¬ 
lantic Ocean, at the mouth of Newport River, about forty miles south of 
Newbern. It has a safe harbor, the entrance of which is defended by 
Fort Macon. 

# For the capture of Port Royal in 1861, see page 387 and note. 

|| Fernandina , a post-village and port of entry on Amelia Island (in the 
Atlantic Ocean), about twenty-eight miles north-northeast of Jacksonville, 
and thirty-six miles south of Brunswick, Georgia. 

A St. Mary's , a port of entry, capital of Camden County, Georgia, is on 
the St. Mary’s River, nine miles from the ocean, and nine miles northwest 
of Fernandina, Florida. Brunswick , thirty-two miles north of St. Mary’s, is 
a port of entry, on an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, called St. Simon’s Sound, 
twelve miles from the bar, and about eighty miles south-southwest of Savan¬ 
nah. Darien is on the Altamaha River, eleven miles from the ocean and 
about sixty-two miles south-southwest of Savannah. 

{) It was on the 11th of April that Mitchel, with a detachment of Buell’s 
army, surprised and captured Huntsville, Alabama (see first note on page 
398). Four days previous to these Union victories, the battle of Shiloh 
(see page 393) and capture of Island No. 10, took place (see page 394). 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


405 


tempt to occupy the city was made at that time. (See 
Sherman’s March to the Sea, in 1864, page 449.) 

On the 10th of May, General Wool, then in command 
at Fortress Monroe, took possession of Norfolk—the Con¬ 
federates, who had occupied it for more than a year,* hav¬ 
ing been withdrawn to re-enforce the army near Rich¬ 
mond. f So effectually had the blockade on the Atlantic 
coast been enforced that, by the close of 1862, the Con¬ 
federacy retained but three important harbors—Wilming- 
ton, Charleston, and Mobile. 

Military Operations in the East {1862). Having fol¬ 
lowed the Western campaigns and coast operations of 
1862, from their beginning to the close of the year, we 
now turn back to trace, in the same order, the campaigns 
in the East. While, in the several encounters already 
mentioned, victory generally sided with the Federalists, 
a contrary result, for the most part, attended their arms 
in the Virginia campaigns ; there the Confederates were 
so far successful as not only to parry the blow aimed at 
their capital, but' also to excite a panic throughout the 
republic for the safety of Washington ; and, finally, by 
the invasion of Maryland, to execute their long-cherished 
purpose of carrying the war into the Northern States. 

Johnston’s Retreat from Manassas Junction. From 
the time of their victory at Bull Run, July 21, 1861, the 
Confederates had occupied a strong position at Manassas 
Junction and at Centreville4 their line of defense stretch¬ 
ing from the Shenandoah Valley, on the northwest, to Ac- 

* See page 3S0). 

f It was on this occasioe that the famous ram Merrimac was blown up 
by the Confederates, to prevent her falling into the hands of the Federal¬ 
ists. The Monitor came to an equally untimely end—being lost in a violent 
gale off the coast of North Carolina, December 31, 1862. 

% For Centreville, sec note % on page 385. 


406 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


quia Creek,* on the southeast. Opposed to them lay, in 
and around Washington, McClellan’s Army of the Poto¬ 
mac, 200,000 strong. Gener al Joseph E . Johnston, the 
Confederate commander, welT advised of tEe~vasf~ittili-- 
tary preparations in progress for the invasion of Virginia 
and seizure of Richmond, resolved to decline a battle 
so near the national capital, and to conduct his forces 
farther into the interior of the State. “ Retreat was 
his policy, and retreat he accomplished in the coolest 
^and most scientific manner.” f His order for the move¬ 
ment, issued March 6, was so effectually carried out, that 
on the morning of the 10th the last of his troops had 
departed, leaving behind nothing of value. At first, 
Johnston rested his forces in the vicinity of the Rappa¬ 
hannock,^; but after a few days he took a position south 
of the Rapidan,;); where he remained until McClellan’s 
advance up the Peninsula called him to Yorktown. 

March 10 , 1862# The Army of the Potomac under 

* Acquia Creek is a deep channel, ten miles Ion?, in Stafford County, 
Virginia, entering the Potomac at a point eighteen miles by rail from Fred¬ 
ericksburg. The river-port of Acquia Creek is the terminus of a short branch 
of the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac R. R., and before the civil 
war was of considerable importance, but is now much decayed. The con¬ 
nection between Acquia Creek and Washington is made by steamboat, the 
distance being fifty-five miles. 

f “ The Confederate army moved from Manassas to be in position to 
unite with with other Southern forces available to resist McClellan’s inva¬ 
sion, which was expected to be by a route east of Manassas.”— Extract 
from a letter of General Joseph E. Johnston. 

\ Rappahannock River , Virginia, rises near the base of the Blue Ridge, 
and runs southeastward. It is about one hundred and twenty-five miles 
long and empties into Chesapeake Bay, between Stringray and Windmill 
Points. The part above the mouth of the Rapidan is sometimes called 
North River, or the North Fork. Rapidan River (formerly written Rapid 
Ann, or Rapid Anna) rises in the Blue Ridge, and has a general eastern 
course and empties into the Rappahannock ten miles above Fredericksburg. 

# Cn the 8th of March, the President issued General War Order No. 
2, by which it was directed that the Army of the Potomac be organized 
into five army corps. “ The first was assigned to General McDowell, the 
second to General Sumner, the third to General Heintzelman, the fourth to 
General Keyes, and the fifth to General Banks. General Wadsworth was 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


407 


Marching Orders. During the winter of 1861-’62, 
McClellan was drilling his forces for the u march on to 
Richmond,” and, now that spring had come and no for¬ 
ward movement was made, the North became clamorous 
on account of the delay. At last, on the 10th of March, 
the mighty army was set in motion, when the advance, 
making a feint against Manassas Junction, found that 
stronghold deserted. The next day (March 11),* McClel¬ 
lan was relieved of his responsibilities as general-in-chief, 
that he might give undivided attention to the forces under 
his immediate command. At this juncture, the plan of 
the campaign was changed; it was resolved to approach 
Richmond by way of Fortress Monroe and the York 
Peninsula, whither the army was to be conveyed down 
the Potomac River and Chesapeake Bay. Accordingly, 
the transfer of troops to the number of 120,000, begun on 
the 17tli of this month, was completed by the 2d of April. 
McDowell’s corps had not yet embarked, and Banks was 
still in the Shenandoah Yalley. 

Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley. Battle 
of Winchester (March 23) and its Consequences. When 
Johnston retreated from Manassas Junction, he left Jack- 
son in the Yalley, to watch the movements of the Feder- 
als. On the 23d of March, a battle took place at Kerns- 

placed in command of the troops for the defense of Washington.” Neither 
the First nor the Fifth Army Corps ever rendered service in the Peninsular 
campaign as was originally designed. Banks was temporarily detailed for 
duty in the Shenandoah Valley, and was expected to protect the upper 
Potomac and the Baltimore and Ohio R. R.; he was posted on the line of 
Winchester and Strasburg, while McDowell was resting on the Rappahan¬ 
nock, protecting Washington till he should embark his troops for Fortress 
Monroe. Untoward events intervened (as will hereafter be explained) to 
disturb these plans (see pages 407, 408). 

* Under the same date (March 11) Halleck was placed in command of 
the Department of the Mississippi (see note # on page 392), and Fremont of 
the Mountain Department, which consisted of East Tennessee and West 
Virginia. (For Fremont, see note * on page 415.) 


408 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


town, near Winchester, between Jackson and Shields, a 
subordinate of Banks. Although the affair was compara¬ 
tively a small one, in which the Confederates were re¬ 
pulsed, nevertheless, as it revealed a larger Southern force 
in front of the national lines than was supposed to be con¬ 
centrated in that locality, it created alarm for the safety 
of Washington, and induced the authorities to issue or¬ 
ders (April 4) most momentous in their consequences. 
McDowell, whom McClellan was anxiously expecting at 
Fortress Monroe, was not only prohibited from embark¬ 
ing, but was actually withdrawn from McClellan’s com¬ 
mand, and appointed to hold an independent line on the 
Rappahannock, for the double purpose, as was declared, of 
protecting Washington and menacing .Richmond. Such 
was the cheerless aspect of affairs, when McClellan arrived 
before Yorktown. 

McClellan's Peninsular Campaign. It was not until 
April 4 that McClellan’s dense columns moved from 
Fortress Monroe up the York Peninsula.* On the next- 
day they were brought to a month’s halt by the fortifi¬ 
cations of Yorktown. This historic town was defended 

* This peninsula is bounded by the York River on the north and the 
James River on the south. York River is formed by the Pamunkey and 
Mattapony Rivers , at the southeastern extremity of King William County, 
Virginia, and, flowing southeasterly, empties into the Chesapeake nearly 
opposite Cape Charles. On account of its width, it presents rather the ap¬ 
pearance of a bay than of a river; its whole length is about forty miles. 
On a point of land just above the confluence of the Pamunkey and Matta¬ 
pony Rivers is situated the village of West Point. James River , the largest 
stream having its whole course in Virginia, is formed by the junction of 
smaller streams that rise in the Alleghany Mountains; breaking through 
the Blue Ridge at Balcony Falls, it follows a most tortuous course, which 
gives it a length of 450 miles. Richmond and Lynchburg are the principal 
towns situated on it; the former is one hundred miles from the river’s 
mouth. Below this city, the stream gradually expands into an estuary 
more than fifty miles long, which communicates, through Hampton Roads, 
with the Chesapeake Bay. The principal tributaries of James River are 
the Chickahominy on the right and the Appomattox on the left. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


409 


by Magruder with only 11,000 men, till Johnston ar¬ 
rived (April 17) with re-enforcements from the Rapidan. 
The Confederates had no intention of holding Yorktown 
longer than to give time for increasing the defenses 
around their capital; therefore, when the Union army was 
ready to begin an assault, Johnston eluded the blow by 
quietly slipping away, as he had done at Winchester and 
at Manassas Junction. Yorktown was then occupied 
(May 4) without opposition. Being hotly pursued, and 
wishing to cover his baggage-train and artillery, Johnston 
made a stand at Williamsburg* (May 5), and gave battle. 
The action was indecisive, both parties claiming the vic¬ 
tory ; while the Union army held the field, the Confed¬ 
erates made good their retreat,f and on May 17 encamped 
about three miles from Richmond. 

McClellan's Advance. Battle of Fair Oaks or Seven 
Pines {May 31). On the 8th of May (three days after 

* Williamsburg, a post-town, capital of James City County, Virginia, is 
situated on a plain about fifty miles south-southeast of Richmond, and 
three miles north of James River. It is the oldest incorporated town in 
the State, was the seat of the royal government before the Revolution, and 
was the capital of the State until 1779. It derives interest from its be¬ 
ing the seat of William and Mary College. (See Chronological Index, 1699, 
page 139 ; 1779, page 226 ; Appendix, page iv.) 

f Shortly after the Southern army had begun its retreat, it was ascer¬ 
tained that a large body of United States troops, likely to embarrass its 
march, had landed on the southern shore of York River, nearly opposite 
West Point; they were, however, speedily dispersed by Confederate de¬ 
tachments sent forward to meet them. The affair occurred on the 1th of 
May , and is sometimes alluded to as the battle of West Point. (See John¬ 
ston’s “Narrative of the Civil War,” page 126.) On the \0th of May (as 
has been related, page 405), General Wool, then in command of Fortress 
Monroe, took possession of Norfolk, which he found to be evacuated—most 
of the forces that had.occupied that stronghold since 1861 having been 
withdrawn for the defense of Richmond. On the 11/A, the Confederates 
destroyed their famous iron-clad ram Merrimac, to prevent her capture by 
the Federals. This opened the James River to transports laden with sup¬ 
plies for the national army; but only as far as Fort Darling, on Drury’s 
Bluff, eight miles below Richmond. When, on May 15, a fleet of gun¬ 
boats attempted to steam up the river, for an attack upon Richmond, it 
met with a signal defeat from the batteries of that fort. 

18 


410 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


the Confederates had retreated from Williamsburg) Mc¬ 
Clellan resumed his march, and, having established his 
base of supplies * at White House, f on the 15th, moved 
onward, by slow stages, till, on the 23d, his advance was 
within fifteen miles of his great objective point, Rich¬ 
mond. Here he halted, for, before attempting an assault 
upon the Confederate lines, he expected to form a junc¬ 
tion with McDowell, who, by the overland route, was to 
bring forward a re-enforcement of 40,000 troops from 
the Rappahannock. Meanwhile, to clear their line of 
march, Fitz-John Porter was dispatched (May 27) to 
rout a Southern force at Ilanover Court-House; % but, 
despite these precautions, neither McDowell nor the re 
enforcements were forthcoming* The Union command¬ 
er was thus left to his own resources, in circumstances 
the most perplexing. Malaria from the surrounding 
swamps threatened to decimate his ranks, while his left 
wing, incautiously thrown across the Chickahominy, || 

* As the supplies for the Northern army were to be forwarded from 
York River, via the Pamunkey, White House—which was located on the 
latter river, five miles from its mouth—formed a most convenient depot 
both for their storage and distribution. 

f This White House stood on the site of the old ancestral mansion of 
the same name, which was the residence of the widowed Martha Custis, 
and within whose halls her nuptials with Washington were celebrated in 
1759. It was from this country-seat that the presidential mansion in our 
national capital derived its name. White House, as well as Arlington, was 
the inheritance of Mrs. Robert E. Lee (great-granddaughter of Mrs. Wash¬ 
ington), and to it she repaired with her children when forced to leave 
Arlington in 1861. Upon the approach of the Northern army she sought 
refuge elsewhere. The locality, on account of its associations, was at first re¬ 
spected ; finally, however, a ruthless hand set fire to the buildings, and “ not 
a blade of grass was left to mark the culture of more than a hundred years.” 

% Hanover C.-H. is 18 m. N. of Richmond, and 1 m. W. of the Pamunkey. 

* Not to interrupt the narrative, MoClellan’s movements are followed to 
the end of May; then, returning to the beginning of the month, we review 
the strategic operations in the valley, and gradually discover the cause of 
McDowell’s non-arrival. 

|| The Chickahominy River, Virginia, rises about 16 m. N. W. of Rich¬ 
mond, runs southeastward, and enters the James River about twenty-two 
miles below City Point. Large swamps lie between this river and Rich- 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


411 


was separated from his main army by the sudden rise of 
that river, which, swollen by a heavy rain-storm, became 
almost impassable. This isolated wing (numbering about 
30,000 men), now intrenched in a line extending from 
Seven Pines to Fair Oaks,* was attacked (May 31) by the 
Confederates under General Johnston, and the contest 
that ensued was a desperate one, in which both sides dis¬ 
played the most heroic valor, but the result was indeci¬ 
sive, each claiming the advantage.-)* The Confederates, 
however, suffered in losing the leadership of General 
Johnston, who, toward the close of the engagement, re¬ 
ceived wounds so severe as to compel his temporary re¬ 
tirement from active service.^ General Robert E. Lee, 
recalled shortly before from the Southern sea-coast, suc¬ 
ceeded to his command. (See 1861, note f, page 382.) 

Jackson's Raid in u the Valley .” Early in May (1862) 
General Milroy, of the Mountain Department, was at 
McDowell, # awaiting General Schenck, with whom he 
was to form a junction; but before the union of their 
forces could be effected, detachments of Jackson’s troops, 
under Brigadier-General Edward Johnson, fell suddenly 
upon Milroy, and, dislodging him from his position (May 
8), forced him to retreat, and then, with their usual ce¬ 
lerity, disappeared. || Up to the middle of May, no 

mond. Besides the battle of Fair Oaks, those of Mechanicsville, Gaines 
Mill, and White Oak Bridge were fought near this river in June, 1862. 

* Seven Pines lay on the Williamsburg stage-road; Pair Oaks was on 
the York River Railroad, seven miles northeast of Richmond. 

+ The Confederate claim to the advantage was based on the fact that 
the Federals made no further advance until the 25th of June. (See battle 
of Oak Grove, page 414.) 

% See note f on page 428. 

# McDowell, a small town on Bull Pasture River, at the base of a mount¬ 
ain of the same name, about forty miles from Harrisonburg in the Shenan¬ 
doah Valley. 

| Jackson remained in the Valley, nearly opposite to Swift Run Gap, in 
the Blue Ridge, awaiting an opportune moment to strike a blow at Banks. 


412 LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


further clashing of arms was heard in the Yalley, and, as 
alarm for the safety of Washington began to subside, the 
Government seemed at last aroused to the necessity of 
sending aid to McClellan, now sorely pressed. Accord¬ 
ingly, McDowell and Shields * were ordered (May 17) to 
move forward from the Rappahannock and join that com¬ 
mander. But General Joseph E. Johnston, penetrating 
these designs, had taken timely measures to forestall them 
by ordering the ubiquitous Jackson to prepare for Mc¬ 
Dowell such work in the Yalley as should keep him at a 
distance from Richmond. In compliance with these in¬ 
structions, Jackson, re-enforced by Ewell, began (May 23) 
his aggressive movements against Banks by crushing one 
wing of his army at Front Royal ;f then, driving him 
from Winchester on the 25th, he chased him down the 
Yalley to the Maryland side of the Potomac on the 26th.:f 

Panic throughout the Republic. Jackson's Retreat. 
These events created a panic throughout the loyal 
States, as the national capital again seemed threatened. 
The Federal Government made a demand in every direc¬ 
tion for fresh volunteers, and, to facilitate their transpor¬ 
tation, seized all the railroads throughout the country. 
Then, for the double purpose of protecting Washington 
and rescuing Banks, McDowell’s orders were revoked 
(May 24) after he had actually started southward, and 

* On the 15th of May, the War Department withdrew from Banks the 
division of Shields (numbering 20,000 men) for the purpose of re-enforcing 
McDowell, previous to his expected descent upon Richmond. This move¬ 
ment so weakened Banks that he was unable to cope with the forces 
brought against him by Jackson and Ewell. 

f Front Royal, the capital of Warren County, Virginia, is near the Shen¬ 
andoah River, and on the Manassas division of the Virginia Midland Rail¬ 
road, eight miles from Manassas Gap (now Linden), eighty-four miles west 
of Washington, and about thirty miles south of Winchester. 

\ “Banks did not appear in the subsequent operations in the Valley, in 
which Fremont and Shields were the Federal commanders .”—General Jo¬ 
seph E. Johnston. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


413 


was already at Bowling Green, within forty-four miles 
of Richmond. Under the same date (May 24) Fremont 
was summoned from the Mountain Department to unite 
with Shields, whom McDowell now sent to intercept 
Jackson. The Confederate leader, however, was “as 
skillful in retreat as he was bold in advance,” and, elud¬ 
ing his pursuers, he passed between their converging 
armies just in time for his rear-guard, under Ewell, to 
check Fremont at Cross Keys* on the 8th of June, and 
on the next day he himself defeated Shields at Port Re¬ 
public.* He then escaped secretly from the Valley, and, 
hastening by forced marches, united with Lee (June 27) 
in the defense of Richmond.f 

Seven Days’ Battles—June to July 1. Close of the 
Peninsular Campaign. For several weeks after the bat¬ 
tle of Fair Oaks, McClellan made no further demonstra¬ 
tion against Richmond than to build bridges for future 
operations. Meanwhile, the Confederates, having been 
heavily re-enforced, were most anxious to assume the of¬ 
fensive. Through the successful cavalry raid of General 
Stuart, who had made the entire circuit of the Federal 
army—destroying a large quantity of stores at the White 
House, and capturing 165 prisoners—Lee was fully in¬ 
formed as to the position and strength of his opponents, 

* Cross Keys , a village of Rockingham County, Virginia, eight miles 
south of Harrisonburg and nineteen miles northeast of Staunton. Fort Re¬ 
public is also in Rockingham County, and is situated in the angle formed by 
the junction of the North and South Rivers, tributaries of the South Fork 
of the Shenandoah, and is twenty miles east-northeast of Staunton. 

f The results of Jackson’s raid in the Valley were most important. 
“With only 15,000 men he had outgeneraled and beaten in detail three 
major-generals and 60,000 men, who, if concentrated into one army, ought 
to have annihilated the whole Confederate force.” Moreover, bv exciting 
alarm for the safety of Washington, and thereby depriving McClellan of the 
co-operation of McDowell, he not only foiled, for that year, the designs 
against Richmond, but brought irretrievable ruin to the Peninsular cam¬ 
paign. 


414 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


and only awaited an opportune moment to strike them a 
blow. McClellan, now equally determined to make the 
first move, ordered the Federal detachments, intrenched 
at Fair Oaks, to take position at Oak Grove,* on the road 
leading directly to Richmond. Accordingly, the advance 
was made on June 25, but the engagement that followed, 
though severe, yielded no material advantage to either 
side. The next day (June 26) the Confederates, having 
crossed to the north shore of the Chickahominy, fell sud¬ 
denly upon the Union left, intrenched at Mechanicsville, 
and drove them from their position; but, in attempting to 
renew the contest at Beaver-Dam Creek, a mile back of 
Mechanicsville, they in turn, after six hours’ fighting, were 
signally repulsed. On the 27th the Confederates, hav¬ 
ing rallied, continued to advance toward the York River 
Railroad, wdth the view of intercepting the Union sup¬ 
plies. Coming into collision with Porter’s troops at 
Gaines Mill (a position between Cold Harbor and the 
Chickahominy), a battle ensued, which resulted in the 
complete discomfiture of Porter.f Prior to this disaster, 
McClellan had taken measures to transfer his base to 
James River. He now moved so secretly and with so 
much celerity that he had accomplished a march of 
twenty-four hours before the Confederates were aware 
of his designs. On the morning of the 29tli, Lee was in 

* Oak Grove was about a mile from Fair Oaks. The battle or skirmish 
that was fought here is also called the battle of King's School-House , and 
sometimes that of The Orchards. It was really the first of the series of en¬ 
gagements known as “the seven days’ battles,” though that of Mechanics¬ 
ville, fought on the.26th, is generally noted as being the first. 

f “ The battle had raged fiercely with varying fortunes for two hours, 
... when, amid the roar of guns, loud cheers were heard, and the cry of 
‘Jackson! Jackson!’ ran along the lines, ‘in a shout so wild and trium¬ 
phant,’ says one who was present, 4 that it rolled across the woods and 
reached the ears of the Federal army.’ The next moment that leader 
dashed into the conflict, and ere long victory declared for the Confeder¬ 
ates.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


415 


hot pursuit, and until July 2, the two armies struggled 
for the mastery. The jaded Federals, by marching 
nearly the entire night and lighting during the day, kept 
their pursuers at bay. Battles were fought on the 29th 
at Peach Orchard and at Savage Station; on the 30th, at 
White-Oak Swamp, or Glendale; and, finally, on the 1st 
of July, at Malvern Hill, a strong position on the north 
side of James River, twelve miles below Richmond. At 
this point the Confederates met with a bloody repulse; 
but when, the next morning, they advanced to renew the 
attack, they found the battle-field deserted. During the 
night the Union commander had retreated down the 
river to Harrison’s Landing (nine miles below City Point), 
where he was protected by his gunboats. /The Peninsu¬ 
lar campaign was now ended, having proved an incon¬ 
testable failure; government officials attributed the re¬ 
sult entirely to McClellan’s inactivity, while the general 
charged the responsibility upon them for withholding the ; 
promised re-enforcements.* 

Army of Virginia . Third Advance on Richmond 
’ {Pope). Second Battle of Bull Run , August 30 , 1863. 
The Army of the Potomac having failed to accomplish 
its object, the Army of Virginia was organized (June 27) 

* On June 27 and July 11 (1862) the President made important changes 
in military organization. The armies of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell 
were consolidated into the Army of Virginia, and placed under the com¬ 
mand of General Pope (June 27). Fremont, unwilling to serve as a subor¬ 
dinate of Pope, resigned and was succeeded by General Sigel. Two weeks 
later (July 11, as has already been noted), Halleck was removed from the 
Department of the Mississippi, to be placed in command of the entire army 
of the United States; this was the position McClellan had held previous to 
his departure for the Peninsular campaign. During the four intervening 
months (March 11 to July 11), “the duties of commander-in-chief were per¬ 
formed by the Secretary of War, under the supervision of President Lincoln, 
assisted by the counsel of Major-General Hitchcock,” a veteran of the army. 
Halleck reached his headquarters at Washington July 23. (Sec first para¬ 
graph on page 397.) 


416 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


and placed under the command of General Pope, whose 
military achievements in the West had commanded the 
confidence of the Government. This general, while guard-, 
ing a line on the Rapidan for the defense of Washington, 
was expected to make a descent upon tlm Confederate 
capital. These plans, however, were frustrated by Lee, 
and Pope’s campaign in Virginia was as unfortunate as it 
w T as brief. 

But to revert to the army at Harrison’s Landing. 
Had it been re-enforced* after its change of base, as 
its commander urgently demanded, an immediate assault 
upon Richmond would have been attempted. This ad¬ 
vance was indeed apprehended by Lee, who, while re¬ 
cuperating his exhausted troops, kept a vigilant watch 
upon the movements of his opponents, hoping to pene¬ 
trate their designs. Jackson held a line at Gordonsville,f 
ready to repel an attack from the north ; moving onward, 
he came into collision, at Cedar Mountain J (August 9), 
with Pope’s advance, under Banks. After a severe strug¬ 
gle, the Federals were defeated. Meanwhile, Halleck, 
the commander-in-chief, instead of responding to McClel¬ 
lan’s call for aid, had sent to that general, early in August, 
a peremptory order to evacuate the Peninsula, and bring 
forward his troops by water, to swell the ranks of Pope. 
Lee, no longer apprehending danger to Richmond from 

* On the day of the battle of Malvern Ilill (July 1), Lincoln issued a 
call for 300,000 volunteers, and on the 4th of August he made an addi¬ 
tional call for a draft of 300,000 men. 

f Gordonsville , in Orange County, Virginia, on the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Railroad, at its junction with the Virginia Midland and Great Southern Rail¬ 
road, is ninety-five miles southwest of Washington, twenty-one miles north¬ 
east of Charlottesville, and seventy-six miles northwest of Richmond. 

X Cedar Mountain, “ a sugar-loaf eminence ” in Culpeper County, Vir¬ 
ginia, two miles west of Mitchell’s Station, which is on the Virginia Midland 
Railroad, seven miles south of Culpeper .Court-House. This battle is also 
known as Cedar Run, Slaughter Mountain, Southwest Mountain, and Mitch¬ 
ell’s Station. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


417 


the south, and hoping to crush the Army of Virginia be¬ 
fore the junction could be effected, moved rapidly north¬ 
ward, and, uniting with Jackson, confronted Pope in a 
series of battles, from August 26 to September 1, the 
most sanguinary being fought (August 30) near the old 
battle-field of Bull Bun, or Manassas. Although the forces 
shipped from Southeastern Virginia arrived in time to par¬ 
ticipate in these conflicts, Pope was compelled to retreat. 
The final engagement occurred at Chantilly,* September 
1, in the midst of a fearful thunder-storm, and was main¬ 
tained until dark. The next day, the Army of Virginia 
retired within the defenses of Washington. Pope’s loss 
^ in this campaign was not less than thirty thousand men. 
At his own request he was now relieved of his command, 
and assigned to a position in the Northwest, “ to act 
against the Indian insurrection.” His shattered forces 
were united with what remained of the Army of the 
Potomac, and the whole placed under the command of 
^McClellan for the protection of Washington. 

Lee’s Invasion of Maryland , September {5). Battle of 
South Mountain Seizure of Harper’s Ferry {15). 

Battle of Antietam , or Sharpsburg {17,1862 s ). As within 
five months (April 4 to September 2) the campaign of 
two Union armies had failed in Virginia, Lee thought the 
time had come when the war might be transferred to 
Northern territory. The fortifications around Washing- 

* Chantilly , a hamlet in Fairfax County, Virginia, twenty miles west of 
Washington. The battle is sometimes known as that of Ox Hill. “ It cost 
the Union army two able officers—Generals Stevens and Kearny. The lat¬ 
ter especially was devotedly loved by his soldiers.” 

\ South Mountain , a steep range in Maryland, beginning five miles north 
of Harper’s Ferry, is a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia. At some 
points it shoots up one thousand feet in height, and forms a strong natural 
military barrier. “ Its practicable gaps are not numerous, but they abound 
in fine positions and are readily defensible.” The battle of South Mount¬ 
ain was fought at Turner’s Gap. 


418 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


ton, on the Virginia side of the Potomac, were too strong 
to be approached ; therefore the Confederate commander 
marched farther up, and, on the 5th of September (the 
day that Bragg invaded Kentucky), crossed into Mary¬ 
land, near Point of Rocks,* and by rapid movements 
reached Frederick f on the 6th. It was now of the ut¬ 
most importance to establish direct communication with 
Richmond, and this could be effected only by controlling 
a line through the Shenandoah Valley. Accordingly, a 
division of the Confederates, under I). H. Hill, crossed 
South Mountain and occupied Boonsboro,;): while Jackson 
recrossed the Potomac to capture Harper’s Ferry. But 
at this juncture, McClellan, who was in pursuit of the 
invaders, accidentally discovered the plan of their pre¬ 
liminary movements, and prepared to defeat it by send¬ 
ing immediate relief to the garrison at Harper’s Ferry. 
To reach that point, it was necessary to force a passage 
through South Mountain, where the Confederates—hav¬ 
ing left Boonsboro to guard the passes—were now strongly 
intrenched at Turner’s Gap. Falling suddenly upon them, 
he drove them from their position, and, after a desperate 
struggle, obliged them to retreat, September 14. The 
battle, however, failed in its object; for, the following 
morning (September 15), Harper’s Ferry, with eleven ; 
thousand men, and its munitions of war, was surrendered. ) 
Leaving A. P. Hill to secure the captured property,' 

* Point of Rocks , a village in Frederick County, Maryland, is on the 
Potomac River, forty-three miles north-northwest of Washington, and sixty- 
nine miles west of Baltimore. 

f Frederick, the capital of Frederick County, Maryland, is sixty-one 
miles by rail, west by north of Baltimore, and forty-four miles north north¬ 
west of Washington, D. C. It is three miles from the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad, with which it connects by a branch road running from Monocacv 
Junction. 

\ Boonshoro , a village at the base of South Mountain, is fifteen miles 
northwest of Frederick. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


419 


Jackson hurried off to rejoin the main army, which, by 
the 16th, Lee had massed behind Antietam Creek,* near 
the little village of Sharpsburg,* to await the arrival of 
McClellan. The combat, one of the bloodiest of the war, 
began (September 17) at early dawn, and for fourteen 
hours raged with unabated violence; but, when night 
closed in, neither army could claim a victory; the loss of 
each side was nearly equal, being in the aggregate about 
'twenty-five thousand men. The next day, although the 
two armies still confronted each other, the battle was not 
renewed, and on the night of the 18th, Lee quietly with¬ 
drew his forces into the Shenandoah Valley, and en¬ 
camped around Winchester, f 

Fourth Advance upon Richmond {Burnside). Battle 
of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862. McClellan’s de¬ 
lay in pursuing the Confederates after the battle of An¬ 
tietam led to his second and final removal from the com-' 
mand of the Army of the Potomac.j; On the 7th of 

* Antietam Creek rises in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, crosses the 
southern boundary of that State, runs southwesi through Washington 
County, Maryland, and enters the Potomac River about seven miles north 
of Harper’s Ferry. Shai'psburc/, a village of Washington County, Mary¬ 
land, on Antietam Creek, ten miles north of Harper’s Ferry. “ Here is a 
national cemetery. ... A stately and impressive monument, surmounted 
by a statue twenty-one and a half feet high, representing a soldier, over¬ 
looks the battle-field.’' 

f On the 10th of October, while Lee was still in Winchester, his cavalry- 
officer General Stuart crossed the Potomac, above Williamsport, Maryland, 
and made a raid into Pennsylvania. Entering Cbambersburg, he destroyed 
a large amount of supplies, and captured from eight hundred to one thou¬ 
sand horses. He passed entirely around McClellan’s army (as he had pre¬ 
viously done in the Peninsular campaign), and recrossed into Virginia, below 
Harper’s Ferry. “ The Confederates might truly boast that they had at 
length carried the war into the free States.” 

t In addition to the dispatch announcing the appointment of Burnside 
as his successor, “ McClellan received orders from Ilalleck to betake himself 
immediately to Trenton, New Jersey, reporting his arrival by telegraph and 
waiting for further orders.” McClellan had no further connection with the 
civil war. In 1864 he was the Democratic candidate for the presidency 
against Lincoln. On the day of the election (November 8, 1864) he re¬ 
signed his commission in the United States Army. 


420 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


November he was superseded by General Burnside, of 
Rhode Island, who, “ though reluctant to accept the 
position thus forced upon him,” prepared at once for 
its responsibilities. Instead of carrying out the plan 
of his predecessor “ by a rapid march to Gordonsville, 
so as to intercept Lee’s divided forces and beat them 
in detail,” he purposed to occupy Fredericksburg* until 
the spring; thence by a direct route he hoped to ad¬ 
vance upon Richmond. Lee, to frustrate these designs, 
hastened forward and secured a strong position “on 
the bluffs and heights ” in the rear of the town. On 
the 11th and 12th of December, the national forces, de¬ 
spite a murderous fire from the Confederate batteries, 
succeeded in crossing the Rappahannock and occupying 
Fredericksburg, but their attempt, on the 13th, to carry 
the heights met with a terrible repulse, in which they lost^ 
about thirteen thousand men, while their opponents lost 
only about four thousand. This was the last great battle 
on Virginia soil in 1862. The Federal armies, once more 
turned back from Richmond, silently retreated during the 
night (December 15) to the shelter of their fortifications 
near Falmouth,f on the north side of the Rappahannock. 

Sioux War in the.Northwest. In addition to the civil 
war between North and South, the summer of 1862 was 
marked by a series of terrible massacres in Minnesota, 
perpetrated by the Sioux ( soo ), under Little Crow and 
other leaders, who, aggrieved by the non-payment of 
sums due to them by treaty, and exasperated by the mis- 

* Fredericksburg , in Spottsylvania County, Virginia, on the right or south 
bank of the Rappahannock, is situated in a valley inclosed by hills of con¬ 
siderable height. Its distance from Washington, D. C., is about fifty miles 
south-southwest, and from Richmond, with which it connects by railroad, 
sixty-one miles north. 

f Falmouth , a village in Stafford County, Virginia, is nearly opposite 
Fredericksburg. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


421 


conduct of traders, murdered hundreds of the settlers, 
and drove thousands from their homes. The Indians 
were subsequently hunted down and driven beyond the 
Missouri. 

Freedom foreshadowed. By acts of Congress, in 
1862, slavery was abolished in the District of Columbia, 
with the guarantee of compensation to slaveholders, and 
in all the Territories of the United States without com¬ 
pensation. At the same time the enlistment of colored 
troops was authorized. Moreover, in September, Lincoln 
announced his purpose of declaring the slaves free wher¬ 
ever the Federal authority continued to be resisted after 
the close of 1862. 

Bureau of Internal Revenue established. The war 
was costing a million and a half dollars a day, and special 
taxes were imposed for its maintenance. The Bureau of 
Internal Revenue, belonging to the Treasury Department, 
was established July 1, 1862, to collect the moneys as¬ 
sessed for internal duties, stamps, licenses, etc. Green¬ 
backs were first issued in 1862, when all the United States 
banks had suspended payments. As the war still went on, 
greenbacks depreciated in value, till, at one time, $1 in 
gold was worth $2.98 in paper money. (Connect with 
1879, 1 I., page 501.) 

Department of Agriculture. “ A Department of Agri¬ 
culture was established, the design and duties of which 
are to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United 
States useful information on subjects connected with agri¬ 
culture, . . . and to procure, propagate, and distribute 
among the people new and valuable seeds and plants.” 

Deaths in 1862: John Tyler, of Virginia (72), and 
Martin Van Buren, of New York (80), ex-Presidents of 
the United States. 


422 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Revolution in Greece. King Otho forced to abdicate.* (Con¬ 
nect with foreign history, 1863, IF IT., page 437.) 

The second great International Exposition of industries and arts 
held in London, was opened in May by the Prince of Wales. (See 
foreign history, 1851, page 359.) 

Marriage (July 1, 1862) of Princess Alice Maud of Great Britain 
(born 1843), second daughter of Queen Victoria, to Prince Ludwig,+ 
hereditary grand duke of Hesse, son of Prince Charles of Hesse and 
Princess Elizabeth of Prussia—a niece of King Frederic William 
Ilf., and consequently cousin-german of the Emperor William I. 
(See note J under Deaths in 1878, page 500.) 

England and Spain, suspecting the ambitious designs of France 
against Mexico, entered into friendly negotiations with the latter 
country, and withdrew from the tripartite convention. Louis Na¬ 
poleon continued the war, single-handed, and early in 1862 sent 
over a large re-enforcement to Mexico. J (Connect with foreign 
history, 1864, IT V., page 453.) 

Deaths: H. T. Buckle (39), English philosopher and historian; 
J. L. Uhland (75), German poet. 


* The Greeks, long aggrieved, and finally exasperated by the despotic 
rule of King Otho, had already decreed his deposition, when he himself, 
realizing that “ his power and influence were gone,” abdicated (Oct. 20, 1862) 
in favor of his brother Leopold, and a few days later (Oct. 24), “almost 
unattended, and in fear and trembling, he and his queen, Amelia of Olden¬ 
burg, left for ever that Greece which, for thirty years, they had so abused 
and oppressed.” A provisional government, which had assumed the ad¬ 
ministration of affairs, declared the Bavarian dynasty to have forfeited the 
crown, and ordered an election for a king. The choice fell almost unani¬ 
mously upon Prince Alfred, the second son of Queen Victoria, but as “ the 
agreement between England, France, and Russia—the three great powers 
under whose protection the kingdom of Greece was placed at its organiza¬ 
tion—forbade the election of a prince of either house to the Greek throne,” 
the proffered honor was not accepted. It was subsequently offered to Fer¬ 
dinand, ex-King of Portugal, consort of the late Queen Maria da Gloria, and 
likewise to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, but was declined by both. 
(Connect with 1863, II., page 437.) 

\ Prince Ludwig, through his father (Prince Charles), was the nephew 
of the empress of Alexander II. of Russia; also of the reigning grand duke 
of Hesse, Ludwig III., and of Prince Alexander, the father of the Batten- 
burg princes. (See note * on page 503 ; 1884, IV. and V., page 516 ; 
royal marriage, 1885, page 520.) 

X Louis Napoleon, believing the civil war in the United States to be most 
favorable to the realization of his long-cherished hope of re-establishing 
French influence on the American Continent, eagerly grasped at the oppor¬ 
tunity of continuing the expedition in Mexico without the aid of allies. 
Accordingly, in 1862, he sent some of the best troops of France to prepare 
the way for that empire which, under Maximilian, he subsequently (1864) 
succeeded in imposing upon the Mexicans (see foreign history, 1864, V., 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


423 


1863. The Emancipation Proclamation , as an¬ 
nounced in September, 1862, took effect on January 1, 
1863, when African slavery was abolished in the United 
States, after an existence of 244 years. (See 1619, page 
103, and 1808, page 286.) 

Third Year of the War (1863). The scheme of 
military operations this year did not differ materially 
from that of 1862. The main objects of the Federals 
were—1. In the East, to capture Richmond.- 2. In 
the West, to complete the opening of the Mississippi 
River by the reduction of Yicksburg and Port Hud¬ 
son. 3. In the interior, to occupy East Tennessee, “ the 
great center of loyalty to the Union in the heart of the ^ 
Confederacy.” 4. On the sea-coast, to strengthen the*' 
blockade. 

Operations in the East. Fifth Advance upon Rich¬ 
mond {Ilooher). Battle of Chancellorsville. May 1-f 
At the opening of 1863 the two great opposing armies in 
Virginia were still confronting each other from the posi¬ 
tions they respectively held after the battle of Fredericks¬ 
burg. On the 26th of January the command of the Army 
of the Potomac was transferred from General Burnside 
to General Joseph Hooker—Burnside being relieved from 
command at his own request.* After three months’ prepa¬ 
ration, Hooker was ready for the fifth “ on to Richmond” 
march; his army, 120,000 strong, was in such perfect 
condition that he pronounced it “ the finest on the planet,” 

page 453), and which he upheld by every means at his command, till the 
close of the civil war enabled the United States to enforce the Monroe doc¬ 
trine, by compelling the French army to evacuate Mexico. The last of the 
troops were withdrawn March 14, 1867, and in little more than three months 
the unfortunate Maximilian, whose party had been overwhelmingly defeated 
by the Liberals, was shot under sentence of a court-martial, June 19, 1867. 
(See United States history, page 466, and foreign history, 1867, page 471.) 

* Three months later (April 26, 1863) Burnside assumed command of 
the Department of the Ohio. (See note f on page 432, and I., page 433.) 


424 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


and the nation’s hopes for a successful campaign ran high, 
especially as Lee’s effective' force at this time did not 
exceed 50,000 men, he having recently divided his army 
by sending Longstreet to Southeastern Virginia. On the 
morning of the 27th of April a general advance was be¬ 
gun, but, instead of marching directly upon the strong 
works at Fredericksburg, Hooker crossed the Rappahan¬ 
nock at Kelley’s Ford, some twenty-five miles above that 
town, and, by a long detour to the rear of the Confed¬ 
erates, proceeded to Chancellorsville,* ten miles south¬ 
west of Fredericksburg. Here the hostile forces met, 
Lee and Jackson hastening to the encounter. After a 
desperate conflict of two days (May 2, 3), the Union com¬ 
mander, being thoroughly beaten, was forced to recross 
the “ fatal river to resume his old quarters at Falmouth.” 
Hooker’s campaign of a week thus closed, not with the 
anticipated result of the downfall of Richmond, but with 
l the loss of 17,000 men.f The Confederates, however, 
sustained a severe misfortune in the death of their able 
commander, Stonewall Jackson, who was accidentally shot 
by his own men. 

Second Invasion of the North . Battle of Gettysburg, 
July 1-3. Within a month after the battle of Chan¬ 
cellorsville the Confederates resolved to make another 
effort to carry the war beyond their own borders. In 
this they had a twofold object: 1. To procure supplies 
for the army. 2. To make a diversion in favor of Vicks- 

* Chancellorsville was not even a hamlet. It was a property situated 
at the junction of the Orange Court-House and Culpeper roads, on which 
stood a large brick mansion and a few out-buildings. 

f History can record nothing more splendid than the charge of the 
Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry at Chancellorsville, where Colonel Keenan 
and his three hundred men, in the glory of their achievement, rivaled the 
Spartans at Thermopylae. The incident has inspired our finest war lyric, 
“ Keenan’s Charge,” by George Parsons Lathrop, published in “ Scribner’s 
Magazine ” for June, 1881. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


425 


burg and of Richmond—of Vicksburg,* by drawing off 
large numbers of the besiegers for the defense of the 
North; of Richmond,f by freeing Virginia from the in¬ 
vading army before another advance upon that city should 
be attempted. Accordingly, early in June, Lee set his 
army in motion for the proposed northern march, and 
was already well on the way when his designs were dis¬ 
covered. Hooker then followed, but, being still uncer¬ 
tain of Lee’s whereabout, moved cautiously, so as to 
protect Washington, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. He 
reached Frederick, Maryland, June 27 (the day Lee en¬ 
tered Chambersburg), when he resigned the command of 
the army, J and General George G. Meade was appointed 
in his place. Meanwhile the Confederates, having passed 
up the Shenandoah Valley and crossed into Maryland, 
and thence into Pennsylvania, had taken possession of 
Chambersburg,* York,* and Carlisle,* and were prepar- 

* The siege of Vicksburg was at this time being pushed with vigor, and 
all Johnston’s efforts to relieve the place by besieging the besiegers failed 
(see page 429). 

f To retrieve the defeat of Chancellorsville, Hooker had already made 
vast preparations for resuming his “ on to Richmond ” march at an early 
date. 

\ “ Hooker’s resignation was merely the culmination of a long series of 
disagreements between him and Halleck. The immediate occasion of it was 
Ilalleck’s refusal to put under the direct command of Hooker 10,000 men 
who were at Harper’s Ferry, where they could be of no use.”—(Bryant’s 
“ History of the United States.”) 

# Chambersburg, the capital of Franklin County, Pennsylvania, is fifty- 
two miles west-southwest of Harrisburg. York , the capital of York County, 
Pennsylvania, is twenty-eight miles south-southeast of Harrisburg, and 
forty-eight miles north of Baltimore. It was settled in 1741, incorporated 
in 1787, and was the seat of the Continental Congress from September, 
1777, to July, 1778, while Philadelphia was occupied by the British army 
(see page 205). During the Confederate invasion of 1863, General Early 
levied a contribution of $100,000 on the inhabitants, but left their town 
unharmed. Carlisle, the capital of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, is 
situated nearly in the center of the long and fertile Cumberland Valley, 
nineteen miles west-southwest of Harrisburg, and thirty-three miles north¬ 
east of Chambersburg. It is the seat of Dickerson College (Methodist), 
founded in 1783. The district in which it is situated was settled in 1730, 


426 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

ing to move upon Harrisburg,* when they learned that 
Meade, who was in close pursuit, threatened to break 
their line of communications. These tidings forced Lee 
to change his plans, and prepare for the defensive. His 
advance came unexpectedly into collision with the Federal 
cavalry, about two miles northwest of Gettysburg,f and 
this accidental encounter culminated (July 1) in the most 
important battle of the war. The straggle lasted for 
three days. Lee gained decided advantages on the first 
day, but was totally defeated on the third (July 3), with 
>the loss of not less than 30,000 men. On the night of 
the 4th (a few hours after the fall of Vicksburg, see page 
429) he retreated from the battle-field, and, crossing the 
Potomac into the Shenandoah Valley on the 13th, finally 
retired to a position on the south side of the Bapidan; 
while Meade, who followed, posted his troops to the north 
of that river. The two armies were thus placed almost 

by Scotch-Irish, who founded the town in 1751. “ For many years Carlisle 

was one of the proudest and most aristocratic places in the State, and still 
retains much of its ancient dignity.” Carlisle Barracks were built in 1777, 
by the Hessian prisoners captured at Trenton (see page 204), and have ac¬ 
commodations for 2,000 men. During the Whisky Rebellion (see 1794, 
page 251) Washington’s headquarters were at Carlisle. 

* Harrisburg, the capital of Pennsylvania since 1810, was incorporated 
as a city in 1860. It is situated on the east bank of the Susquehanna 
River, 106 miles west by north of Philadelphia. 

f Gettysburg , in the southern part of Pennsylvania, is the capital of 
Adams County, and is forty miles south-southwest of Harrisburg, twenty- 
eight miles east of Carlisle, and one hundred and fifteen miles west of 
Philadelphia. Near it are two parallel lines of hills—the one to the south, 
called Cemetery Hill, was occupied by the Union army; the other, to the 
west, Seminary Ridge, was held by the Confederates. Neither general had 
planned to give battle at this place. Lee had intended not to fight at all, 
except on the defensive, and Meade had purposed to bring on the contest 
at Pipe Creek, about fifteen miles southeast of Gettysburg. The cavalry 
movement which precipitated this terrible conflict was intended only as a 
screen to conceal the Union army’s march toward Meade’s desired battle¬ 
field. The Gettysburg battle-field was purchased by the State of Pennsyl¬ 
vania as a national burial-place. To commemorate the battle, and those 
who fell there, a national monument has been erected. It is sixty feet in 
height, and is surmounted by a colossal statue of Liberty. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


427 


exactly as they had been previous to Lee’s attempted in¬ 
vasion. During the remainder of the year there was no 
general engagement between them, although there were 
several detached skirmishes. 

War in the West (January to July , 1863) — Depart¬ 
ment of the Tennessee* [Grant)—Fall of Vicksburg, July 
i ; of Port Hudson , July 9. The failure of Sherman’s 
plans for an assault on Vicksburg, December 29, 1862 
(see page 399), did not deter Grant from renewing the 
attempt early in January (1863). Breaking camp at 
Memphis, this resolute commander took post a few 
miles north of Vicksburg.f After all efforts to reach 
the stronghold from this northern position had failed, he 
resolved to attack it from the rear. In prosecution of 
this design, he marched his land-forces along a line west 
of the Mississippi River, down to a point nearly opposite 
Port Gibson, and then under cover of night (April 16 and 
22) ran his transports and gunboats past the Vicksburg 
batteries to meet his army and ferry it to the eastern 
bank of the river.J The plan was eminently successful. 
Having disembarked his troops at Bruinsburg # (April 

* For the Department of the Tennessee, see note \ on page 397. 

f While Grant was organizing his plans for the capture of Vicks¬ 
burg, Sherman and McClernand, to occupy the national forces, moved 
upon Arkansas Post (the key to the valley of the Arkansas River, 
situated fifty miles from the mouth of that stream), and after a few 
hours’ severe fighting, in which they were well sustained by Porter’s 
gunboats, they captured the post, with its garrison of five thousand men, 
January 11. 

\ During the progress of these movements, Colonel Grierson, of the 
Sixth Illinois Cavalry, made one of the most remarkable cavalry expeditions 
of the war. He left La Grange, Tennessee, on the 17th of April, with a 
force of 17,000 men, for the purpose of cutting the Confederate communi¬ 
cations by destroying the railroads east of Vicksburg. The raiders traveled 
over six hundred miles of territory, from La Grange to Baton Rouge, in 
sixteen days, when, on May 2, the raid ceased. The property they destroyed 
was valued at $4,000,000. 

# Bruinsburg , a steamboat-landing in Claiborne County, Mississippi, on 
the eastern bank of the Mississippi. 


428 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


30), Grant immediately moved upon Port Gibson,* where 
he met and defeated the advance of Pemberton’s army 
(May 1). This action necessitated the evacuation of Grand 
Gulf,* only eight miles off. When the authorities at Rich¬ 
mond became aware of Grant’s designs against Vicksburg, 
they called upon General Joseph E. Johnston,f then at 
Tullahoma, Tennessee, to re-enforce himself from Bragg’s 
Department of the Tennessee, and to proceed to the relief 
of Mississippi. Arriving at Jackson on May 13, General 
Johnston heard of the defeat the Confederates had just 
sustained (May 12) at Raymond,£ and, as the only means 
of checking the Federal advance, he at once issued orders 
to General Pemberton, whose headquarters were at Vicks¬ 
burg, to bring forward his troops and unite them with those 
of Tennessee before Grant should interpose his forces be¬ 
tween them. A few days later, Johnston, judging from 
the progress of events that Vicksburg was no longer ten¬ 
able, urged its immediate evacuation in order to preserve 
the garrison. While Pemberton delayed in carrying out 
these instructions, Grant, with characteristic vigilance and 
energy, secured such a position as enabled him “ with his 

* Port Gibson , the capital of Claiborne County, is on Bayou Pierre, 
twenty miles from the mouth of the stream, and about thirty-two miles 
south by west of Vicksburg;, and forty miles northeast of Natchez; it is 
connected by a railroad with Grand Gulf. Grand Gulf, in Claiborne 
County, is on the Mississippi River, one mile below the mouth of the Big 
Black River, and twenty-five miles by land south-southwest of Vicksburg. 

f As already mentioned on page 411, General J. E. Johnston, in conse¬ 
quence of wounds received at Fair Oaks, Virginia, May 31,1862, was forced 
to retire for a while from active service. On November 12, of the same 
year, having reported for duty at the war-office, he received orders on the 
24th, assigning him to the chief command of the Department of the Missis¬ 
sippi (then under Lieutenant-General Pemberton) and the two Departments 
of the Tennessee—Middle Tennessee, held by General Bragg, and East Ten¬ 
nessee, by General E. K. Smith. Previous to General Johnston’s assign¬ 
ment, each of the three generals commanded his department under the 
supervision of the Confederate Government. After that assignment, each 
was subject to Johnston’s orders, as well as to those of the Government. 

X Raymond , Mississippi, is about fifteen miles west-southwest of Jackson. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


429 


right hand” to ward off the approach of Johnston, and 
pressing rapidly onward, gained a succession of victories 
—at Jackson,* the capital (May 14), at Champion Hill * 
(May 16), and at Big Black Itiver Bridge * (May 17)—at 
the two last-named places defeating Pemberton himself 
and his army of 25,000 men, whom now, u with his left 
hand,” he hurled back to their intrenchments at Vicks¬ 
burg. On the 19th of May, and again on the 22d, Grant 
made a desperate effort to carry the stronghold by storm, 
but on each occasion was repulsed with great loss. He 
then resolved to reduce the city b} T siege, which for six 
weeks was vigorously pushed.f Provisions having failed, 
and “ assistance and escape being alike impossible,” Pem¬ 
berton, on the 4th of July, surrendered unconditionally 
with his garrison of more than 30,000 men. The fall of 
Vicksburg, and Lee’s retreat from Gettysburg, were tele¬ 
graphed throughout the republic the same day (July 4). 
The only fortified post on the Mississippi now held by the 
Confederates was Port Hudson in Louisiana, about twen¬ 
ty-two miles above Baton Rouge. After the capture of 
Vicksburg, this stronghold became untenable, and there¬ 
fore, on the 9tli of July, it was surrendered to General 

* Jackson , the capital of the State of Mississippi, is on the west bank 
of Pearl River, forty-five miles east of Vicksburg and ninety-six miles west 
of Meridian, at the junction of the New Orleans, Jackson, and Great North¬ 
ern Railroad with the Vicksburg and Meridian road. Champion Hill , a 
locality in Hinds County, twenty-five miles east of Vicksburg. The battle 
fought here is also called the battle of Baker’s Creek, and sometimes that 
of Edward’s Station. Big Black River Bridge , over Big Black River, a 
tributary of the Mississippi, into which it enters one mile above Grand 
Gulf; it rises in or near Choctaw County, has a southwesterly course; its 
whole length is nearly two hundred and fifty miles, fifty of which are navig¬ 
able for steamboats. 

f During the progress of the siege, Johnston put forth his every energy 
to succor the garrison, but all in vain, for Grant’s army, in front of Vicks¬ 
burg, was soon as strongly intrenched as was Pemberton’s within the lines, 
while the re-enforcements drawn from Tennessee and from other points of 
the Confederacy were wholly inadequate to justify an assault upon the be¬ 
siegers. 


430 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Banks,* who had been investing it for some weeks. The 
Mississippi River was now open from its source to the 
Gulf of Mexico. The Confederacy was thus cut in twain. 

July IS to 16—Conscription Riot in New York City. 
The enforcement of the Conscription Act was resisted in 
New York city by a four days’ not, in which many lives 
were lost, and property was destroyed to the value of 
$2,000,000. The outbreak was quelled only by the ac¬ 
tivity of the police, aided by a military force.f 

Morgans Raid . During the eventful month of July, 
1863, the Confederate cavalry ranger, General John H. 
Morgan, at the head of three thousand horsemen, was en¬ 
gaged in a most hazardous raid. Starting from Sparta, 
Tennessee, June 27, and being hotly pursued for the dis¬ 
tance of nearly seven hundred miles, he raided through 
Kentucky, Indiana, and the southern part of Ohio, pass¬ 
ing quite around Cincinnati. In attempting to recross 
the Ohio River, his course was checked by gunboats. 
Finally, on the 26th of July, the bold trooper was forced 
to surrender, after a race for his life of just one month’s 
duration. General Morgan was held a prisoner in the 
penitentiary of Columbus nearly four months; he then 
escaped and reached Richmond. 

* Banks had superseded Butler at New Orleans. 

\ Before its adjournment in March, 1863, Congress passed a law known 
as the Conscription Act, by which military service in the United States 
might be demanded of all able-bodied citizens between the ages of twenty 
and forty-five; their actual enrollment in the army to be decided by draft¬ 
ing. The act, however, allowed any person who should be drafted to evade 
his personal obligations by furnishing a substitute or by paying three hun¬ 
dred dollars to the Government for the purpose of securing one. In many 
localities the measure was violently opposed, especially by the laboring 
classes, upon whom the requisition pressed most heavily. Accordingly, 
when the national forces—greatly diminished by losses at Gettysburg and 
during the Vicksburg campaign, as well as by the expiration of terms of 
enlistment—needed replenishing, and Lincoln, under the provisions of the 
act, ordered a general draft of 300,000 men, the enforcement of his order 
called forth the four days’ riot alluded to. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


431 


Army of the Cumberland ( Eosecrans)—Battle of 
Chiekamauga, Georgia, September 19,20 (1863). For near¬ 
ly six months after the battle of Murfreesboro (January 2 
to June 23) the opposing armies confronted each other 
within a distance of thirty miles—the Federals resting 
on their late battle-field near Stone Eiver, while the Con¬ 
federates held a line on Duck Eiver. When, however, 
during the last week of June, Eosecrans ordered a for¬ 
ward movement, Bragg hastily evacuated Middle Tennes¬ 
see, and, crossing the Cumberland Mountains, intrenched 
himself at his former stronghold Chattanooga, which was 
still his base of supplies. Here he remained until the 8th 
of September, when, finding his communications threat¬ 
ened by his advancing opponents, he escaped into Georgia 
and took a strong position on Chiekamauga Creek, nine 
miles south of Chattanooga. Eosecrans soon appeared, 
when Bragg, who had been re-enforced by the divisions 
of Longstreet from Lee’s army, and by troops from 
Mississippi, sent by Joseph E. Johnston, turned at bay 
upon his pursuer and gave battle. After a two days’ 
struggle, September 19-20, Eosecrans, owing to the mis¬ 
apprehension of one of his orders, was utterly defeated, 
and with his panic-stricken troops retired from the field. 
The valor of Thomas, commanding the left wing, and his 
stubborn resistance of the charges hurled against him in 
quick succession, not only saved the action from becom¬ 
ing a rout, but won for him undying fame as “ the rock 
of ChickamaugaP At nightfall he drew off his forces 
in good order and rejoined the main army within the 
defenses at Chattanooga. 

Siege of Chattanooga begun September 21, raised^ by 
the Battles of Lookout Mountain, November 2If, and 
Missionary Ridge, November 25. The Army of the 


432 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Cumberland, now shut up in Chattanooga for a two 
months’ siege, was soon threatened with starvation. To 
render the investment complete, Bragg had not only 
secured the heights of Lookout Mountain and Missionary 
Ridge, commanding the town, but he had likewise seized 
the lines by which supplies could reach it. It being sup¬ 
posed that no battle would be necessary to reduce a 
stronghold w T hose surrender seemed now a mere matter 
of time, Longstreet and his command were sent to East 
Tennessee to check the advance of Burnside. Meanwhile, 
the national Government, justly alarmed for the safety of 
its beleaguered forces, had taken vigorous measures for 
their relief. The Military Division of the Mississippi was 
organized (October 16, 1863), and its command assigned 
to Grant. It comprised three departments—that of the 
Tennessee,* now under Sherman, as Grant's subordinate; 
of the Ohio,f under Burnside ; and of the Cumberland, 
under Thomas—Rosecrans being relieved of his com¬ 
mand. Grant, having assumed his new position (October 
23), and being strengthened by Hooker’s arrival with 
23,000 troops from the Army of the Potomac, summoned 
Sherman from Vicksburg to aid in the aggressive opera¬ 
tions against Bragg. Accordingly, on November 24, 
Hooker carried Lookout Mountain by storm4 and Mis¬ 
sionary Ridge being occupied the next day, the siege of 

* Grant’s late department. See note + on page 397. 

t When the first Department of the Ohio, which Buell had commanded 
nearly a year (from November 9, 1861, to October 30, 1862), was changed 
to the Department of the Cumberland (see note f on page 400), a new 
Department of the Ohio was created, the command of which was assigned to 
Major-General H. G. Wright. Wright was succeeded by Burnside, who was 
soon relieved by Major-General Foster; and he, on January 28, 1864, by 
Major-General Schofield. On January 17, 1865, the Department of the 
Ohio was merged into that of the Cumberland. 

\ Owing to a dense fog that had settled in the valley, the movements of 
the combatants upon the mountain were hid from view, “ hence the engage¬ 
ment has been poetically styled the * Battle above the Clouds.’ ” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


433 


Chattanooga was raised and the campaign ended. The 
Confederates, after their defeat, retreated southeastward 
to Dalton, Georgia.* Bragg, at his own request, was 
relieved of his command, when General J. E. Johnston 
was assigned to the position. 

Army of the Ohio ( Burnside) — Siege■ of Knoxville 
raised , December J {1863). Burnside, who on March 26 had 
been placed in command of the Department of the Ohio, 
with headquarters at Cincinnati, was ordered to co-operate 
with the Army of the Cumberland in recovering East Ten¬ 
nessee. Accordingly, about the middle of August, while 
Rosecrans was pressing toward Chattanooga, Burnside 
advanced through Kentucky into East Tennessee, and on 
the 3d of September entered Knoxville, where he was 
warmly welcomed—the majority of the inhabitants being 
strongly attached to the Union. He soon resumed his 
march, and on the 9th (the day Rosecrans occupied Chat¬ 
tanooga) he received the surrender of Cumberland Gap 
and its garrison of two thousand men. In November, 
however, Longstreet, whom Bragg had sent into East 
Tennessee to operate against the Army of the Ohio, suc¬ 
ceeded in locking Burnside up in Knoxville for fifteen 
days, during which period the Union forces were on the 
verge of starvation. Immediately after his victories near 
Chattanooga (November 24, 25), Grant dispatched Sher¬ 
man to the assistance of Burnside. Longstreet made a 
desperate attempt (on November 30) to carry the be¬ 
leaguered city by storm before Sherman should arrive, but 
he was repulsed with heavy loss; on the night of Decem¬ 
ber 4 he broke camp, and, retreating northeastward, final¬ 
ly rejoined Lee’s army in Virginia. Thus, the siege of 

* Dalton , Georgia, is thirty-nine miles southeast of Chattanooga, and 
ninety-nine miles north by west from Atlanta. 

19 


434 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Knoxville being raised, East Tennessee was permanently 
restored to the Union. 

Minor Operations of 1863. Generals Price, Marma- 
duke, and Holmes, in command of portions of the Con¬ 
federate army west of the Mississippi and in the extreme 
Southwest, kept up considerable fighting w T ith Generals 
Prentiss, Steele, and others, but with little success. 
Marmaduke 'was repulsed at Springfield, Missouri, Jan¬ 
uary 8; at Cape Girardeau, Missouri, on the Mississip¬ 
pi, April 26; and, lastly, with Price and Holmes, on 
July 4, at Helena, Arkansas. Driven out of Little Pock 
(the capital of Arkansas), the Confederates were pursued 
as far south as Ped Piver. In the West, a serious out¬ 
break of the Sioux Indians necessitated the maintenance 
of a large force of Union troops to protect the border. 
In Kansas, the guerrilla Quantrell sacked Lawrence (Au¬ 
gust 21, 22) and committed great excesses. 

Naval Actions and Coast Operations of 1863. On 
New-Year’s-day, Galveston, Texas, was captured by the 
Confederates under Magruder, and was never retaken by 
the national arms. It was, however, given up on June 2, 
1865.* 

The most important transaction of this year on the 
South Atlantic seaboard was a renewed attempt to close 
Charleston Harbor to blockade-runners. On April 8, 
Admiral Dupont, with a strong iron-clad fleet, from Port 
Poyal, South Carolina, made an assault on Fort Sumter, 
but was repulsed with heavy loss. Later in the season, a 
combined land and naval force, under General Gillmore 
and Admiral Dahlgren, having the same object in view, 
was equally unsuccessful. On the 10th of July, how- 

* See A. T. Mahan’s “ Gulf and Inland Waters,” page 249, published 
by Scribner’s Sons, and note * on page 450 of the Manual. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


435 


ever, General Gillmore, commanding another expedition 
of land troops, made a lodgment on the south end of 
Morris Island, from which point he bombarded Fort 
Sumter in the harbor and Fort Wagner on the island, 
compelling the evacuation of the latter fort, and battering 
the former into a mass of ruins. Shells thrown into 
Charleston, from long-range guns, failed to force the sur¬ 
render of the city, but the amount of damage inflicted 
upon its defenses enabled the Federal ships “ to watch 
the harbor so thoroughly that no blockade-runner could 
get in or out. Thus the Confederates lost one more port.” 
(Connect with Naval Actions of 1864, page 450.) 

The National Currency Bureau was established March 
25, 1863; it is charged with the execution of all laws re¬ 
specting the issue and regulation of the national cur¬ 
rency.* 

Postal Law. By an act of Congress, March 3, 1863, 
postage on letters not exceeding one half ounce in weight 
was fixed at the uniform rate of three cents to all points 
within the United States, and three cents additional for 
each additional half-ounce or fraction thereof, to be pre¬ 
paid in postage-stamps.*)* (Connect with 1883, page 512.) 

* For particulars, see Appletons’ “Annual Cyclopaedia,” 1869, page 681. 

f While the general plan for the Post-Office Department, as suggested 
by Franklin and adopted by Congress in 1775, has, in its essential points, 
remained in force for more than a century, nevertheless, with the progress 
of time, it has been greatly enlarged and improved. In the infancy of the 
republic the growth of the department was naturally slow; there existed 
but seventy-five post-offices in 1790—the general or controlling one being 
located in New York; in 1796 the headquarters of this office were trans¬ 
ferred to Philadelphia, and in 1800 they were removed permanently to Wash¬ 
ington, D. C. The rates of postage have tended uniformly to a decrease. 
In 1818 they were fixed at 6£ cents, 10 cents, 12i cents, and 25 cents per 
single letter, according to distance. In 1845 the half-ounce scale was adopt¬ 
ed for single letters, and the rates were reduced to 5 and 10 cents. The 
use of postage-stamps was authorized by Congress, March 3, and their 

issue in denominations of 5 and 10 cents only, to meet the existing rates of 
postage, was begun on the 1st of July following. Previous to this date 


430 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

Free-delivery System. This system, which is the free 
delivery of letters by carriers,* commenced in July, 1863. 
By it mail matter is delivered to given addresses in cities 
free of charge (except for the ordinary postages) and col¬ 
lected free of charges from street boxes at convenient 
points for mailing. (Connect with 1864, page 451.) 

West Virginia, consisting of forty-eight counties of 
Western and Northern Virginia, was recognized by Con¬ 
gress as a State, April 20, 1863, and two months later 
(June 20) was fully admitted into the Union. Arizona,f 
carved from the Mexican cession, and Idaho f from the 
original Oregon lands, were organized as Territories—the 
former in February, the latter in March. 

Crawford’s statue of Liberty was raised to the dome 
cf the Capitol on December 2, 1863. 

Deaths in 1863: Thomas Jonathan Jackson, “ Stone¬ 
wall ” (39), John Buchanan Floyd (58), Earl Van Dorn 
(40), Confederate generals; Sam Houston (70), ex-Presi¬ 
dent of Texas; General Edwin Vose Sumner (67), U. S. A.; 

postage was collected in money, its prepayment being in all cases optional. 
In 785-1 a further deduction of postal rates was made from 5 and 10 cents 
to 3 and 6 cents when prepaid (Chart Manual, see page 358). In 1853 the 
first issue of stamped envelopes was begun. Two years later (1855) the 
registry of letters was introduced, but it was not until 1876 that the system 
was satisfactorily established. In 1856 all postage was made payable in 
stamps. Other improvements in the Post-Office Department are noted in 
the Manual, under the years 1864, 1866, 1873, 1874, 1876, 1879, 1883, 
18S4, 1885, 1886. 

* The Letter-Carrier Service ’was approved by Congress as early as 
March 2, 1799. On July 2, 1836, the law was somewhat modified in ex¬ 
pression, though it underwent no material change. It was at the option 
of citizens to have their letters delivered and collected by carriers, sub¬ 
mitting, however, to an additional expense—not exceeding two cents on 
every letter—beyond the postage required by Government; the amount 
thus raised sufficed for the remuneration of the persons employed in this 
service. Before the free-delivery system was introduced, what was known 
as the Penny Post existed in twelve cities, by which drop-lettei's were de¬ 
livered and collected at an additional charge of one cent for each letter. 

+ For Arizona, see f note on page 350; and for Idaho, see f note on 
page 342. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


437 


Colonel John J. Abert (73), IT. S. Corps of Engineers; 
Colonel Julius F. Garesche (41), U. S. A.; Rear-Admiral 
Andrew Hull Foote (57), U. S. N.; John J. Crittenden 
(77), statesman. 

On March 10, 1863, his Royal Highness, Albert Edward, Prince 
of Wales (born 1841), married Princess Alexandra (born 1844), eldest 
daughter of Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg- 
Glucksburg, heir-presumptive of the Danish throne.* 

Prince William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, 
aged 17 years (second son of Prince Christian, heir-presumptive to 
the Danish crown), having accepted the proffered throne of Greece, 
began his reign as King George I., October 31, 1863.f 

On November 15, 1863, Prince Christian of Schleswig-ITolstein- 
Sonderburg-Glucksburg, aged 45 years, upon the death of his kins¬ 
man, King Frederic VII., without offspring, succeeded to the throne 
of Denmark, under the title of King Christian IX.J 


* The children of the Prince and Princess of Wales arc (1) Prince 
Albert Victor, born 1864; (2) Prince George, born 1865; (8) Princess 
Louise, born 1867 ; (4) Princess Victoria, born 1868; (5) Princess Maud, 
born 1869. 

f lie was the fourth prince to whom the crown of Greece had been 
offered—three other princes having declined its acceptance. (See note* 
under foreign history, 1862, page 422.) In October, 1867, King George I. 
married Princess Olga of Russia (born 1851), daughter of the Grand Duke 
Constantine, brother of the Emperor Alexander II. The children of the 
King and Queen of Greece are (1) Constanline, Duke of Sparta, born 1868; 
(2) George, born 1869; (3) Princess Alexandra, born 1870; (4) Nicholas, 
born 1872; (5) Princess Marie, born 1876; (6) Andre, born 1882. 

% The right of succession to the Danish throne, “ in default of male issue 
in the direct line of King Frederic III. of Denmark” (1648-1670), was 
guaranteed by the great European powers to Prince Christian of Glucks- 
burg and his consort Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel—the treaty to that 
effect being signed in London, May 8, 1852, by England, Russia, Sweden, 
France, and Prussia on the one hand, and Denmark on the other. The late 
king, Frederic VII., Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel, and Prince Christian 
of Glucksburg, were great-grandchildren of King Frederic V., who died in 
1766. 1. Frederic VII. was descended by the male line, his father and 

predecessor, Christian VIII., being the son of the hereditary crown-prince, 
who was the second son of Frederic V. 2. Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel 
was descended by the female line, her mother, Louise Charlotte of Den¬ 
mark (wife of the Landgrave William of Hesse-Cassel), being the daughter 
of the hereditary crown-prince. 3. Prince Christian of Glucksburg was 
also descended by the female line, his mother, Louise of Hesse, being the 
daughter of Prince Charles of Hesse-Cassel and Louise of Denmark, half- 
sister of the hereditary crown-prince. The Landgrave William of Hesse- 
Cassel was the nephew of Prince Charles of Hesse-Cassel. The princely 
line of Glucksburg was singularly honored in 1863. Besides Prince Chris- 



438 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Upon the accession of Christian IX. to the Danish throne, the 
claims of the Schleswig-Holstein duchies to independence of Den¬ 
mark, which had caused a three years’ war, 1848-’51, were revived.* 

Deaths: Horace Vernet (78) and Ferdinand X. E. Delacroix (65), 
French painters; AVilliam Mulready (77), British painter; Lord 
Lyndhurst (90), British statesman and jurist; Lord Colin Campbell 
Clyde (70), British general; William Makepeace Thackeray (52), 
British author; Dost Mohammed (78), Emir of Cabul. 

1864 . Fourth Year of the War—Minor Operations 
previous to the Campaigns in Virginia and Georgia. 
1. In February, General Seymour, at the head of an 
army of 6,000 men, invaded Florida; but, being sig¬ 
nally defeated at Olustee f (February 20), he was forced 
to retire from the State. 2. On the 3d of Febru¬ 
ary, General Sherman began a rapid march from Vicks¬ 
burg across Northern Mississippi, for the purpose of 
destroying railroads, especially those centering at Merid- 

tian’s elevation to the throne of Denmark and that of his son to the throne 
of Greece, and the marriage of his eldest daughter Alexandra to the Prince 
of Wales, his second daughter Dagmar was betrothed to the Grand Duke 
Nicholas, heir-apparent to the throne of Russia. Nicholas died, however, 
in 1865, before the consummation of their nuptials, and the following year 
Princess Dagmar espoused Alexander—the brother of her late fiance —then 
the hereditary grand duke of the empire. The children of the King and 
Queen of Denmark are (1) Frederic, prince royal, born 1843 (connect with 
foreign history, 1869, IV., page 477); (2) Alexandra, Princess of Wales, 
born 1844; (3) William (George I.), King of Greece, born 1845; (4) 
Dagmar, Empress of Russia since 1881, bom 1847; (5) Thyra, Duchess of 
Cumberland, born 1853; (6) Valdemar, born 1858. (See Valdemar’s mar¬ 
riage, 1885, page 520.) 

* “ According to the laws of these two duchies, the Prince of Augusten- 
burg was entitled to succeed the late King Frederic VII. as Duke of 
Schleswig and Holstein, but the treaty of 1852, concluded in London by the 
great European powers, had set aside these law’s, and declared Prince Chris¬ 
tian of Glucksburg to be the heir of the entire Danish monarchy.” As 
neither the Diets of the duchies nor that of the Germanic Confederation 
had consented to the London treaty, the Prince of Augustenburg insisted 
upon the validity of his claims, which were now supported by the Diets of 
Schleswig and Holstein and a majority of the German states. “ As Christian 
IX. refused to recognize these claims, the complication assumed a belligerent 
character, and the year 1863 closed with the prospect of a war upon w hich 
all Europe looked with anxiety.” (Connect with 1864, page 453.) 

f Olustee, a village in Baker County, Florida, forty-seven miles west of 
Jacksonville. The battle fought here is sometimes called Ocean Pond, also 
Silver Lake. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


439 


ian.* A strong cavalry force designed to co-operate in the 
expedition was intercepted by Forrest, the Confederate cav¬ 
alry leader, and driven back to Memphis. Sherman, hav¬ 
ing torn up the railroad-tracks for many miles, and burned 
bridges, depots, and rolling-stock, withdrew into Central 
Mississippi. 3. Early in the spring, General Forrest was 
actively engaged in a raid in Western Tennessee and Ken¬ 
tucky. On the 12th of April, he appeared before Fort 
Pillow, and, carrying it by storm, massacred the garrison, 
which consisted chiefly of negroes. 4. General Banks, 
commanding the Department of the Gulf, organized the 
Red River* expedition, the object of which was to capt¬ 
ure Shreveport * (an extensive depot of military stores), 
open the Red River country, and thus secure possession 
of Western Louisiana; Admiral Porter’s fleet co-operated 
with the land-forces. The enterprise, however, met with 
the most disastrous failure, and Banks, upon his return 
to New Orleans was superseded by General Canby. 5. 
One of the most daring raids of 1864 occurred in Virginia 
early in March. The leaders were General Kilpatrick 
and Lieutenant Dahlgren, “ whose object was to surprise 
Richmond, enter the city, then release the Federal pris¬ 
oners there confined, and leave them to burn the city. 
They completely failed.” Dahlgren was killed on his 
retreat, but Kilpatrick escaped, and finally joined Sher¬ 
man’s army in Georgia. 

Grant made Lieutenant General, March 3 , 186h — 
Consolidation of Armies. Hitherto, the armies of the 
various military departments, being under the control 

* Meridian , near the eastern boundary of Mississippi, is the capital of 
Laudervale County, and is situated on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad, at its 
junction with the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad. Red River, the 
southernmost of the great tributaries of the Mississippi, is 1,600 miles long. 
Shreveport , a city of Louisiana, on the west bank of Red River. 


440 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


of different commanders, had not co-operated sufficiently 
with one another, especially in the case of troops engaged 
in remote campaigns. This lack of concerted action—an 
essential element of military success—had, not infre¬ 
quently, brought disaster on the national cause. To 
remedy the evil, it became necessary to devise a plan by 
which the forces of the republic could be directed en 
masse against the Confederacy, whose territory, owing 
to the Federal victories of the preceding year, was now 
greatly reduced. Accordingly, Congress passed an act 
(February 29) reviving the grade of lieutenant-general * 
(the highest in the service of the United States), and, on 
March 3, it was conferred on General Grant by President 
Lincoln. Henceforth, “the national forces moving in 
obedience to a single voice, and being persistently held 
to the accomplishment of a single purpose,” there are but 
two main campaigns to chronicle, in which must be em¬ 
braced the actions of co-operative detachments. 

Grant's Appointments .—Upon assuming his position, 
Grant announced that his headquarters would be in the 
field, and, until further orders, with the Army of the Po¬ 
tomac. Meade was at once confirmed in the command 
of this army, while to General P. H. Sheridan was as¬ 
signed the charge of the Cavalry Corps. Sherman suc¬ 
ceeded to Grant’s late command—the Military Division 
of the Mississippi.f Grant’s objective points were the 
two main Confederate armies, the one under Lee in Vir¬ 
ginia, the other under Johnston in Georgia. Meade’s 
duty was to destroy Lee’s army and capture Richmond ; 
Sherman’s was to annihilate Johnston’s forces and seize 

* This rank had hitherto been held by only two men—George Washing¬ 
ton, by full right, and Winfield Scott, by brevet. 

f See October 16, 1863, thirteenth line of page 432. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


441 


Atlanta, “ the great military storehouse and manufactory 
of the South.” (Connect with page 446.) 

Army of the Potomac—Sixth Advance on Richmond ,* 
May Ji to June H, 1864 (Grant and Meade) f —Battles of 
the Wilderness (May 5,6); Spottsylvania Court-House 
(7-12) • Cold Harbor (June IS). In this advance, 
known as Grant's Overland Campaign, which occupied 
six weeks, the chief aim of the lieutenant-general was, 
by a series of flank movements, to interpose his forces 
between Lee’s army and Richmond, so as to march di¬ 
rectly upon that city. His designs, however, were frus¬ 
trated by the skill of the Confederate commander, who, 

* In conjunction with the advance upon Richmond from the north, two 
co-operative movements were planned. General Butler, commanding the 
Army of the James, was to proceed from Fortress Monroe up the James 
River, and, after capturing Petersburg, to march upon Richmond from the 
south. In compliance with these instructions, Butler, on the 5th of May, 
landed his army, of about 30,000 men, at City Point and Bermuda Hun¬ 
dred. (The latter is on a peninsula formed by a sharp bend of the James 
River, twenty miles south of Richmond, and near the mouth of the Appo¬ 
mattox.) About the middle of May, having advanced to Drury’s Bluff (see 
note f on page 409), he was surprised by Beauregard and driven back to Ber¬ 
muda Hundred, where, to use Grant’s expression, he was “ bottled up,” and 
thus, for a time at least, thrown out of the combined operations. The second 
co-operative expedition was undertaken by forces posted in the Shenandoah 
Valley and West Virginia (at first under Sigel, but toward the end of May 
under Hunter). After destroying important railroad connections, they were 
directed to operate against Staunton and Lynchburg, and then to form a 
junction with the Army of the Potomac in the Confederate rear. Neither 
Sigel nor Hunter succeeded in the whole work allotted to him—the former 
w'as routed (May 15) near New Market (in the Shenandoah Valley, forty-five 
miles northwest of Staunton), and the latter, being repulsed near Lynch¬ 
burg (June 18) by Early and Breckenridge, was forced to retire into West 
Virginia. Thus, the Valley of the Shenandoah was once more open to the 
Confederates. (Connect with Early’s raid into Maryland, July 5, page 
444.) 

f “ General Meade was as truly the commander of the Army of the Po¬ 
tomac as was General Sherman of the army co-operating in Georgia, and 
both these officers were equally under General Grant. The lieutenant- 
general’s presence with the Army of the Potomac naturally led to his as¬ 
suming a more direct and personal supervision of affairs in Virginia than 
he was able to do of the co-operative movement of Sherman in Georgia. 
Grant’s orders to Meade were of the most general character. The manner 
of executing them was left to the judgment and skill of the latter.” 


442 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


whenever a flanking advance was made by the Federals, 
“ fell back rapidly, and, behind breastworks, again con¬ 
fronted them.” When the Army of the Potomac, 140,- 
000 strong, after crossing the Papidan on the 4th of May, 
reached on the 5th, the barren region of the Wilderness * 
(abont eight miles westward of the old battle-field of 
Chancellorsville), they found Lee in the thicket with 
60,000 men, strongly intrenched and prepared to dispute 
their advance. A terrible battle of two days’ duration 
closed without decisive advantage to either side. Grant, 
steadfast in his purpose of pushing ahead, now made a 
flank movement to secure a good position at Spottsylvania 
Court-House, a few miles farther south,but Lee was already 
there to oppose him; and a fierce and stubborn struggle, 
lasting six days (May 7-12), ensued, without decisive 
results, except that General Hancock succeeded in taking 
a part of the Confederate line and captured over 3,000 
prisoners.f When, by another flank movement, made 
on the 19th of May, the Union advance reached the North 
Anna River £ on the 23d, they descried their opponents on 
the opposite side, making ready to receive them. “ Grant 
once more turned the Confederate line on its right flank, 
crossed the Pamunkey J at Hanovertown, and proceeded to 

* The Wilderness is a country thickly covered for several miles with a 
dense undergrowth of pines, cedars, and scrub-oaks, and consequently wholly 
unsuited for the operations of cavalry and artillery. 

f Meanwhile, on the 9th, Sheridan w as dispatched on a cavalry raid, to 
destroy railroad communications with Richmond and other important points, 
in which work he was eminently successful. The famous Confederate 
cavalry leader, General Stuart, was mortally wounded in an encounter with 
Sheridan’s cavalry near Richmond, while endeavoring to cover that city 
against the raiders. General Wade Hampton succeeded Stuart in command 
of the Southern cavalry. 

\ The North Anna River , a small stream in Virginia, unites with the 
South Anna, eighteen miles north of Richmond, to form the Pamunkey 
River , which, uniting with the Mattapony River at West Point, forms the 
York River. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


443 


Cold Harbor ”; * there, as usual, Lee had anticipated him 
and was prepared to give battle. Although the Federals 
were severely repulsed on June 1, they made another at¬ 
tack on the 3d, and in about half an hour lost 10,000 of 
their number. “ When an order was given to renew the 
charge, the soldiers, appreciating the uselessness of the 
butchery, silently disobeyed.” 

Grants New Line of MarchJ The impracticability of 
reaching Richmond from the north being now apparent 
to all, Grant determined to adopt McClellan’s original 
plan, of approaching that city from the south. Accord¬ 
ingly, on the 15th of June, he began to throw his army 
across the James, hoping to surprise Petersburg, the 
outpost of Richmond. But again he was forestalled by 
the Confederate commander, who, having penetrated the 
design, promptly intrenched himself within the defenses 
of Richmond and Petersburg. Thus, the sixth “ on-to- 
Richmond march ” proved a failure, at least for the year 
1864, while the campaign, from its beginning (May 4), 
had cost the Union army 60,000 men ; the Confederates, 
having usually fought behind breastworks, lost only one 
third as many. 

Army of the Potomac before Petersburg *—Siege of 
the City , June , 186b, to April 2, 1865. Upon Grant’s 
approach, Butler, who still lay intrenched at Bermuda 
Hundred, immediately joined him, and their combined 
forces moved against Petersburg (June 18). Several at- 

* Cold Harbor , twelve miles northeast of Richmond, is near Gaines’s 
Mill, the battle ground of the Confederate victory gained June 27, 1862. 
(See eighteenth line of page 414.) 

f On the 11th of May, while Grant was at Spottsylvania Court-House, he 
announced his intention “ to fight it out on that line, if it should take all 
summer.” “ The work, however, was done on quite a different line, and it 
took not only all summer, but all autumn and winter, and reached far into 
the next year.”—“ Bryant’s History of the United States.” 


444 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL . 


tempts to carry this stronghold by storm having failed, 
Grant quietly set his army down for a regular siege, 
which was maintained with varying success * until the 
decisive movements of April 1 and 2, 1865. (See page 
458.) 

Third Invasion of the North , July, 186 J {Early )— 
Washington again threatened . Hunter’s retreat into 
West Virginia, the latter part of June,f left Washington 
exposed. Lee, instead of recalling Early and Brecken- 
ridge to the defense of Richmond, ordered them to invade 
Maryland and make a descent upon the national capital. 
He naturally concluded that this stroke, by creating alarm 
for the safety of Washington, would cause the withdrawal 
of troops from the Army of the Potomac for the pro¬ 
tection of that city, and “thus relieve his own stress.” 
Accordingly, with a force of 20,000 men, Early swept 
down the Valley and crossed into Maryland on July 5. 
Having met and defeated General Lew Wallace (July 9) 
at Monocacy River, near Frederick, he pressed forward 
to the works around Washington, but, finding them too 
strong to justify an assault, he hurried back into Virginia. 

* The Confederate lines, stretching from Petersburg on the southwest to 
Richmond on the northeast, covered a distance of thirty miles. Attempts 
to pierce the defenses in front of Petersburg were frequently made, the 
most notable occurring on July 30, by exploding a mine of gunpowder 
which had been run under the central fort of the beleaguered city. The 
earthworks of the fort and the garrison of two hundred men were in an in¬ 
stant carried high into the air, but the Federal storming party, which rushed 
into the gap made by the explosion, was repulsed with frightful loss. Burn¬ 
side, who had planned the mine (“ it was five hundred and twenty feet long, 
with lateral branches at the head, forty feet in either direction, and charged 
with eight thousand pounds of gunpowder”), was now, at his own request, 
relieved, and his command was transferred to Parke. About two weeks 
after the mine disaster (August 18), an important advantage was gained by 
the Union army, in the seizure and permanent possession of the Weldon 
Railroad, which connects Richmond and Petersburg with Weldon, a town in 
Halifax County, North Carolina, situated on Roanoke River, ninety-six miles 
northeast of Raleigh. 

f See note * on page 441. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


445 


Toward the close of the month his cavalry made a most 
destructive raid into Pennsylvania, and, having, on July 
30, sacked and burned Chambersburg, returned into Vir¬ 
ginia, laden with plunder. 

Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley . Early in August 
(1864) Grant detached Sheridan from the Army of the 
Potomac with a large cavalry force to dislodge the Con¬ 
federates from the Valley, and at the same time to devas¬ 
tate that region so as to render it “untenable for all 
future raiding parties.” Sheridan reached his field of 
operations August 6, and the next day was promoted to 
the command of the Middle Military Division, just or¬ 
ganized.* He, however, delayed offensive movements 
until Early bad been weakened by the withdrawal of 
some of his troops to Kichmond. Seizing an opportune 
moment, he then dealt the Confederate general a telling 
blow at the battle of Opequan,f near Winchester, Sep¬ 
tember 19, and again on the 22d at Fisher’s Hill (on the 
Shenandoah, two miles south of Strasburg), after which 
he laid waste, throughout its whole extent, the beautiful 
and fertile Valley, so that nothing was left for the subsist¬ 
ence of a hostile force, either for man or beast. 

Battle of Cedar Creek , October 19—Sheridan and 
Early. Having successfully accomplished his mission 
in the Valley, Sheridan left his army encamped behind 
Cedar Creek, just above its junction with the Shenandoah, 
and repaired to Washington on business. During his ab- 

* “The Middle Department and the Departments of Washington, of the 
Susquehanna, and of West Virginia were constituted the Middle Military 
Division, August 7, 1864, and Major-General P. H. Sheridan placed in com¬ 
mand of it.” (See Phisterer’s “ Statistical Record,” page 24.) 

f Sheridan called this action the battle of Opequan, to distinguish it 
from previous contests around Winchester. The results of these victories 
were important: “Maryland and Pennsylvania were freed from the periodi¬ 
cal invasions to which they had been subjected during three years, and the 
national capital from further humiliation.” 


446 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


sence, Early, who had been re-enforced, suddenly returned 
and, surprising the Federals in their intrenchments, com¬ 
pletely routed them, after which he followed in hot pur¬ 
suit for four miles ; but here his soldiers, supposing their 
triumph achieved, stopped to rest and plunder. Mean¬ 
while, Sheridan, who was already returning, and at Win¬ 
chester, nearly twelve miles away, heard the sound of 
artillery, and “ putting spurs to his steed, galloped to the 
front, without drawing rein ” ; then, quick as thought, he 
rallied his panic-stricken troops, threw them again into 
the tight, and turning the tide of battle, gained, for the 
third time within thirty days, a brilliant victory.* This 
was the last important action that occurred in the Valley 
in 1864. In the spring of 1865 the shattered remnants of 
Early’s army joined Lee, while Sheridan, with a large 
part of his command, joined Gra$t. (See page 455.) 

Campaign in Northern Georgia ,f or Sherman's 
March from Chattanooga to Atlanta , May 7 to Septem¬ 
ber 2, 186h. On the 7th of May, just three days 
after the Army of the Potomac - began to move,:]; Sher¬ 
man, in obedience to Grant’s orders for combined op¬ 
erations, left Chattanooga with 100,000 men to destroy 

* A few weeks after the battle of Cedar Creek, Sheridan was appointed 
a major-general in the army; the appointment was expressed to be “ for 
personal gallantry, military skill, and just confidence in the courage and 
patriotism of his troops, as displayed on the 19th of October,” etc. (For a 
vivid picture of that event, see Thomas Buchanan Read’s popular little poem, 
“ Sheridan’s Ride.”) 

f “ Sherman’s plan throughout the whole campaign was to bring John¬ 
ston to battle on such terms as would insure his defeat, and then advance 
and occupy Atlanta. Johnston’s plan was to avoid a general engagement, 
except w r here the advantage of position was on the side of the Confederates, 
and at the same time to delay Sherman’s march as much as possible. If no 
opportunity presented itself of defeating Sherman, he intended to fall back 
to his lines near Atlanta, where his position would be as strong as Lee’s 
before Richmond and Petersburg, and there, with the advantage on his side, 
he expected to defeat Sherman.” 

% See page 441. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


447 


the Confederate army in Georgia—then under Johnston, 
and only 50,000 strong—and capture their stronghold, 
Atlanta. Except at rare intervals, the Federal army 
throughout this campaign outnumbered that of the Con¬ 
federates two to one, but the latter had the advantage of 
superior positions, and held an almost impregnable line of 
defenses. Johnston’s main army lay strongly intrenched 
at Dalton; here (May 9) he endeavored to check Sher¬ 
man’s advance, but, being outflanked by the latter, was 
forced to fall back to Resaca, fifteen miles farther south. 
“ Both generals were masters of strategy, and while John¬ 
ston showed his skill in the selection and fortification of 
strongholds, Sherman’s was displayed in a series of flank¬ 
ing operations by which he repeatedly gained the rear of 
his antagonist and compelled him to quit his positions.” 
After severe engagements on the 14th and 15th, Resaca 
was carried, when Johnston resumed his retreat toward 
Atlanta, stopping to give battle at Dallas May 25 to 28; 
Lost Mountain, June 15 to 17 (here the Confederate gen¬ 
eral, Bishop Polk, was killed); and Kenesaw Mountain 
June 22 to July 3. Although repulsed in the last action, 
Sherman, by an adroit movement, again outflanked the 
Confederates, and both armies crossed the Chattahoochee, 
seven miles northwest of Atlanta. Johnston, with con¬ 
summate skill, succeeded, by the 10th of July, in drawing 
his forces within the defenses of that city, and, having 
received re-enforcements, was prepared to meet his oppo¬ 
nents upon more advantageous grounds. The masterly 
manner in which he liad conducted the retreat was at¬ 
tested by Sherman himself, but at Richmond this defen¬ 
sive mode of warfare was condemned, and Johnston was 
superseded (July 17) by General John B. Hood. This 
brave but less prudent commander made three desperate 


448 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


assaults upon the Union lines (July 20, 22, 28), in all 
three of which he was repulsed with great slaughter. In 
the second of these engagements, commonly called the 
battle of Atlanta, the gallant and accomplished McPher¬ 
son, commander of the Army of the Tennessee, was 
killed, when his command devolved upon General John 
A. Logan. For an entire month Sherman had pressed 
the siege of Atlanta, when finally, by a dexterous flank- 
movement, he swung his forces round so as to get be¬ 
tween two main divisions of the Confederate army. This 
manoeuvre obliged Hood to evacuate Atlanta, August 31, 
and on the 2d of September the stronghold was occupied 
by the national troops, and held by them until November 
15, 1864, when they began their “March to the Sea.” 

Hood’s Invasion of Tennessee September 28 , 186f )— 
Battles of Franklin (November 30); Nashville (.December 
15-16). We have now two campaigns to follow—Sher¬ 
man’s in Georgia and Hood’s in Tennessee. After sev¬ 
eral unsuccessful attempts to destroy the railroad commu¬ 
nications between Atlanta and Dalton, Hood planned the 
invasion of Tennessee, hoping thereby to draw the Fed¬ 
eral army out of Georgia. The strategy failed entirely. 
Sherman detached Thomas and Schofield from the main 
army in Georgia, and sent them to protect Tennessee. 
Hood, moving toward Nashville — his chief objective 
point—at the head of 45,000 men, met a detachment 
from Schofield’s command at Franklin, eighteen miles 
southwest of Nashville; in the battle that ensued (No¬ 
vember 30) Hood gained some advantage, though at con¬ 
siderable loss. He next advanced and laid siege (Decem¬ 
ber 1) to Nashville, where Thomas and Schofield were 
concentrated. For two weeks no important movement 
was made, but, on the 15th, Thomas suddenly sallied forth 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


449 


from his intrenchments, and, in a two days’ engagement 
(15-16), totally routed the Confederate army, pursuing it 
vigorously for many miles. In the course of the cam¬ 
paign, Thomas had captured 12,000 prisoners. “ The rock 
of Chickamauga * had become the sledge of Nashville. 
For the first time in the history of the war an army was 
destroyed. The contest at the West, so far as great move¬ 
ments were concerned, was at an end. Thomas had now 
no enemy to meet, and his troops were scattered on various 
expeditions.” 

Sherman’s March to the Sea (November 15-December 
21). On November 15, just two months and a half after 
the fall of Atlanta, Sherman—having previously severed 
his communications with the North, and consigned the 
captured city to the flames—began his famous march 
through the heart of Georgia to the Atlantic coast. His 
army, 62,000 strong, moving in four parallel columns 
flanked by cavalry, and extending over a tract from twen¬ 
ty to sixty miles wide, carried desolation in its course. 
Railroads were torn up, the ties were burned, and rails 
twisted ; a host of slaves, seizing the opportunity to escape 
from bondage, followed in the rear. Meeting with but 
little opposition, the troops foraged as they passed, and 
thus “ lived on the richest produce of the land.” Mean¬ 
while, as the condition of the army, its whereabout, and 
the proposed terminus of its march were unknown to 
friends at the North, intense anxiety for its safety was 
entertained. The campaign, however, was a perfect suc¬ 
cess ; in less than a month three hundred miles had been 
traversed, and Savannah was only a few miles off. On 
the 13th of December, Fort McAllister, a strong redoubt 
on the Ogeechee, which defended the approaches of the 

* Sec battle of Chickamauga, September 19, 20, 1863, page 431. 


450 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


city, at a distance of fifteen miles, was carried by assault, 
and communication opened with the Federal fleet in the 
harbor. General Hardee, the Confederate commander, 
who held Savannah with 15,000 men, evacuated his 
stronghold on the night of the 20th, and the next day the 
national forces took possession. On the 22d, Sherman 
wrote to President Lincoln, “ I beg to present to you, as 
a Christmas gift, the city of Savannah, with 150 heavy 
guns and plenty of ammunition, and also about 25,000 
bales of cotton.” (Connect with 1865, last T[ on page 455.) 

Naval Actions and Coast Operations of 186f Mo¬ 
bile and Wilmington were the only important seaports* 
which remained to the Confederacy, and it was now a 
part of Grant’s plan, while the Virginia and Georgia cam¬ 
paigns were in progress, and Gillmore was pressing the 
siege of Charleston, f to detail a force of sufficient strength 
to capture those harbors. Accordingly, in July, a power¬ 
ful fleet, under Admiral Farragut, and a land-force, under 
Geiieral Granger, appeared before the defenses of Mobile 
Bay, and soon achieved a brilliant victory. Having dis¬ 
abled and captured the Confederate ironclad, Tennessee, 
on August 5, they received the surrender of Fort Gaines 
on the 7th, and of Fort Morgan on the 23d, and thus 
effectually sealed the port to blockade-running, but made 
no attempt to reduce the city. % The Confederates held 

* Galveston (Texas) was never retaken after its capture by the Con¬ 
federates in January, 1863, but its importance as a seaport was far below 
that of Mobile and Wilmington. (See page 434.) 

f Although the siege of Charleston Harbor had been rigorously main¬ 
tained since July, 1863, and the fire from Gillmore’s batteries had laid 
waste all the lower part of the city, “ the Confederate flag still waved over 
the ruins of Sumter and the forts that guarded the harbor.” It was not 
until February, 1865, that the city of Charleston was occupied by a Federal 
force. (See page 456.) 

% Mobile is situated on the west bank of Mobile River, immediately 
above its entrance into Mobile Bay, and thirty miles north of the Gulf of 
Mexico. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


451 


it until its surrender to General Canby, April 12, 1865. 
The expedition under Admiral Porter and General Butler, 
sent late in December against Fort Fisher (which com¬ 
manded the entrance to Wilmington), proved unsuccess¬ 
ful. General Butler, deeming the fort too strong to be 
carried, returned to Fortress Monroe, while Admiral Por¬ 
ter, tirm in the conviction that it could be taken, remained 
off the coast awaiting the arrival of a competent co-operat¬ 
ing force to renew the attempt. (Connect with January 
15, 1865, pages 454, 455.) 

The Anglo-Con federate cruiser Alabama,* sailing un¬ 
der a British flag, and commanded by Captain Raphael 
Semtnes (formerly of the privateer Sumter), after a long 
career destructive to Federal commerce, was attacked and 
sunk off Cherbourg, France, June 19, by the United States 
war-steamer Kearsarge, Captain Winslow. On October 28 
the Confederate ram Albemarle was destroyed at Plym¬ 
outh, North Carolina, by a torpedo, which Lieutenant 
Cushing with his own hands fastened to the vessel. 

“ The Money-Order Office. This branch of the post- 
office was established May IT, 1864, and Tvent into opera¬ 
tion the following November, with 141 offices. The ob¬ 
ject of the system was the establishment of an agency 
for the safe and cheap transmission of small sums of 
money. As a general rule, postmasters are forbidden to 
issue to one person more than three orders of fifty dollars 
each on one day on the same office.” f 

* See Alabama claims, 18*72, IT, page 481. 

f “ The money-order is divided into two parts—the order proper and the 
advice. From the order, which is received and transmitted by the pur¬ 
chaser, the name of the payee is omitted. In the advice , which is sent by 
the postmaster of the issuing-office to the postmaster of the paying-office, 
the name of the payee is inserted. The advice and the order receive the 
same stamp and number, and, being transmitted separately, constitute an 
almost perfect check against loss, robbery, and fraud.” 


452 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


The Postal-Car Service, “By this is meant the sort¬ 
ing of mail-matter while in transit; it commenced on the 
Iowa division of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad 
on the 28th of August, 1864. It may now be considered 
as a permanent fixture on all important railroads.” * 
(Connect with 1866, page 466.) 

Nevada,! the thirty-sixth State, was admitted into the 
Union on October 31, 1864. It was carved out of terri¬ 
tory acquired by the Mexican cession. Montana (formed 
principally from the Louisiana purchase and a small por¬ 
tion of the original Oregon lands) was organized as a Ter¬ 
ritory. 

Deaths in 1864: Nathaniel Hawthorne (60), author; 
Josiah Quincy (92), statesman and scholar; Chief-Justice 
R. B. Taney (87); Archbishop Hughes, of New York 
(67); Commodore William D. Porter { (54), U. S. Navy. 

The Ionian Islands (on the west coast of Greece) were annexed 
to Greece May 28, 1864 (the British troops having retired June 2), 
and King George arrived at Corfu, the capital, on June 6. # 


* Under the former system, certain offices, the principal postal centers 
of the country, were designated as distribution-offices. On the arrival of 
the mail at these offices, the matter was re-sorted for the distribution-office 
next beyond; the delay for this purpose often keeping the mail over one 
train. Letters traveling a long distance were, therefore, always behind the 
traveler and the express, and the longer the distance the greater the delay. 
By the new plan, mail-matter is sorted in the cars while in transit. Letters 
for way-stations are so bagged as to be thrown off at proper places, and 
those for terminal offices are classified according to the general direction of 
the route. The mail is now ready for transshipment from depot to depot, if 
necessary, without visiting the post-office. By the catching service, the 
mail-bag is taken into and thrown from the cars while in motion. An iron 
arm, projecting from the car, seizes the mail-bag at the station, and gives 
it to the postal clerks. And thus the local mails between contiguous offices 
are received, sorted, and delivered, on the same day, and without checking 
the speed of the train. (Appletons’ “Annual Cyclopaedia,” 1868, page 631.) 

f See “ Territory of Nevada,” 1861, page 376. 

\ Commodore W. D. Porter was the son of Commodore David Porter 
(distinguished in the War of 1812), and elder brother of Admiral David 
Dixon Porter. Two of his sons were in the Confederate service. 

* These islands, seven in number (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zahte, Ithaca, 
Santa Maura, Cerigo, and Paxo), were taken “ by the kings of Sicily, in the 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


453 


The Schleswig-Holstein War, foreshadowed at the close of 1863 
(see note * * on page 438), broke out early in 1864. The belligerent 
parties were Denmark on the one side, and Austria and Prussia on 
the other. The cause of the war was the disputed right of succes¬ 
sion to those duchies. The result was, that Denmark resigned all 
her rights to Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, and consented to 
accept whatever arrangement for their future government should 
be made by the Emperor of Austria and King of Prussia. (Connect 
with note * under Seven Weeks’ War, foreign history, 186G, pages 
467 and 468. 

Louis II., aged 18 years, ascended the throne of Bavaria upon 
the death of his father, Maximilian II. (Connect with note t under 
foreign history, 1886, page 524.) 

Charles I.,* aged 40 years, succeeded to the throne of Wurtem- 
berg, upon the death of his father, William I.* 

On April 10, 1864, at his castle of Miramar, near Trieste, the 
Archduke Maximilian (aged 31 years), brother of Francis Joseph, 
Emperor of Austria, accepted the imperial crown of Mexico, with 
the title of Maximilian I. Accompanied by his lovely and accom¬ 
plished young wife, Princess Carlotta, daughter of Leopold I., King 
of the Belgians, he reached the city of Mexico on the 12th of June, 
and took up his residence in the National Palace.f (Connect with 
foreign history, 1867, IT V., page 471.) 


twelfth century, and in the fourteenth fell under the jurisdiction of the 
Venetians, and so remained until the fall of Venice, when, by the treaty of 
Campo Formio (1797), they were thrown into the hands of the French. 
Russia and Turkey jointly expelled the French, and in 1800 erected them 
into the Septinsular Republic , which, under the protection of Turkey, failed 
as an experiment of self-government. By the Treaty of Tilsit (1807) the 
Ionian Islands were again ceded to France, but being captured by Great 
Britain in 1809, they were secured to that power by the Treaty of Paris, 
November 9, 1815.” Erected into an independent republic, they remained 
under the protection of the British until their annexation to Greece in 1864. 

* In 1846, Charles, then Prince Royal of Wurtemberg, married Princess 
Olga of Russia, daughter of the Emperor Nicholas. They have had no 
children; the heir-presumptive of the throne is at present (1886) Prince 
William (born 1848), King Charles’s nephew and cousin—the relationship 
being through the king’s sister, Catherine (the mother of Prince William), 
who married her first cousin, Prince Frederic, son of her paternal uncle, 
Prince Paul of Wurtemberg. 

f Maximilian was undoubtedly a prince of a pure and noble character, 
lie assumed the crown of Mexico under the belief that he was called to it 
by the voice of the nation. Measured by its results, his brief reign was a 
complete failure. Napoleon III., to induce the archduke to accept the 
throne, had pledged himself by solemn treaty to support him in his new 
position, as long as might be needful, both “by the legions of France and 
French gold.” (See note % under foreign history, 1862, page 422; 1867, 
page 471; and history of United States, page 466.) 



454 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Marriage of Isabella (b. 1846), Princess Imperial of Brazil, daugh¬ 
ter of Pedro II.* and the Empress Therese (aunt of Francis II., the 
last King of Naples) to Prince Louis Gaston of Orleans (b. 1842), 
Count d’Eu, eldest son of the Duke of Nemours and grandson of 
King Louis Philippe. Three sons are the issue of their union: (1) 
Pedro, prince royal, b. 1875; (2) Louis, b. 1878; (3) Anthony, b. 
1881. 

Deaths: Meyerbeer (70). German musical composer; Walter 
Savage Landor (89), English author. 

1865 . The Civil War nearing its end. At the open¬ 
ing of this year, the contrast between the military con¬ 
dition of the belligerent parties was such as to create 
hopes of a speedy termination of the unnatural strife.f 
The Confederacy—with its field of operations narrowed, 
its resources exhausted, its communications cut off, its 
Congress deliberating the arming of its slaves—had, at 
this crisis, but one port open—that of Wilmington, and 
but two coherent armies in the field—that of Lee, in Vir¬ 
ginia, and the scattered forces farther south, soon to be 
concentrated in North Carolina, under Joseph E. John¬ 
ston.^: 

Capture of Fort Fisher , January 15 / of Wilming¬ 
ton , February 22. Early in January, Major-General 

* Princess Leopoldine (b. 1847), the second daughter of Pedro II. of 
Brazil, married, in 1864, Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, admiral 
in the Brazilian navy. The princess died in 1871 ; she left four sons: (1) 
Pedro, b. 1866; (2) Augustus, b. 1867 ; (3) Joseph, b. 1869; (4) Louis, b. 
1870. 

f “ The Federal armies numbered more than a million men, while the 
South, drained of means and supplies, could muster barely 150,000 soldiers 
—ragged, shivering, hungry, gaunt—whose families for the most part were 
starving at home.” 

\ On the 6th of February, 1865, General Lee was appointed commander- 
in-chief of all the forces that remained to the Confederacy. “ The combined 
voice of rulers and people had elected him as the tried spirit best fitted to 
deliver them from the perils fast closing in on every side; he could not 
refuse, but the confidence came too late." (Sec Miss Mason’s “ Life of Lee,” 
page 283.) At Lee’s instance, a kindred spirit—as magnanimous as he was 
brave—General Joseph E. Johnston, was on February 23 again called into 
active service, and “ ordered to take command of the forces in front of 
Sherman, and make one more effort to restore the fallen fortunes of the 
Confederacy.” (Connect with note % on page 456.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


455 


Terry was detailed from the Army of the Potomac to 
co-operate with Admiral Porter in the reduction of Fort 
Fisher. After a terrible bombardment, the fort was car¬ 
ried on January 15 ; the fall of the other defenses of the 
harbor soon followed, and on the 22d of February, Wash¬ 
ington’s birthday, General Terry's victorious army occu¬ 
pied the city of Wilmington. 

On February 3, an informal Peace Conference between 
President Lincoln and three Confederate commissioners 
was held on board a steamer off Fortress Monroe. It re¬ 
sulted in no material advantage—the conditions exacted 
on each side rendering quite impossible an amicable ad¬ 
justment of our national difficulties. 

Sheridan’s Last Expedition up the Shenandoah Val¬ 
ley (February 27 to March 26). Shortly after his victory 
at Cedar Creek (October 19, 1864), Sheridan retired into 
winter quarters at Winchester. In obedience to Grant’s 
orders, he moved from that point, February 27 (1865), 
and, advancing up the Yalley with a cavalry force 
10,000 strong, entered Staunton March 2; then, push¬ 
ing on to Waynesborough, twelve miles southeast of 
Staunton, he came upon Early, whom he completely 
routed, taking sixteen hundred prisoners. The bold cav¬ 
alry leader next sent off detachments to destroy Lee’s 
communications by canal and by railroad, in every direc¬ 
tion ; after which, he swept round easterly toward the 
Pam unkey Eiver and White House, and, on March 26, 
joined Grant’s army on the James Eiver. 

Sherman’s Last Campaign—his March from Savan¬ 
nah (February 1 , 1865) to Goldsboro , N. C. (March 
21). Having rested his victorious army at Savannah 
about a month, Sherman moved northward (February 1) 
through the Carolinas; his design was to destroy bridges 


456 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


and railroads, and to capture the principal cities on his 
route, and then to unite with the Army of the Potomac 
before Petersburg. On the 17th of the month he entered 
Columbia,* the capital of South Carolina, and, having 
previously cut the railroad north of Charleston, compelled 
the evacuation of that city the same night,* thus ending 
a siege which had been maintained against it on the sea¬ 
ward side for a period of live hundred and eighty-five 
days. On the morning of the 18th, General Gillmore, 
taking possession of Charleston,f hoisted the national flag 
once more over Fort Sumter. Leaving Columbia f in 
ruins, Sherman resumed his march on February 20, J and 
on the 3d of March occupied Cheraw ; f continuing to ad- 

* “ Both at Columbia and at Charleston, the Confederates, before re¬ 
treating, set fire to immense stores of cotton, and hundreds of buildings in 
both cities were destroyed in the conflagration. Previous to his entrance 
into Columbia, Sherman had issued orders to ‘ destroy the public buildings, 
railroad property, manufacturing and machine shops, but to spare libraries, 
asylums, and private dwellings.’ ” 

f Columbia , the capital of South Carolina, on the left bank of the Con- 
garee River, at the confluence of the Broad and Saluda Rivers, one hundred 
and thirty miles by railroad north-northwest of Charleston. Charleston , S. C. 
(see 1680, III., page 180.). Cheraw, S. C., is on the right or west bank 
of the Great Pedee River, about ninety miles east-northeast of Columbia. 

X Three days later (February 28) Joseph E. Johnston, whose removal 
from the Confederate command in Georgia (July 17, 1864) had greatly 
facilitated the capture of Atlanta, and the subsequent successful “ march 
of the Union army to the sea,” was called upon “to drive back the same 
mighty host, as it was wending its course northward; but the summons to 
Johnston, as in the case of Lee’s high appointment, came too late—the Con¬ 
federacy was ali’eady in the last stage of dissolution.” Of his acceptance of 
the command Johnston writes thus : it was “ with a full consciousness on 
my part that we could have no other object in continuing the war than to 
obtain fair terms of peace; for the Southern cause must have appeared 
hopeless then, to all intelligent and dispassionate Southern men. I there¬ 
fore resumed the duties of my military grade with no hope beyond that of 
contributing to obtain peace on such conditions as, under the circumstances, 
ought to satisfy the Southern people and their government.” (See “John¬ 
ston’s Narrative,” page 372.) Sherman, in alluding to Johnston’s appoint¬ 
ment, says: “ I then knew that my special antagonist, General Joseph 
Johnston, was back with part of his old army; that he would not be misled 
by feints and false reports, and would somehow compel me to exercise 
more caution than I had hitherto done.” (See Sherman’s “ Memoirs,” vol. 
ii, page 299.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


457 


vance, he crossed into North Carolina and captured Fay¬ 
etteville * on the 11th; after two short but sharp engage¬ 
ments (the one on the 16th, at Averysboro,* where 
Hardee made a stand, but was repulsed; the other on 
the 19th and 20th, near Bentonville,* where Johnston, 
though gaining a partial advantage at first, was finally 
compelled to retreat), the Union commander reached 
Goldsboro* on the 22d, where he was joined by Scho¬ 
field from Newbern, and Terry from Wilmington, who 
had come up with large re-enforcements. Leaving Scho¬ 
field in command to recruit the army after its fatiguing 
march,f and to obtain supplies for its further advance, 
Sherman repaired to City Point, Virginia, to seek an in¬ 
terview with Grant. Meanwhile, Johnston’s forces re¬ 
mained intrenched in the vicinity of Raleigh.* (Connect 
with last paragraph on page 461.) 

March J, 1865—Second Inauguration of President 
Lincoln.% Administration, one month and ten days. 
Vice-President, Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee; Secre- 

* Fayetteville, N. C., on the west bank of the Cape Fear River, one hun¬ 
dred and twenty miles above "Wilmington, and about eighty-three miles south 
of Raleigh by railroad. Averysboro, N. C., on Cape Fear River, about thirty- 
live miles south of Raleigh. Bentonville, N. C., about twenty miles west of 
Goldsboro. Goldsboro, N. C., on the east bank of the Neuse River, eighty-four 
miles north of Wilmington, forty-nine miles southeast of Raleigh, and fifty- 
nine miles west by north of Newbern. Raleigh , the capital of North Caro¬ 
lina, one hundred and thirty-three miles north-northwest of Wilmington, is 
pleasantly situated on an elevation six miles west of the Neuse River, and 
a little to the northeast of the center of the State. 

f The distance from Savannah to Goldsboro is four hundred and twenty- 
five miles. Sherman considered this march “ one of the longest and most 
important ever made by an organized army in a civilized country.” (See 
Sherman’s “ Memoirs,” vol. ii., page 306.) 

\ The closing paragraph of the President’s inaugural address shows that 
he believed the end of the war to be near at hand. He thus spoke: “ With 
malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, as God 
gives us to sec the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in: to 
bind up the nation’s wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the bat¬ 
tle, and for his widow and his orphan; to do all which may achieve and 
cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.” 

20 


458 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


tary of State, William H. Seward; Secretary of War, 
Edwin M. Stanton. (Connect with pages 461 and 470.) 

Fort Steadman * surprised by the Confederates , but 
immediately recaptured , March 25. Lee’s situation was 
now well-nigh desperate. He was surrounded by over¬ 
whelming numbers, fast hemming him in on every side, 
and threatening to intercept his line of supplies by the 
seizure of the Richmond and Danville * and the South 
Side Railroads.* In this extremity, his only alternative 
was to escape from his intrenchments at Petersburg,* 
join Johnston in North Carolina, and with their united 
armies retire to the fastnesses of the mountains, whence 
they might hope to continue the conflict for an indefinite 
period. With this object in view, Lee planned an assault 
upon Fort Steadman, which, if successful, would make a 
breach in the center of his opponents’ lines, and by divid¬ 
ing their forces enable him, under cover of the attack, to 
effect his retreat. Accordingly, at dawn, March 25, the 
fort was surprised and carried; but, for the want of due 
support to the assailants, it was immediately recaptured 
by a counter-assault. 

Battle of Five Forks* April 1—Fall of Richmond , 

* Fori Steadman, the center of the Federal lines, was on the Appomattox 
River, directly east of Petersburg, and not more than two hundred yards 
from the Confederate lines; their respective pickets were only fifty yards 
apart. The Richmond and Danville Railroad connects Richmond with Dan¬ 
ville (a town on the Dan River, one hundred and forty-one miles west-south¬ 
west of Richmond); the chief stations on this road are Roanoke, Burkes- 
ville Junction, Jetersville, and Amelia Court-House. The South Side Rail¬ 
road, now known as the Norfolk and Western Railroad, connects Lynch¬ 
burg with Petersburg—it intersects the Danville road at Burkesville Station, 
fifty-three miles from Richmond. Among the stations on this road may 
be mentioned Appomattox Station, Farmville, and Nottoway Court-House. 
Petersburg , a city twenty-two miles south of Richmond, is on the Appomat¬ 
tox River, twelve miles from its entrance into James River, ffive Forks , 
a locality in Dinwiddie County, Virginia (ten miles west of Petersburg), at 
which point five roads meet in the woods, three of which run back several 
miles to the South Side Railroad. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


459 


April 3 — Lee's Surrender , April 9. Grant now hastened 
his advance upon the lines before Petersburg. Lee’s right 
wing being turned, on April 1, a division of his army, 
stationed at Five Forks, was signally defeated by Sheri¬ 
dan. This victory was followed, April 2, by a general 
bombardment along the whole Confederate front, and the 
next day botli Petersburg and Richmond were entered by 
the Union army. Jefferson Davis and his Cabinet had 
previously escaped to Danville.* Lee retreated westward, 
toward Lynchburg, still hoping to effect a junction with 
Johnston, but being closely pursued by Grant, Meade, and 
Sheridan, and, moreover, obliged to fight to cover his re¬ 
treat, his march was so delayed that he finally halted at 
Appomattox Court-House, and there, on April 9, surren- 
d3red his entire command to Grant, who “on the occa¬ 
sion exhibited the greatest magnanimity,” the terms of 
surrender being liberal and generous, and reflecting great 
honor upon the victorious general.f 

* For a few days they kept up the forms of the Confederate govern¬ 
ment at Danville, and then escaped into North Carolina, and were scattered. 
“ The ex President, accompanied by his wife and a few friends, continued 
his flight through South Carolina into Georgia, and encamped near the vil¬ 
lage of Irwinsville, where on the 10th of May (1865) he was captured by 
troops belonging to Wilson’s cavalry. He was conveyed to Fortress Monroe 
and kept in confinement until May of 186'7, when he was taken to Rich¬ 
mond to be tried on a charge of treason, but was liberated on bail fur¬ 
nished by Horace Greeley, of New York; John Minor Botts, of Virginia, 
and others. His cause was finally dismissed without a trial.” 

f “After stacking their arms and colors, the officers and men, having 
given an obligation not to bear arms against the Government of the United 
States until properly exchanged, were permitted to return to their homes, 
safe from any molestation by the Federal authorities, the officers being 
allowed to retain their side-arms, and officers and men to retain such horses 
as were their own private property. ... The victors were kind and mag¬ 
nanimous. No bands played ; no cheers were heard, save from some far-off 
division which did not know exactly what was passing, and these were apolo¬ 
gized for by one of the officers” (Miss Mason’s “Life of Lee”). “As the 
armies were enemies no longer, there was no need of martial array that 
night, nor fear of surprise, nor call to arms; but hostile devisement gave 
place to mutual helpfulness, and the victors shared their rations with the 


460 LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Assassination of President Lincoln, April 11+, 1865. 
While the people at the North were still exulting over 
the fall of Kichmond and the surrender of Lee, the tele¬ 
graphic wires flashed over the land the news of Lincoln’s 
assassination, and turned all joy into mourning.* The 
crime was perpetrated on Good-Friday night, April 14, 
by the actor, John Wilkes Booth, who, while the Presi¬ 
dent was sitting in a private box at Ford’s Theatre in 
Washington, stealthily entered the box and with a Der¬ 
ringer pistol shot his unconscious victim behind the ear; 
the ball, penetrating the brain, inflicted a mortal wound. 
Mr. Lincoln expired the next morning, twenty-two min¬ 
utes after seven o’clock. According to the provisions of 
the Constitution, the office of chief executive devolved 
upon the Vice-President. 

Seventeenth President of the United States, Andrew 
Johnson, f of Tennessee, horn 1808, died 1875. Admin- 

famished vanquished. In that supreme moment these men knew and re¬ 
spected each other.” (See Swinton’s “Army of the Potomac.”) 

* The atrocious act was denounced by all right-feeling men in every 
section of the country, whether North, South, East, or West. 

f Andrew Johnson was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, in 1808. At 
the age of five he lost his father, who was drowned while trying to rescue a 
friend. When only ten years old, Andrew began his apprenticeship with a 
tailor. Poverty debarred him from all educational advantages, but while 
learning his trade he taught himself to read, “ spending usually ten or 
twelve hours at work in the shop, and then robbing himself of rest and 
recreation ” to pursue his unaided studies. The term of his apprenticeship 
was ended in 1824, and two years later, accompanied by his widowed mother, 
he removed to Greenville, Tennessee. Here he soon married Miss Eliza Mc- 
Ardle, under whose instruction he resumed the studies so bravely begun dur¬ 
ing his friendless boyhood; here, too, he worked as a tailor, until called 
to take part in public affairs. When first elected to the Tennessee Legisla¬ 
ture (1835) he was only twenty-seven years of age; he was afterward re¬ 
peatedly recalled to the public service, and had represented his State in 
Congress, in the United States Senate, and as Governor, before his election 
to the vice-presidency in 1864. Succeeding to the presidency, at the death 
of Lincoln (April 15, 1865), he entered upon his office “deeply enshrined in 
the affection and confidence of the people, but he soon became involved in 
that unfortunate contest with Congress, in which public opinion generally 
sided with the latter, and which resulted in his impeachment.” After his 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


461 



• Leopold II., 

. King of Belgium.. 


SURRENDER^ 

Gen. Lee, 


eEN.dOHNSOjy 

April 26 lh. 

ibseoT&viiWar. 

JHqi/ 26 th. 


May. 
Firs 
Proc 
lama 
tion of Amnesty 
to the South. 


istration three years and eleven months (April 15, 1865, 
to March 4,1869). Acting Vice-President and President 
pro tem. of the Senate, Lafayette S. Foster, of Connecti¬ 
cut, succeeded in 1867 by Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio; 
Secretary of State, William H. Seward, of New York; 
Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton, of Pennsylvania. 

Surrender of Johnston, April 26. Close of the Civil 
War. Sherman, having returned to Goldsborough,* at 
once started out for Johnston’s army, and on the 13th 
of April captured Raleigh. Johnston meanwhile had 
retired to Hillsborough, but, upon hearing of Lee’s sur- 

retirement from the presidency, in 1869, Mr. Johnson took no active part 
in politics until elected to the United States Senate by the Legislature of 
Tennessee, January 26, 1876. On the 31st of July, of the same year, he 
died, at the age of sixty-seven. 

* See page 457 and note *. 











462 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


render, lie opened correspondence with Sherman, and on 
the 18th of April made a formal agreement of capitu¬ 
lation. The terms were, however, disapproved by Presi¬ 
dent Johnson, and the final surrender was made, April 
26, on the basis of Lee’s surrender at the Appomat¬ 
tox.* Before the close of May all the Confederate troops 
still in the field laid down their arms. General Dick 
Taylor,f commanding the remaining forces east of the 
Mississippi, capitulated on the 4th of that month; and 
on the 26th General Kirby Smith, who was in Texas, 
followed his example, General Canby receiving the sur¬ 
render of both armies. The civil war, which had lasted 
a little over four years, was now at an end.:); After a 
grand review in Washington (May 23 and 24) of the ar¬ 
mies of Grant and Sherman (numbering 200,000 men), 
the troops were disbanded and returned quietly to their 
homes, to resume the pursuits of civil life. 

Proclamation of -Amnesty f May 29—Thirteenth 
Amendment , # December 18. On the 29tli of May, Presi¬ 
dent Johnson issued the first amnesty proclamation; it 

* Four days after Lee’s capitulation, General Canby received the sur¬ 
render of Mobile; and the same day (April 13), General Stoneman, who was 
on a raid from Tennessee, surprised Salisbury, North Carolina. General 
Wilson also made a successful raid in the South, during the month of April, 
and captured Selma, Tuscaloosa, and Montgomery in Alabama, and Colum¬ 
bus and Macon in Georgia. 

f General Richard Taylor was the only son of General Zachary Taylor, 
whom he accompanied throughout the Mexican campaign, in the capacity of 
private secretary and aide-de-camp. “ He took part in the battles of Mon¬ 
terey, Resaca de la Palma, Palo Alto, Buena Vista, and others, where his 
father earned that military prestige which bore him triumphantly into the 
presidential chair.” (See Deaths of 1879, page 502.) 

% The most important results of the war were—1. The establishment of 
the absolute supremacy of the General Government, in opposition to the 
vexed question of State rights and State sovereignty—in other words, the 
principle that “ the United States is a single nation and not a union of sov¬ 
ereign States,” was settled irrevocably. 2. The abolition of the institution 
of slavery, the existence of which had been the source of nearly all our 
political difficulties for more than fifty years. 

# Call the pupils’ attention to the symbols on the Chart representing the 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


463 


extended to all persons who had taken part in the late 
civil war, except those specified in certain classes. At 
the same time he appointed u provisional Governors,” who 
were instructed to call conventions of the people in the 
several disorganized States, for the purpose of adopting 
measures for their speedy return into the Union. These 
States were required to rescind their ordinances of seces¬ 
sion, to repudiate their war debts, and to vote for an 
amendment to the Constitution, embodying the abolition 
of slavery, which Congress had submitted to the several 
State Legislatures early in February, 1865. By the 18th 
of November this measure, known as the thirteenth 
amendment, having been duly ratified by three fourths 
of the States, became a part of the Constitution. “ The 
emancipation proclamation had been issued as a military 
measure; now the doctrines and results of that instru¬ 
ment were recognized and incorporated in the funda¬ 
mental law of the land.” 

Deaths in 1865: Edward Everett (71), statesman, diplo¬ 
matist, scholar, and author; Mrs. Lydia Huntley Sigour¬ 
ney (74), poet and prose writer; Rear-Admiral Samuel 
F. Dupont (62), U. S. N.; Colonel James Duncan Gra¬ 
ham, of the U. S. Army (65), an eminent scientist, who 
had rendered various “ valuable and highly distinguished 
services” to the United States Government.* * 

Leopold II. (35) succeeded to the throne of Belgium on the death 
of his father, Leopold I.t 


amnesty or peace-offerings in 1865-67 and 1868; also the triangles inclos¬ 
ing amendments to the Constitution in 1865-68 and 1870. 

* See note, page 186, of the Manual, also “Graham,” Appletons’ “An¬ 
nual Cyclopaedia” for 1865. 

f through his father, Leopold II. is the first-cousin of Queen Victoria, 
and through his mother, Louise of Orleans, he is the grandson of Louis 
Philippe. His queen, Maria, Archduchess of Austria, is the daughter of 
Joseph, Palatine of Hungary (the son of the Emperor Leopold II., and great- 



464 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Deaths: Nicholas Patrick Wiseman (62), Cardinal Archbishop 
of Westminster, distinguished both as an author and a pulpit orator; 
Lord Palmerston, Henry John Temple (81), third Viscount, British 
statesman, for fifty years a member of the British Cabinet, and at 
his death, First Lord of the Treasury and Premier of Great Britain; 
Fredrika Bremer (63), a Swedish novelist; Sir Charles Lock East- 
lake (72), an eminent British painter; Mrs. Elizabeth C. Gaskell 
(42), English novelist; August Kiss (63), Prussian sculptor; Lamo- 
riciere (59), commander-in-chief of the Papal troops. 

1866. Contest between the President and Congress. 
Shortly after the close of the war a serious difficulty arose 
between President Johnson and Congress regarding the 
reconstruction question — that is, the conditions upon 
which the late Confederate States should re-enter the 
Union. The President, advocating a lenient course, rec¬ 
ommended that, upon their acceptance of the thirteenth 
amendment, and some enactments of minor importance, 
those States should be restored to their former political 
position. Congress, however, denounced the President’s 
views, and, claiming for itself the exclusive right to pre¬ 
scribe the terms of their readmission, maintained that 
they'should not be fully reinstated until adequate pro¬ 
tection had been guaranteed to the freedmen. This end 
Congress secured by requiring the States to accept and 
ratify those measures which afterward became the basis 
of the fourteenth amendment (see 1868, July 28, p. 473). 

Civil-Rights Bill passed, April 9 / Freedmen?s Bureau 
enlarged , July , 1866. The breach between Congress and 
the Chief Executive constantly widened, and several laws 
were passed over the veto of the latter, the most impor- 

uncle of Francis Joseph, present Emperor of Austria). The children of the 
King of the Belgians are (1.) Louise (born 1858), the wife of Philip of Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha; (2.) Stephanie (born 1864), wife of the Prince Imperial of 
Austria (for Stephanie’s marriage, see royal marriages of 1881, page 509); 
(3.) Clementine (born 1872). Philip, Count of Flanders, is brother to Leo¬ 
pold ; and Carlotta, widow of Maximilian, Emperor of Mexico, is his sister. 
(For the Count of Flanders, see foreign history 1866, III., page 468), and 
for his marriage in 1867, see last part of note f on page 375), 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


465 


tant of which, the Civil-Rights Bill, conferred on the 
freedmen (colored people) all the privileges of citizen¬ 
ship. A second bill, for enlarging the powers of the 
Freedmen’s Bureau,* and continuing it in force (though 
vetoed by the President), was passed in July, 1866. 

The Atlantic Cable f successfully completed , July 18 , 
1866. The efforts made in 1857 and 1858 to establish 
telegraphic communication between Europe and America, 
by means of a submarine cable, having failed, and, an¬ 
other attempt in 1865 proving also unsuccessful, most 
persons lost confidence in the feasibility of the project. 
Undismayed by the result of those experiments, Cyrus 
W. Field, of New York, the chief originator of the enter¬ 
prise, persuaded capitalists to make one more trial, which, 
in July, 1866, was crowned with complete success. Per¬ 
manent electric communication was then established be¬ 
tween Yalentia Bay, on the west coast of Ireland, and 
Trinity Bay, Newfoundland—points distant from each 
other a little less than 1 ; 700 miles. 

Tennessee readmitted into the Union. Of the eleven 
States that formed the Southern Confederacy, Tennessee 
was the first to resume her political position in the Union. 
Having complied with the requirements of Congress, by 
accepting those principles which were afterward to be 
embodied in the fourteenth amendment to the Constitu¬ 
tion, she was restored to her former privileges, July 23, 
1866 (connect with 1867, 1" II., page 468). 

* The Freedmen’s Bureau, attached to the War Department, was created 
by act of Congress, the March previous to President Lincoln’s death, and 
was subsequently placed under the charge of General Oliver 0. Howard. 
The bureau continued in existence till 1870. Its object was to provide for 
the relief of freedmen (who, it was said, were wards of the nation), and 
also for refugees from the South. “After the extension of the bureau, 
provision for the education of freedmen was made, first by the national, 
and afterward by local ftfithorities.” 

f See note * on page 338. 


466 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Postal Law , Unclaimed Letters, etc. An act of Con¬ 
gress passed June 12, 1866, abolished the extra postage 
which had previously been demanded for the return of 
letters from the dead-letter office, for the remailing of 
letters to changed addresses, and for the return of unde¬ 
livered or unclaimed letters bearing a special return re¬ 
quest. (Connect with 1873, TT II. and III., page 483.) 

Fenian Movement in tlxe United States , 1866. A 
number of Irish-Americans, belonging to the secret soci¬ 
ety of the Fenian Brotherhood,* resolved, as a prelimi¬ 
nary step to the Fenian rising in Ireland, to invade Cana¬ 
da. The attempt was actually made, early in the summer 
of 1S66, and for the moment seemed to promise success. 
President Johnson, however, true to the pledges of the 
United States Government concerning neutrality law T s, 
promptly interfered, by issuing a proclamation cautioning 
all American citizens against the enterprise, while Gen¬ 
eral Meade, with a strong military force, was ordered to 
the scene of danger along the Canadian frontier; the 
designs of the Fenians were thus speedily frustrated. 

The French in Mexico .f Although the attempt of 
Napoleon III. to overthrow the republican government of 
Mexico, and establish upon its ruins a foreign monarchy, 
was a flagrant violation of the Monroe doctrine, the 
United States had too much on her hands during the civil 
war to do more than utter a protest. As soon, however, 
as our domestic troubles were settled, the Government de- 

* “ Fenians ” (the name of ancient Irish national militia), “ a brother¬ 
hood ” in the United States and in England, united to liberate Ireland and 
establish a republic. The Fenian oath is as follows: “ I promise, by the 
divine law of God, to do all in my power to obey the laws of the society 
F. B., and to free and regenerate Ireland from the yc-ke of England. So 
help me God.” (See Haydn’s “ Dictionary of Dates,” also Justin McCarthy’s 
“ History of Our Own Times.”) 

f See foreign history, 1861, note \ on page 389; 1862, IV., and note 
$ on page 422 ; 1864, f V., and note \ on page 453 ; 1867, \ V., page 471. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


467 


manded the withdrawal of the French troops from Mex¬ 
ico. Napoleon was too politic to demur; being unable 
now to fulfill the pledges he had given the Archduke of 
Austria, he invited that prince to accompany the troops 
to France. Maximilian hesitated, and finally, through a 
sense of justice to his adherents, decided to remain and 
risk his fate. Deprived of the necessary military support, 
bis tottering throne soon crumbled, and he himself, fall¬ 
ing into the hands of the Liberals, was tried by court- 
martial, and condemned to be shot. The sentence was 
carried into execution June 19,1867. Thus ended Louis 
Napoleon’s experiment for the re-establishment of French 
influence in America. 

Deaths in 1866: General Winfield Scott (80), U. S. 
Army; Jared Sparks (71), American biographer; Lewis 
Cass (84), statesman and diplomatist. 

Seven Weeks’War (1866). Parties: Prussia and her ally, Italy, 
against Austria. The chief battle of this brief campaign was at 
Sadowa (near the fortress of Koniggratz), Bohemia, where the 
Dreysa needle-gun won the victory for Prussia.* 


* Before considering the came , pretext , and result of this contest, let us 
remember that the Duchy of Prussia was raised, in 1701, to the rank of a 
kingdom, through the influence of Austria, then known as the Empire of 
Germany (see page 149, foreign history, I.). The real cause of the war 
must be ascribed to Prussia’s desire to gain the German leadership, which 
at that time belonged to Austria, as head of the Germanic Confederation 
(see page 306, foreign history, III.). A pi'etext for war was furnished in the 
dispute between Prussia and Austria as to the disposal of the Schleswig-Hol¬ 
stein duchies—“ Prussia evidently wishing to annex them to her own terri¬ 
tory ; Austria desired no increase of territory from the duchies, but was re¬ 
solved that Prussia should obtain none, and therefore favored the claims of 
the Prince of Augustenburg.” The result of the war was that Prussia, vic¬ 
torious, “ secured her own supremacy in Germany, and placed Austria in the 
background.” By the terms of peace—1. Prussia incorporated into her 
dominions Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, Hesse-Hombourg, that part of 
Hesse-Darmstadt which lies to the north of the Main, the little principality 
of Hohenzollern, the free city of Frankfort, and the duchies of Schleswig- 
Holstein and Lauenburg; the last of these territories, however, had been 
previously annexed. 2. Austria was required to consent to the dissolution 
of the existing Germanic Confederation, and to the formation of a new one, 
of which Prussia should have the leadership, and from which Austria should 



468 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Marriage, at Windsor Castle, July, 1866, of Princess Helena (born 
1846), third daughter of Queen Victoria, to H. R. H. Prince Chris¬ 
tian of Schleswig-Holstein-Augustenburg* (born 1831). 

Principality of Roumania.t In October, 1866, Prince Charles 
of Holienzollern-Sigmaringen, born 1839 (see 1860, note on page 
375), was recognized by the Sultan of Turkey as hereditary Hospo- 
dar, or Prince, of Roumania; his predecessor, Prince Alexander 
John I., of the House of Cuza, had been forced to abdicate, in Feb¬ 
ruary of this year, when the crown was offered to the Count of 
Flanders, brother of King Leopold II. of Belgium, by whom it was 
declined (connect with Treaty of Berlin, 1878, page 499). 

Deaths: William Whewell (71), English mathematician and phi¬ 
losopher; William T. Brande (80), English physician, chemist, lect¬ 
urer, and author. 

1867 . March 1 . Nebraska, the thirty-seventh State, 
was admitted into the Union on condition that it should 
not deny suffrage to the freedmen within its limits. It was 
the eighth State carved out of the Louisiana purchase.:): 

Reconstruction Act—Military Government established 
at the South. On March 2, Congress passed the Recon¬ 
struction Act over the President’s veto. 4 * The act pre- 

be excluded. 3. Venetia, which had been at first ceded by Austria to Na¬ 
poleon III., was passed over to Victor Emanuel and incorporated into Italy. 
(Connect with 1867, foreign history, *[[ II., page 471.) England took no part 
in the Seven Weeks’ War, “ as indeed she could not, without serious damage 
to her own interests.” One of the sons-in-law of the queen, the Crown 
Prince of Prussia, commanded in the Prussian army, while another son-in- 
law, Prince Ludwig of Hesse-Darmstadt (husband of Princess Alice), held 
a high position in the Austrian army. 

* Prince Christian is the uncle of Ernest Gontliier, who succeeded to the 

Duchy of Augustenburg in 1880. The children of the Prince and Princess 
are: 1. Christian (born 1867). 2. Albert (born 1869). 3. Victoria (born 

1870). 4. Louise Augusta (born 1872). 

f Roumania, southeast of Austria, lies between the Carpathian Mount¬ 
ains and the Danube and Rruth Rivers. “ On January 17, 1869, Alexander 
John I., of the House of Cuza, was elected Prince of Moldavia, and of Wal- 
lachia on February 6, and in 1860 he obtained the recognition of the Sultan 
of Turkey. In 1861, December 23, the permanent union of the two Danu- 
bian principalities, under the title of Roumania, was formally proclaimed. 
(Examine 1861, foreign history, VII., page 389, and connect with Treaty 
of Berlin, 1878, and note f on page 499.) 

\ See note % on page 276. 

# The essential difference between the presidential and congressional 
plans of reconstruction was, that the latter aimed at suffrage for the freed¬ 
men, while the former opposed it. 


CHROKOL OGICAL INDEX. 


469 


scribed the conditions on which the ten States, then not 
represented in Congress, should be reconstructed. It 
also divided them into five military districts , over which 
military Governors were to preside, until the conditions 
offered were accepted.* (Connect with 1868, T IIT., page 
472.) 

Tenure-of-Office Bill passed , March #. The misun¬ 
derstanding between Congress and President Johnson 
continued, and, to cripple the power of the latter by 
making it illegal for him to remove any civil officer with¬ 
out the consent of the Senate, Congress passed the Tenure- 
of-Office Bill (see August, 1867, page 470, and connect 
with 1868, T I., page 472). 

Under the same date (March 2), Congress established 
a Bureau of Education, connected with the Department 
of the Interior. Its function is limited to the collection 
and distribution of educational information.-)* 

Purchase of Alaska. By a treaty with Bussia, nego¬ 
tiated in March, 1867, and ratified in April, the Russian 
possessions in North America were ceded to the United 
States for the sum of $7,200,000. The actual transfer 
was made on the 9tli of October following. The Terri¬ 
tory is now known as Alaska.;); 

* The following year (1868) seven of these States complied with the 
conditions, and returned into the Union. In 1870 the three remaining States 
were readmitted on the same terms. 

f “ The only schools under control of the General Government are those 
in the District of Columbia, the Military Academy at West Point (see 1802, 
I., page 276), and the Naval Academy at Annapolis (see 1846, III., page 
340). All that the Government has to do with other schools throughout 
the country is to make over that share of the public land to each township 
which Congress has reserved for the support of public education.” 

\ “By the purchase of this extensive tract, formerly known as Russian 
America, the United States acquired an additional extent of sea-coast, on 
the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, greater than her entire coast-line on the At¬ 
lantic and the Mexican Gulf, and has added 500,000 square miles to her 
territory. (See Appletons’ “ Annual Cyclopaedia ” for 1867.) 


470 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL 


la August, 1867, President Johnson ordered the sus¬ 
pension from office of Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of 
War,* and appointed General U. S. Grant, Secretary ad 
interim; to this suspension Mr. Stanton submitted only 
under protest. The President’s action in the matter 
was one of the chief causes which led to Ids impeach¬ 
ment. (See 1868, T I., page 472.) 

The Panama f Kailroad Company obtained from the 
United States of Colombia a renewal of its charter for 
ninety-nine years. 

September 7. President Johnson issued a second am¬ 
nesty proclamation to all who had engaged with the Con¬ 
federacy in the late civil war, with the exception of its 
leaders. (Connect with July 4 and Dec. 25,1868, p. 473.) 

Deaths in 1867: Fitz-Greene Halleck (77), poet; 
Elias Howe, Jr. (48), inventor of the sew T ing-machine; 
Alexander Dallas Bache (60), an eminent physicist and 
author, and Superintendent of the American Coast Sur¬ 
vey ; he was the great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin. 

Dominion of Canada formed (1867). It has a Constitution some¬ 
what similar to that of Great Britain and Ireland, being ruled by a 
Governor-General, in the name of the Queen and the two Houses of 
Parliament.:}: 


* As Stanton fully indorsed the congressional plans for reconstruc¬ 
tion, Johnson looked upon him as a party hostile to the success of the 
Administration; hence the removal. When Congress next met, the Presi¬ 
dent assigned the reasons for the removal, but they were not deemed satis¬ 
factory, and on January 13, 186S, the Senate reinstated Stanton, and 
General Grant quietly retired. Johnson once more ordered the obnoxious 
secretary to vacate his office, “ but, backed by Congress, Stanton refused 
obedience and kept his place.” 

\ Examine 1865, II., page 305, and note *. 

\ Great Britain came into possession of Canada at the close of the Old 
French and Indian War in 1763. (See 1763, page 182.) In 1791 the terri¬ 
tory was divided into two distinct provinces, Upper and Lower Canada— 
the former being chiefly settled by the descendants of the British, and the 
latter by those of the French. The position of Lower Canada secured to 
the French population the control of the exports and imports of the 
country. To equalize these advantages, as also to lessen the jealousies 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


471 


The North-German Confederation (the great result of the Seven 
Weeks 1 War between Prussia and Austria) united, under the presi¬ 
dency of Prussia, all the states north of the river Main. It was 
substantially established on the 24th of February, 1867, when the 
North-German Parliament assembled in Berlin to complete the con¬ 
stitution of the new confederation. 

France. The second International Exhibition was opened at 
Paris, April 1, 1867, by Napoleon III. and Eug6nie; it closed 
November 3.* * (Connect with France, 1878, IF IV., page 499.) 

Austro-Hungary. On June 8, 1867, the Hungarian Constitution 
having been restored, the Emperor and Empress of Austria were 
crowned at Pesth, with extraordinary pomp, as King and Queen 
of Hungary. 

End of the Second Mexican Empire, after the execution of the 
Emperor Maximilian, cn June 19, 1867. The republican form of 
government was restored, and Juarez was inaugurated as President. 

Egypt, June 26. The Persian-Arabic title, KhSdiv-el-Misr {Khe¬ 
dive), or King of Egypt, was conferred officially, by the Sultan of 
Turkey, upon Ismail Pasha, who,t in 1863, had succeeded as Viceroy 
of Egypt. 

Deaths: Victor Cousin (75), French metaphysician; Earl of 
Rosse (67), English astronomer. 


incident to a difference of race and religion, the provinces were united 
in 1840, and their names changed to Canada West and Canada East. In 
1867 the Dominion of Canada was established by the confederation of the 
provinces of Ontario (Canada West), Quebec (Canada East), New Bruns¬ 
wick, and Nova Scotia. Three other provinces have since been added to the 
Dominion—Manitoba in 1870, British Columbia in 1871, and Prince Ed¬ 
ward Island in 1873. The capital, Ottawa (formerly called Bytown), is at 
the junction of Ottawa River and Rideau Canal. The Dominion also in¬ 
cludes the Northwest Territories, an immense region, equal to nearly half of 
Europe, extending from the United States and the Canadian provinces to 
the Arctic Ocean, and from the Pacific to the Atlantic. 

* “ It was visited by the Prince of Wales, the Kings of Greece, Belgium, 
Prussia, and Sweden, the Czar of Russia, the Viceroy of Egypt, the Sultan 
of Turkey, the Emperor of Austria, and other potentates. The first Inter¬ 
national Exhibition of France, which was held in 1855, was visited by Queen 
Victoria and Prince Albert (the first visit of an English sovereign to Paris 
since 1422).” (Haydn’s “Dictionary of Dates.”) 

f Egypt, now a pashalic virtually independent of Turkey, advanced rap¬ 
idly in modern civilization during the administration of Ismail Pasha, the 
fifth viceroy of the dynasty of Mehemet Ali. His outlay for public im¬ 
provements, however, is said to have hardly a parallel in Oriental expendi¬ 
tures. He invested an exorbitant sum in the construction of the Suez 
Canal, and at last barely escaped bankruptcy in 1875 by selling his shares 
to Great Britain. His financial difficulties involved the Government to such 
an extent that in 1879 he was forced to abdicate his throne, in favor of his 
son Mohammed Tewfilc. 



472 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


1868. Impeachment of President Johnson . His 
Trial and Acquittal . The long and bitter contest be¬ 
tween Congress and the chief executive was brought to 
a crisis by Secretary Stanton’s removal from office;* for 
this act, which w r as a violation of the Tenure-of-Office 
Bill, and for other offenses, the President was impeached 
by the House of Kepresentatives (February 24), and tried 
by the Senate. He was acquitted (May 26) by one vote, 
a two-thirds vote being required for conviction. The next 
day Secretary Stanton resigned his place in the Cabinet, 
and General Schofield was appointed to the position. 

The Burlingame Chinese Embassy. In 1861, Presi¬ 
dent Lincoln had appointed the Hon. Anson Burlingame 
embassador to China, and the value of his diplomatic 
services had been so highly appreciated in that country 
that, at the close of bis American engagement, he was 
requested by the Emperor to conduct a Chinese embassy 
to England, France, and Bussia, as well as to the United 
States. On the 5th of June, 1868, the embassy reached 
Washington, D. C., and an important treaty, supplement¬ 
ing that of 1858, was ratified by Congress, July 4. “ Be¬ 
sides commercial intercourse, mutual privileges of travel, 
education, and religion, were secured. This was a con¬ 
cession never before made by the Chinese to any nation.” 
Therefore, the arrival of this embassy—“the first ever 
sent from the Celestial Empire to the West—must be 
regarded as one of the great events of the age.” f 

Readmission of Seven States. Arkansas, Alabama, 
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South 
Carolina, having complied with the requirements of Con¬ 
gress, were readmitted into the Union, June, 1868. 

* See August, 1867, page 470. 

f For a full account, see Appletons’ “Annual Cyclopaedia,” 1868. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


473 


July J, 1868. President Johnson celebrated the great 
national holiday by proclaiming pardon to all who had 
engaged with the Confederacy in the late civil war, with 
the exception of those indicted for treason. 

July 25. Wyoming Territory was organized from a 
portion of Dakota, with small additions from Montana, 
Idaho, Utah, and Nebraska. 

The Fourteenth Amendment.* The law passed by 
Congress in 1866 (June 13), guaranteeing equal civil 
rights to all persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, was, on July 28, declared adopted as a part of the 
Constitution, twenty-nine of the thirty-seven States hav¬ 
ing voted for it. (Connect with 1870, T II., page 477.) 

On Christmas-day President Johnson issued a final 
amnesty proclamation,* which declared (in defiance of the 
provisions of the fourteenth amendment) unconditional 
and unreserved pardon to all who had participated in the 
late civil war. 

Deaths in 1868: James Buchanan (77), ex-President 
of the United States; Joseph Keed Ingersoll (82), states¬ 
man and diplomatist; Laurence Kearny (78), U. S. 
Navy. 

Great Britain’s war in Abyssinia (North Africa), undertaken in 
1868, was successfully terminated in less than a week.t 


* See note # on page 462. 

f The expedition to Abyssinia (in the region of the Nile, and south of 
Nubia) was confided to General Sir Robert Napier. Its object was to ef¬ 
fect the liberation of a number of British subjects, whom Theodore, “ the 
black Emperor of Abyssinia, a passionate despot, had for some years kept in 
close and harsh imprisonment,” in retaliation for Great Britain’s delay in 
replying to an official letter he had addressed to the Queen. “ In less than 
a week Theodore’s army had been routed; Magdala, his stronghold, taken; he 
had fallen by his own hands, the captives had been recovered, and Sir Rob¬ 
ert Napier and his troops, having achieved all they had been sent to accom¬ 
plish, were actually on their homeward route.” Theodore’s widow died in 
the English camp before the return of the expedition. His only child, a 
boy, aged seven years, was adopted by Queen Victoria, but he did not reach 
maturity. “ His young life, as that of some exotic that will not bear the 



474 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Revolution in Spain. The Queen deposed. Isabella II.* * was 
but three years of age when she was called to the Spanish throne. 
(See foreign history, 1833, IT II., page 325.) Her reign was con¬ 
vulsed, not only by the intrigues of her uncle, Don Carlos, and his 
adherents, the Carlists, who from the first sought her dethrone¬ 
ment, but also by the ambitious designs of certain military advent¬ 
urers in quest of power. These revolutionary tendencies culminated 
in a military revolt, September, 1868, organized by Generals Prim 
and Serrano and Admiral Topete, who, placed at the head of a pro¬ 
visional government, succeeded in expelling Isabella from Spain. 
The exiled Queen, accompanied by the young Prince of Asturias + 
and the three infantas, found an asylum in France. (Connect with 
Spain, 1870, page 479.) 

Principality of Servia. { In 1868, Milan Obrenovitch (born 1855) 
was elected Prince of Servia, after the assassination of Prince Mi¬ 
chael, his uncle and adopted father. He was at once recognized by 
the Sultan of Turkey, who at the same time acknowledged the 
hereditary rank of the Obrenovitch dynasty. (Connect with the 
kingdom of Servia, 1882, IT I., page 511.) 

Deaths in 1868: Sir David Brewster (87). Scottish physicist; 
Rossini (76), Italian musical composer; Henry Lord Brougham (89), 
British statesman and author: Samuel Lover (70), an Irish artist, 
novelist, song-writer, and musical composer. 


transplantation to a foreign air, withered under the influence of an uncon¬ 
genial civilization.” 

* October 10, 1846, the Queen, at the age of sixteen, married her first- 
cousin, Francis de Assis (styled titular King and King-Consort), son of her 
paternal uncle. Issue of their union: (1.) The Infanta Isabella (born 
1851), who married in 1868 the Count of Girgenti (brother of Francis II., 
ex-King of Naples); she became a widow in 1871. (2.) Alfonso , Prince of 

Asturias (born 1857). (3.) The Infanta Maria-della-Paz (born 1862). (4.) 
The Infanta Eulalia (born 1864). (For Alfonso, see foreign history 1874, 
I., page 488; 1885 and note *, page 521; 1886, III., page 524; for 
the marriage of the Infanta Maria-della-Paz see 1883, page 513; for that 
of the Infanta Eulalia, see royal marriages of 1886, page 524.) 

\ Asturias, an ancient principality (now Oviedo) in the north of Spain, on 
the Bay of Biscay, gives a title to the crown prince of Spain. This title, 
Prince of Asturias, was first assumed in 1388, by Prince Henrique (after¬ 
ward King Henrique Til. of Castile) upon the occasion of his betrothment 
to Lady Catharine Plantagenet, daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lan¬ 
caster, and Constanza of Castile, daughter of Peter the Cruel. John of 
Gaunt was a grandson of Edward II., the first English prince to bear the 
title of Prince of Wales. An Infanta is any daughter of a sovereign of 
Spain and Portugal, except the eldest, when heiress-apparent, whose title is 
Princess of Asturias ; an Infante, any son, except the lieir-apparent. 

\ Servia, a Danubian province, tributary to Turkey till 1878 (see Treaty 
of Berlin, 1878, and note f on page 499), lies south of Austria and west of 
Roumania and Bulgaria. (For its early history, see Appletons’ “ American 
Cyclopaedia.”) 




CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


475 



1869. Eighteenth President of the United States , 
Ulysses S. Grant , of Illinois ,* died 1885. 

* Ulysses Simpson Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, 
Ohio, April 27, 1822. In 1839 he entered the West Point Military Acad¬ 
emy, from which he was graduated in 1843; he subsequently served with 
distinction in the Mexican War, taking part in every action from the capt¬ 
ure of Vera Cruz to that of the city of Mexico, and receiving a promotion 
(October, 1847) “ for meritorious conduct at Molino del Key and Chapulte- 
pec.” In 1848 he married Miss Julia Dent, of St. Louis. He was promoted 
to a captaincy in 1853, but in the following year resigned his commission in 
order to try farming; the experiment was unsuccessful, however, and he 
afterward became a partner in his father’s tanning business at Galena, 
Illinois. In the civil war he was one of the first to volunteer. It was 
in recognition of his services during the contest that the title and rank 
of “ General of the Army of the United States ” was bestowed upon him, 
July, 1866. In 1867 General Grant was appointed Secretary of War ad 
interim , and in 1868 he was unanimously chosen by the Republican Conven¬ 
tion, on the first ballot, as candidate for the presidency, to which office he 
was elected by a large majority, and, at the close of his first term, re¬ 
elected. Soon after the close of his second term he made a tour of the 
world, and “ no individual in the world’s history has ever received such a 













476 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Elected by Republicans.* * Administration eight years— 
1&69 to 1877. Vice-President, Schuyler Colfax, of In¬ 
diana (four years) ; Secretary of State, Hamilton Fish, of • 
Hew York (eight years). 

The Pacific Railway. This road was completed May 
10, 1869, and with its connections extends from Boston 
to San Francisco, and is the longest in the world, f 

Deaths in 1869: Rear-Admiral Charles Stewart (91), 
U. S. H.; General John Ellis Wool (80), U. S. A.; 
Edwin M. Stanton (55), statesman ; George Peabody (74), 
philanthropist; Franklin Pierce (65), ex-President of the 
United States; Judge J. T. Brady (53), of Hew York; 
Louis Moreau Gottschalk (40), pianist and composer. 

The Suez Canal, connecting the Red Sea with the Mediterranean 
and placing the East and the West in easy communication with 
each other by the shortest route, was opened November 17, 1869J 
(Connect with foreign history, 1875, IT I., page 490.) 

Disestablishment of the Irish Church. Under Gladstone’s min¬ 
istry, a bill was introduced for the disestablishment of the English 


series of ovations ” as were tendered him by the countries visited. After 
his return to the United States, he embarked in business enterprises, which 
proved unfortunate. lie died July 23, 1885, after a lingering and painful 
illness, which was sustained with singular heroism. During these months 
of suffering he completed an important historical work, which is remark¬ 
able for its force and simplicity of expression, and adds the author’s laurels 
to those of the soldier. 

* Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas had no voice in the presidential elec¬ 
tion of 1868, as they had not at that time been restored to the Union. 

f The project of connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific by a railroad 
was advocated as early as 1846. In 1858 Congress passed an act providing 
for surveys by the Corps of Topographical Engineers. Further acts were 
passed in 1862 and 1864, providing for a subsidy in United States six-per¬ 
cent gold bonds at specific rates per mile, and guaranteeing to companies 
undertaking the work 12,800 acres of land for each mile of railroad built. 
The Union Pacific assumed the responsibility of the road from Omaha, Ne¬ 
braska, to Ogden, Utah, a distance of one thousand and thirty-three miles; 
the road from San Francisco to Ogden, eight hundred and eighty-three miles, 
was undertaken by the Central Pacific. The work was begun in 1863, and 
completed in 1869; it crosses nine mountain-ranges, the highest of which, 
the Black Hills, are 8,242 feet above the sea-level. 

\ This canal was projected by Ferdinand de Lesseps, a French engineer, 
in 1852, but was not begun till 1858. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


477 


State Church in Ireland, so as to make all religious sects dependent 
upon voluntary contributions; the bill having passed both Houses 
of Parliament, received the royal assent, in July, 1869, when it 
* became a law, was not to be enforced, however, until January 1, 
1870. Previous to the passage of the bill, the Irish, three fourths 
of whom were Roman Catholics, had been heavily taxed for the 
support of the Anglican Church. 

An (Ecumenical Council (known as the Vatican Council) met in 
Rome, December 8, 1869. 

Marriage, June 28, 1869, of Frederic, Prince Royal of Denmark 
(born 1843), to Louise, Princess Royal of Sweden and Norway, only 
child of King Charles XV.* 

Deaths: Alphonse M. L. Lamartine (79), French poet, historian, 
and statesman ; Charles Sainte-Beuve (65), French poet and critic ; 
P. M. Roget (90), English physician, philologist, and author; Will¬ 
iam Carleton (70), Irish novelist. 

1870. The Union entirely restored. During the 
first three months of this year the reconstruction of the 
Southern States was completed by the admission of Vir¬ 
ginia (January 26), Mississippi (February 17), and Texas 
(March 29). The voice of all the States was then heard 
in the legislative halls of the nation, and, as before the 
war, the motto “ E Pluribus Unum ” in its full signifi¬ 
cance, shed luster upon the American banner and shield. 

The Fifteenth Amendment. This bill passed by Con¬ 
gress in 1869, having received the ratification of the 
requisite number of States, was, on the 30tli of March, 
1870, declared adopted as a, part of the Constitution; it 
guarantees the right of suffrage to all citizens of the 
United States, “ irrespective of race, color, or previous 
condition of servitude.” 

Weather Department or Storm-Signals. On February 
9, Congress passed a bill for establishing a Weather Sig¬ 
nal-Service, under the control of the War Department. 
It collects information and gives notice by signals or by 

* The children of the union are: (1.) Christian, born 1870; (2.) Charles, 
born 1872; (3.) Louise, born 1875; (4.) Harold, born 1876; (5.) Ingeborg, 
born 1878 ; (6.) Thyra, born 1880. (Examine 1863, III., and note % on 
pages 437 and 438.) 


478 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


telegraph of any approaching danger from the elements. 
“ A storm raging in any part of the country may be made 
known to ports and districts in its track many hours be-‘ 
fore it can reach such points. The value of this service 
to commerce and agriculture is incalculable.” 

Ninth census of the United States (1870). Popula¬ 
tion, 38,549,534. 

Deaths in 1870: Admiral David G. Farragut * (69), 
and Pear-Admiral John A. Dahlgren (60), of the U. S. • 
Navy; General George H. Thomas (54), U. S. A., u the 
Rock of Chickamauga ”; General Robert E. Lee (63), 
Confederate commander-in-chief, and, after the civil war, 
President of the Washington and Lee University in Vir¬ 
ginia. 

The Franco-Prussian War between Napoleon III. and King Will¬ 
iam I. of Prussia, begun July 19, 1870, resulted the following Sep¬ 
tember in victory to the Prussians, the downfall of the Napoleonic 
dynasty, and the establishment of the third French Republic; the 
war was, however, continued till January, 1871.+ 

Rome was declared the national capital of Italy in October, 1870. 
Owing to the outbreak of the Franco-Prnssian War, Napoleon III. 
was compelled to withdraw from Rome the last French garrisons of 


* In 1864 Congress created the grade of Vice- Admiral, and “Farragut 
was appointed to hold it, which placed him, under the President, at the 
head of the naval service. In July, 1866, he was promoted to the rank of 
Admiral , which was created for him.”* (For the abolition of the grades of 
vice-admiral and admiral, see note # under Important Acts of Congress , 
1873, page 483.) 

f Causes. —French jealousy of Prussia’s growing power was further ex¬ 
cited by the nomination of a German prince, Leopold of Hohenzollern (a 
relative of William I.), to the vacant throne of Spain (see latter part of 
note f under foreign history, page 375), and^ as a result of the many mis¬ 
understandings growing out of this affair, Napoleon III. declared war 
against Germany. For this contest France was ill prepared, while Germany 
was well equipped, and the unequal struggle was practically terminated 
(September 1) by the capture of Sedan—“ the most important victory in the 
history of Germany ”—where Napoleon surrendered to the King of Prus¬ 
sia. The republic, which was declared after the downfall of Napoleon, 
continued the war, however, till the following year. The preliminary ne¬ 
gotiations for peace were begun February 21, 1871, and were concluded on 
the 21st of May following. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


479 


the army of occupation, after which the army of Victor Ernanuel 
took possession of the Eternal City.* To the Pope was left the Leon- 
tine City, comprising the Palace of the Vatican, the Castle of St. 
Angelo, and the Basilica of St. Peter. On December 21, the Italian 
Parliament passed a bill ratifying the vote of the Roman people for 
annexation to Italy, and two days later another bill was passed 
providing for the removal of the capital from Florence to Rome 
within six months. 

Spain. The provisional government established in this country 
in September, 1868, gave place to a monarchy in November, 1870, 
when Amadeus of Savoy, Duke of Aosta f (born 1845), second son 
of Victor Emanuel, was proclaimed king by the Spanish Cortes. He 
accepted the throne in December, 1870, and, after a short and stormy 
reign, abdicated February 12,1873. (See foreign history, 1873, IT I., 
page 487.) 

Deaths: Charles Dickens (58), English novelist; Count de Mon- 
talembert (60), French statesman, publicist, and man of letters; 
Alexandre Dumas (67), French novelist and dramatist. 

1871. Second Treaty of Washington , May 8. This 
treaty, the most important transaction of Grant’s Admin¬ 
istration, was framed by a joint High Commission, com¬ 
posed of five British and five American statesmen. It 
stipulated that certain disagreements between the United 
States and Great Britain, some of which were grave and 
threatening, should be settled by arbitration, rather than 
by the sword. The most weighty questions to be con¬ 
sidered were: 1. “ The Alabama claims” against Great 
Britain for damages inflicted on American commerce dur¬ 
ing the civil war, by the Alabama and other Anglo-Con¬ 
federate cruisers, which had been built and equipped in 

* Let the pupil refer to foreign history, 1859, I., pacce 372; 1860, 

f I., page 374; 1861, f II., page 388. 

f The Duke of Aosta had rriarried, in 1867, Princess Marie, daughter of 
Prince Charles Emanuel dal Pozzo della Cisterne; he was left a widower in 
1876. Ilis children are: (1.) Emanuel , born 1869. (2.) Victor , born 1870. 
(3.) Louis , born 1873. Previous to the selection of Amadeus, the Cortes 
had proposed several other candidates for the honor, among the number 
the Duke of Montpensier, the Duke of Genoa, a minor, the ex-King of 
Portugal (Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg), and Leopold of Ilohenzollern; the 
offer of the throne was formally made to the latter, who, after mature de¬ 
liberation, declined the honor. (For Leopold see note f under foreign his¬ 
tory, 1860, pages 374 and 375.) 


480 LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

British ports, with the connivance of the British Govern¬ 
ment. 2. The interpretation of the Oregon treaty of 
1846, as to the Northwest water-boundary and the Island 
of San Juan.* * 3. Questions concerning the fisheries, and 
involving the rights of Americans to fish in the bays of 
British America,f and some other minor points of con¬ 
troversy between the two nations, were likewise to be 
decided by arbitration. 

The Chicago Fire —the most terrible conflagration ever 
known on the American Continent—broke out on the 
8th of October, 1871, and for two days raged with un¬ 
abated violence; it destroyed property to the value of 
$96,000,000, and rendered homeless and destitute nearly 
a hundred thousand people. “Within ten days after the 
disaster, more than $5,000,000 were subscribed in this 
country and Europe for the relief of the sufferers, and 
Chicago was soon rebuilt.” (See November, 1872, Tf II., 
page 482.) 

Deaths in 1871: Alice (51) and Phoebe Cary (47), tw r o 
sisters widely known in literature; General Robert Ander¬ 
son (66), U. S. A., the defender of Fort Sumter;:): James 
M. Mason (73), and John Slidell (78), former United 
States Senators and diplomatists; # Henry T. Tuckerman 
(58), essayist and art-critic. 

The second Empire of Germany was established January 18, 
1871, “ when William I., King of Prussia, formally assumed the title 
of German Emperor, in compliance with the joint request of all the 
German states.” || 


* Examine 1846, II., page 342, and note f, and connect with October, 
1872, % I., page 482. 

+ See 1878, 11., page 497. 

X See 1861, page 378. 

* These gentlemen, who had joined the Southern Confederacy, were 
captured on board the Trent. (See 1861, page 387.) 

|| The unification of Germany was completed before the close of the 
Franco-Prussian War; the South German states, which Napoleon had be- 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


481 


March 21, 1871. Marriage of the Princess Louise (born 1848), 
fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, to the Marquis of Lome (John 
Douglas Sutherland, born 1845), eldest son of the Duke of Argyll. 
(See Canada, 1878, page 499.) 

Deaths: Robert Chambers (69), Scotch writer and publisher; 
Thai berg (59), Swiss pianist; Auber (87), French musical composer; 
Mercadante (72), Italian musical composer. 

1872. June 17 to July If. International Peace Ju¬ 
bilee at Boston ,, Massachusetts. “The World’s Peace 
Jubilee and International Musical Festival ” was opened 
in Boston on the 17th of June, and continued until the 
5th of July, under the direction of Patrick S. Gilmore.* 

September. Geneva Arbitration of the Alabama 
Claims. The Board of Arbitration f for the adjustment 
of the Alabama and other claims of the United States 
against Great Britain met at Geneva, Switzerland, and 
the result of their deliberations was the award (September 
14, 1872) to our Government of $15,500,000, to be paid 
in gold by Great Britain, in settlement of the claims. 
In accordance with this decision, the amount was paid 
into the United States Treasury the following September. 

lieved ready to support him, having declared for Prussia, finally united with 
the other German provinces in the desire that King William should assume 
the imperial crown; this was accordingly conferred on him, while he was 
still at Versailles, and made hereditary in his family. Austria and her de¬ 
pendencies are not included in this empire. “ The Seven Weeks’ War made 
Prussia the strongest power of Germany, and the Franco-Prussian War 
established her as the strongest of Europe. 

* This musical festival was held in a wooden building known as the 
“ Coliseum,” five hundred and fifty feet long and three hundred and fifty 
wide. The chorus consisted of twenty thousand voices, and the orchestra of 
one thousand instruments. Besides these, several musical organizations had 
been secured from Europe, including the Emperor of Germany’s cornet 
quartet, a band from London, one from Berlin, and a third from France. 
Franz Abt, the eminent German composer, and Johann Strauss, of Vienna, 
were present and conducted the performance of some of their own compo¬ 
sitions. “ There were other special features, and the whole made up a mu¬ 
sical festival on a scale hardly equaled in modern times.” (See Appletons’ 
“Cyclopaedia,” 1872. 

f The board consisted of five persons, appointed, respectively, by Presi¬ 
dent Grant, Queen Victoria, Victor Emanuel of Italy, Dom Pedro, Emperoi 
of Brazil, and the President of the Swiss Confederation. 

21 


482 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


October. The Northwestern boundary question * was 
submitted to the arbitration of the Emperor of Germany, 
“who, relying upon the investigation and opinion of bis 
experts and jurists, decided (October, 1872) that the Haro 
Canal boundary-line is most in accordance with existing 
treaties.” This award gave the United States all that 
was claimed, and even more, and “ left us, for the first 
time since our existence as a nation, without a question of 
disputed boundary between our territory and the posses¬ 
sions of Great Britain on this continent.” 

November 9 and 10. Just one year and a month after 
the great conflagration in Chicago, Boston was visited by 
a similar calamity ; the fire swept through the richest busi¬ 
ness quarter, and destroyed property that was estimated 
at $60,000,000 in value. 

Deaths in 1872: Generals Henry W. Halleck (57), 
George Gordon Meade (57), and Hartman Bache f (75), 
of the U. S. Army; Bichard S. Ewell (52), Confederate 
general; Horace Greeley (61), journalist and founder of 
the “Hew York Tribune”; William H. Seward (71), 
statesman ; Professor S. F. B. Morse (80), inventor of the 
electric telegraph ; Thomas Sully (86), painter; Thomas 
Buchanan Bead (50), poet and painter; Mrs. Parton (61), 
“Fanny Fern” (sister of B. P. Willis), author and essay¬ 
ist ; Edwin Forrest (66), actor. 

* Great Britain claimed that the boundary-line should run through the 
Rosario Straits, so as to embrace within British sovereignty an archipelago 
of islands (among which was San Juan), instead of Vancouver’s Island only. 
The United States, on the other hand, claimed that, according to the true in¬ 
terpretation of the Oregon Treaty of 1846, the line should run through the 
middle of the Canal de Haro, which would secure to our Government the 
contested archipelago of islands lying between the continent and Vancou¬ 
ver’s Island. 

f General Bache was a great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin, and the 
first-cousin of A. Dallas Bache, of the Coast Survey. (See list of deaths in 
1867, page 470.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 483 

Accession of Oscar II.* (48) to the throne of Sweden and Norway 
upon the death of his brother Charles XV.f 

Deaths: Charles J. Lever (65), Irish novelist; Merle d’Aubigne 
(78), Swiss historian; Giuseppe Mazzini (64), Italian statesman and 
revolutionist; Mrs. Mary Somerville J (92), Scottish astronomer and 
physicist, daughter of Vice-Admiral Fairfax. 

1873. Important Acts of Congress. Just before the 
close of Grant’s first term, Congress passed an act by which 
the salaries of the executive officers and the judiciary 
were increased. The President’s salary was raised from 
$25,000 to $50,000 per annum, payable in monthly in¬ 
stallments.* 

Postal-Cards were first introduced in May, 1873, the 
denomination being one cent; they gained immediate 
popularity. 

Abolition of the Franhing Privilege—This was a 
privilege originally granted to certain officers of the Gov- 

* King Oscar II. (born 1829) was the second son of Oscar I. and Joseph¬ 

ine Beauharnais, a daughter of Eugene Beauharnais (see note % under for¬ 
eign history, 1844, page 330). He married, in 1867, Princess Sophia of 
Nassau. Four sons are the issue of this union : 1. Gustavus, prince royal, 
Duke of Wermland, born 1858. (For the marriage of the prince royal and 
his offspring, see royal marriages of 1881, page 610 and note f.) 2. Oscar, 

Duke of Gotland, born 1869. 3. Charles, Duke of Oestergotland, born 1861. 
4. Eugbie Napoleon, Duke of Nereke, born 1866. 

f The only offspring of Charles XV., a daughter, the Princess Louise, 
married in 1869 the Crown Prince of Denmark. (See foreign history of 
1869, % IV., and note * on page 477.) 

\ “Mary Somerville,” writes Henry Morley, “was the first to shake 
man’s comfortable faith in the incapacity of women for scientific thought.” 
“ She has probably no rival among women as a scientific scholar. She had 
in a supreme decree that which Carlyle calls the first quality of genius, an 
immense capacity for taking trouble.”—“ History of our own Times,” by 
Justin McCarthy. 

# The salary of the Vice-President was fixed at $10,000; that of the 
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at $10,500; of the Associate Justices 
at $10,000. The salary of the heads of the several departments and of the 
Attorney-General was fixed at $10,000; that of the Speaker of the House 
of Representatives at $10,000; that of Senators and Representatives at 
$7,300 each per annum, no allowance to be made for traveling expenses. 
Among numerous acts passed during the session was one to abolish the 
grades of admiral and vice-admiral in the United States Navy. (Examine 
note * under death of Farragut, 1870, page 478.) 


484 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

ernment to enable them to forward official matter through 
the mail without incurring private expense. The abuse 
which grew out of the privilege, being fully recognized 
by Congress, was remedied in 1873, by the absolute re¬ 
peal of the law and the adoption of special official stamps 
for prepaying postage on official matter emanating from 
the several executive departments.* (Connect with 1874, 
IT II., page 488.) 

Fish-Culturists ’ Association. To extend the important 
work of fish-culture, already begun by individual States, 
Congress, before its adjournment in 1873, made an ap¬ 
propriation of $15,000 for stocking the waters of the 
United States with shad, salmon, and other desirable 
fishes. 

Second Inauguration of President Grant. Elected by 
Republicans ;f administration from 1873 to 1877. Vice- 
President, Henry Wilson,J of Massachusetts, till his death,* 
November 22, 1874, when the Hon. Thomas W. Ferry, 
Senator from Michigan, succeeded as acting Vice-Presi¬ 
dent and President of the Senate pro tern. Secretary of 
State, Hamilton Fish, of New York. 

The Modoc War. Murder of General Canby and 
Peace Commissioner , Dr. Thomas , April 77, 1873. The 

* “ Official matter of the executive departments is now carried free in 
what are known as penalty envelopes, which have almost wholly superseded 
the official stamp system, and documents printed by order of either House 
of Congress may be sent free by their members under proper conditions, 
but no serious abuse of these privileges is known at present to exist.” 

f The presidential election during the fall of 1872 was a very exciting 
one. “ A split occurred in the Republican party: those in opposition to 
Grant called themselves Liberal Republicans, and nominated as their can¬ 
didates Horace Greeley, of New York, and B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri. 
The Democrats indorsed the ticket of the Liberal Republicans, but, notwith¬ 
standing this combination, Grant was elected by an overwhelming majority. 
In less than a month after his defeat, Mr. Greeley died. In his death the 
nation lost a great philanthropist, and journalism its brightest light.” 

\ Mr. Wilson’s original name was Jeremiah Jones Colbaith. (See his 
biography in Appletons’ “ Cyclopaedia,” 1873.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


485 


Modoc Indians had refused to comply with the order 
issued early in 1872 transferring them to a new reserva¬ 
tion, and had resisted United States troops sent to re¬ 
move them forcibly. The Government next appointed a 
peace commission to investigate all difficulties and adjust 
them amicably ; but, during the council, held under a 
flag of truce, the Indians rose against the commission¬ 
ers and treacherously murdered General Canby and Dr. 
Thomas. The campaign subsequently made against the 
insurgents resulted in their surrender on the 1st of June. 
Captain Jack, their leader, and three of his companions, 
were tried by court-martial and hanged. The survivors 
of the tribe were removed to a reservation in Indian Ter¬ 
ritory. (Connect with June 25, 1876, page 490.) 

Political Troubles in Louisiana . These disturbances, 
the result of the election of rival Governors—one a Re¬ 
publican, the other a Democrat—began in January, 1873, 
and were renewed at intervals for several years. Kel¬ 
logg, the Republican Governor, was sustained by General 
Grant, and order was temporarily restored. Similar diffi¬ 
culties existed in South Carolina, where, through the 
support of the Federal authorities, the Republican State 
government was upheld. It was not until President 
Hayes withdrew the military force from the South that 
a cordial union between the two sections of the country 
was effected. (See 1877, T I., page 496.) 

“ Credit Mobilier ” Investigations. The Credit Mobi- 
lier was a corporation which had engaged in building the 
Pacific Railway. An investigation of its affairs, ordered 
by Congress, revealed the fact that several Government 
officials had entered into dishonorable transactions with 
the heads of the corporation, receiving bribes in the form 
of stock at greatly reduced figures. “ Two members of 


486 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


the House of Representatives were censured, and a Sena¬ 
tor barely escaped expulsion.” 

A financial panic occurred in the autumn of 1873, and 
was followed by great depression in business. This panic 
was far more general than those of 1837 and 1857. 

Troubles with Spain caused by the “ Virginias Affair .' 5 
The steamship Yirginius, flying the United States flag, 
was captured on the high-seas by a Spanish war-vessel; 
her captors, justly surmising that she was carrying men 
and supplies to aid the Cuban revolt,* took her into San¬ 
tiago, where, by order of the local military authorities, 
her captain and several of the crew were shot, despite the 
protest of the American consul at that port. The affair 
produced intense excitement in the United States, and, 
for a time, war with Spain seemed inevitable; but, hap¬ 
pily, wise men at the helm of our Government, and in 
the Spanish Cortes, calmly considered the international 
principles involved, and settled the matter by diplomacy. 

The Republic of San Domingo, comprising a large part 
of the Island of Hayti, applied in 1873 for its annexation 
to the United States. The application was rejected by 
Congress. 

* “ Troubles with the Spanish authorities in Cuba, and menaces of war 
with Spain, had existed since ‘ filibustering ’ movements from the United 
States to that island began in I860.” (See 1850, page 354, and 1851, page 
357.) A “ Cuban Junta,” composed of native Cubans and American sym¬ 
pathizers, had for some time existed in the city of New York: thus, when 
Cuba, soon after the revolution in the mother-country (see foreign history, 
1868, page 474), attempted to assert her independence, the “Junta,” siding 
with the “ patriots ” (insurgents), sent to their aid volunteers and munitions 
of war, despite the prohibition and proclamation of the strictest neutrality 
on the part of the United States. The Yirginius, undoubtedly a contraband 
vessel, fitted out by the “ Junta,” was not entitled to carry the American 
flag at the time of her capture, nor could the United States, under the cir¬ 
cumstances, be held responsible for her lawless expedition. Therefore, 
there were intn'national rights to be considered on both sides, and amicable 
explanations and reparations being mutually offered and accepted, a cordial 
relation between Spain and the United States was re-established. (See 
United States history, 1875, II., page 489.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


487 


Deaths in 1873 : Hiram Powers (68), sculptor of u The 
Greek Slave”; Salmon P. Chase (65), Chief-Justice of 
the Supreme Court of the United States; * Louis J. R. 
Agassiz (66), the most eminent of modern scientists, a 
native of Switzerland, died in Cambridge, Mass.; M* F. 
Maury (67), hydrographer, physicist, and author; Rev. 
Peter J. de Smet, S. J. (72), missionary among the Indians. 

Spain a republic. Immediately after the abdication of King 
Amadeus, February, 1873, Spain was declared a republic, and this 
form of government was continued till the restoration of the mon¬ 
archy at the close of 1874. Salmeson, first elected President of the 
Kepublic, was succeeded, September 7, 1873, by Emilio Castelar; 
the administration of both was chiefly occupied with the “violent 
struggle maintained against the Carlists.” (Connect with foreign 
history, 1874, IF I., page 488.) 

The first great “Austrian Exposition of the Industries of All 
Nations” opened at Vienna, May 1, 1873. 

The Ashantee War.t In 1873, Great Britain was forced into war 
with the Ashantees, a ferocious tribe of negroes in Western Africa, 
on the Gold Coast, Upper Guinea, among whom “ human sacrifices 
are offered with a frequency and atrocity of circumstances hardly 
credible.” The expedition, under Sir Garnet Wolseley, left Eng¬ 
land September, 1873, and returned March, 1874, “having accom¬ 
plished all its objects, with an ease and completeness more than sat¬ 
isfactory. The King of Ashantee was defeated, Coomassie, his capi¬ 
tal, burned, and he was compelled to accept the terms offered, one 
of the conditions being the prohibition of human sacrifices.” 

Albert f (aged 45) succeeded to the crown of Saxony upon the 
death of his father, King John, in October, 1873. 


* His successor in this highest judicial office in the United States was 
Morrison Remick Waite, who took the oath of office March 4, 1874, and im¬ 
mediately entered upon the duties of his position. 

\ “The Ashantee War arose out of a sort of misunderstanding.” In 
1872 some Dutch possessions on the Gold Coast were ceded to Great Brit¬ 
ain. The King of the Ashantees claimed from the new proprietors the con¬ 
tinuation of a tribute which had been allowed him by the Dutch. The 
English, whom the Dutch had left in ignorance of the Ashantee claim, re¬ 
fused to pay the tribute—hence the war that ensued. 

X His mother, Princess Amelia of Bavaria, was the daughter of King 
Maximilian I. of Bavaria (a king of Napoleon’s creation—see foreign his¬ 
tory, 1805, II., page 280), and maternal aunt of Francis Joseph, Emperor 
of Austria, who consequently is King Albert’s first-cousin. Albert was born 
in 1823, and in 1853 married Princess Caroline of IIolstein-Gottorp, only 
daughter of Gustavus, Prince of Vasa (examine last note under foreign his- 



488 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Deaths: Napoleon III., ex-Emperor of France (64), who had re¬ 
tired to England in 1871, died at Chiselhurst, January 9, 1873;* * 
John Stuart Mill (67), English philosopher, political economist, and 
statesman; Right Hon. Sir E. Lytton Bulwer (67), English novelist, 
statesman, and historian; Dr. David Livingstone (58 or 60?), Scottish 
clergyman, physician, and missionary, traveler in Southern and Cen¬ 
tral Africa, the most fearless and indefatigable explorer of modern 
times; Sir Edwin Landseer (71), English artist. 

1874 . Political disturbances in Louisiana still con¬ 
tinued, and in September “a conflict took place in the 
streets of New Orleans; twenty-six persons were killed, 
and Governor Kellogg was obliged to take refuge in the 
United States Custom-IIouse.” He was subsequently re¬ 
instated by President Grant. 

An International Postal Union was formed among 
twenty-one nations—the United States being one of the 
number—whose delegates, by special invitation from the 
Government of Germany, met in congress at Berne, 
Switzerland; a treaty was concluded, October 9,1874, by 
which uniform postal rates were adopted throughout the 
states belonging to the International Union, and transit 
postage was abolished.f (Connect with 1876, page 492.) 

Deaths in 1874: Millard Fillmore (74), ex-President 
of the United States; Charles Sumner (63), statesman, 
scholar, and author. 

Spain again a monarchy. “ Suddenly, at the close of 1874, by a 
long-planned coup d'etat , Alfonso, Prince of Asturias,f son of ex- 


tory, 1860, page 375). There is no issue from this union, and the heir- 
presumptive of Saxony is Prince George, the brother of King Albert. 
Prince George has six children, four sons and two daughters ; his wife, who 
died in 1884, was the Infanta Marie Anne, sister of Luiz I., the present 
(1886) King of Portugal. 

* It is not, perhaps, generally known that Alexandre Beauharnais (the 
first husband of the Empress Josephine), Napoleon’s paternal grandfather, 
had fought, under Rochambeau, in the Revolutionary War for American in¬ 
dependence. 

f At present (1886) nearly all the civilized nations of the globe have 
joined the Union. 

% For the origin of this title, see note f. under 1868, page 474. ' 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


489 


Queen Isabella, was proclaimed King of Spain ; the army and navy 
gave him their support; the nation approved the act, and thus the 
short-lived Spanish Republic was overthrown, and the Bourbon 
dynasty restored.” When the young prince received the address 
of his adherents, offering him the throne of his ancestors, he was 
studying in England as a cadet in the military college of Sandhurst. 
He immediately returned to his fatherland, and on the 14th of Jan¬ 
uary, 1875, entered Madrid to assume the reins of government. 
(Connect with foreign history, 1885, page 521.) 

In 1874, the Feejee Islands, a group in the South Pacific Ocean, 
passed under the jurisdiction of England. 

January 23, 1874. Marriage at St. Petersburg of II. R. H. 
Prince Alfred of Great Britain, Duke of Edinburgh (born 1844), 
second son of Queen Victoria, to Marie, Grand duchess of Russia* 
(born 1853), only daughter of the Emperor Alexander II. 

Deaths: F. P. G. Guizot (87), French statesman, diplomatist, 
and historian; Jules Michelet (76), French historian and miscella¬ 
neous writer. Wilhelm von Kaulbach (68), German painter. 

1875. The centenary of the skirmish at Lexington f 
was celebrated April 19, and that of the battle of Banker 
Ilillf on the 17th of June. 

Spain paid the United States Government $80,000 in 
gold, as indemnity in the Virginias case—the sum to be 
applied to the relief of the families of the ship’s com¬ 
pany, and sucli of the passengers as were American citi¬ 
zens. 

Archbishop McCloskey, first North American cardi¬ 
nal, was received at Borne in September, 1875. (Connect 
with 1886, T II., page 522.) 

Deaths in 1875: Ex-President Andrew Johnson (68); 
Vice-President Wilson (63) ; William B. Astor (82), son 

* The issue of this union are a son and four daughters—(1) Prince Al¬ 
fred, born October, 1874 ; (2) Princess Marie, born 1875; (3) Princess Vic¬ 
toria, born 1876; (4) Princess Alexandra, born 1878; (5) Princess Beatrice, 
born 1884. (For the family connections of the Grand Duchess of Russia 
see note * under Russia, 1881, page 509.) 

f Examine illustration on the seventy-fifth year square of the eighteenth 
century chart, and read the account of the skirmish at Lexington and battle 
of Bunker Hill, pages 193, 194, and 195 of the Manual. An interesting ac¬ 
count of these centenary celebrations is given in Appletons’ “ Annual Cyclo¬ 
paedia,” 1875. 


490 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


of John Jacob Astor; Horace Binney (97), jurist; John 
C. Breckenridge (54), ex-Yice-President of the United 
States, afterward a general in the Confederate army. 

“ Great Britain. On the 28th of November, 1875, it was offi¬ 
cially announced that the British Government had purchased for 
£4,000,000, from the Khedive of Egypt, 177,000 of the 400,000 
shares into which the capital of the Suez Canal is divided. The 
news created an extraordinary excitement, and was no less a sur¬ 
prise to England than to Germany, France, Russia, and other coun¬ 
tries.” 

Deaths: Hans Christian Andersen (70), Danish author; Earl 
Stanhope, Lord Mahon (70), English historian, essayist, and legis¬ 
lator; Ferdinand I. (82), ex-Emperor of Austria, uncle and pred¬ 
ecessor of Francis Joseph (see 1848, foreign history, page 851); 
Francis V. (66), the last Duke of Modena; Lady Jane Franklin 
(70), * widow of Sir John Franklin, the navigator. 

1876. American Centennial Exposition or World?s 
Eair.\ An international exhibition, in celebration of 
the one hundredth anniversary of American Independ¬ 
ence f was opened in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, on 
May 10, and closed November 10. Nearly every nation 
sent goods for display, and countless visitors thronged 
thither from all parts of our own country and from 
abroad. It was opened by President Grant with appro¬ 
priate ceremonies. The Emperor and Empress of Brazil, 
then on a visit to the United States, honored the occasion 
by their presence. 

June 25. War with the Sioux. Massacre of General 
George A. Custer and his Command. The Sioux In¬ 
dians were again on the war-path. While the United 
States troops were in the field against them, General Cus¬ 
ter, having attacked them with an inadequate force, was 

* Examine 1845, foreign history, I., and note, page 341; 1851, page 
358; 1855, page 366. 

\ A full account of the exposition will be found in Appletons’ “Annual 
Cyclopaedia,” 1875 and 1876. As a class exercise or reading-lesson, let the 
pupils review the causes that led to the Revolutionary War, the circum¬ 
stances preceding it, and the Declaration of Independence, as given in the 
Manual from 1764, page 184, to 1776, page 200. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


491 


killed, with his two brothers, his nephew, and more than 
two hundred and fifty men—his entire command. It was 
one of the most terrible massacres recorded. The Sioux 
were subsequently subdued, but their chiefs, Sitting Bull 
and Crazy Horse, escaped into British territory. 

Colorado, the thirty-eighth State, was admitted into 
the Union August 1, 1876. A large part of this State 
was embraced in the Louisiana purchase, and a consider¬ 
able part in the Mexican cession.* 

The Telephone invented by Professor Graham A. 
Bell. “ The possibility of telegraphing audible speech, 
it would seem, was not suspected before it was practically 
accomplished by Professor Bell in the early part of 
1876.” f 

The Congo Hirer in Africa was explored in 1876 by 
Henry M. Stanley, a naturalized American citizen.^ 

# * Though Colorado is the latest State admitted into the Union, its terri¬ 

tory was among the earliest discovered. (Examine 40th year-square of the 
16th-century chart, and see 1540, page 64 of the Manual.) 

f Professor Bell’s first patent for this wonderful invention was taken 
out, March 7, 1876, and his second, January 30, 1877. In less than four 
years from the date of the first patent the telephone was in practical use in 
almost every city in the country. 

\ Mr. Stanley, whose family name is Rowland, was born in Wales, in 1840. 
Emigrating to the United States in his youth, he assumed the name of his 
friend aad benefactor, a merchant of New Orleans. In 1868, as correspond¬ 
ent to the “New York Herald,” he accompanied the British expedition to 
Abyssinia, and, before the close of the following year, he was sent by 
James Gordon Bennett, proprietor of the “ Herald,” in search of Dr. Living¬ 
stone, about whose fate there existed great excitement in this country as 
well as in Europe. Having found the distinguished traveler on November 
10, 1871, he remained with him four months. After the death of Dr. Liv¬ 
ingstone in 1873, Mr. Stanley, at the solicitation of the proprietors of the 
London “Telegraph” and “New York Herald,” undertook the exploration 
of the lake region of equatorial Africa. This voyage on the Congo River, 
which occupied nine months, was the most difficult as well as the most im¬ 
portant of his achievements. The river, one of the longest on the globe, is 
about twenty-four hundred miles in length. Upon Stanley’s return from 
Africa in 1878, he was offered the agency of the International African 
Association, which he accepted. (Connect with note * under III. of for¬ 
eign history, 1885, page 519.) 


492 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Postal Law. Registry System improved. Although 
this system was authorized by Congress in 1855,* “ owing 
to the inefficiency of administration,” it failed to secure 
the confidence of the people. At first the only distinc¬ 
tion between a registered letter and an ordinary letter 
was a “ mark which served rather to invite and suggest 
depredation than to prevent it.” In 1876 a notable im¬ 
provement was effected by the introduction of the through- 
pouch system • this is simply the pouching of all regis¬ 
tered matter passing between large offices, in one dis¬ 
tinctive bag, which is not opened till it reaches its desti¬ 
nation^ (Connect wfith 1879, T IV., page 501.) 

The Presidential Election of 1876 was one of great 
excitment, and the result the most perplexing ever before 
known in the country. The contest lay between the Re¬ 
publicans, whose candidates were Rutherford B. Hayes, 
of Ohio, and William A. Wheeler, of Hew York, and the 
Democrats, whose candidates were Samuel J. Tilden, of 
Hew York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. On 
the 7th of Hovember the electoral votes were found to be 

* See note f under Postal Law, 1863, page 435. 

•f- “ Other improvements have been made from time to time—not all at 
one time—so that the registry system in its present condition (1886) repre¬ 
sents a growth rather than a creation.” At first only letters were regis¬ 
tered. In 1878 the system was extended to the third and fourth class mat¬ 
ter. The use of card-forms of receipts and bills was adopted in 1879 ; they 
do not add security, but are economical and facilitate business. In 1882 
tell-tale locks on through-pouches were introduced. These locks have rotat¬ 
ing numbers, so that when locked on a certain number they can not be 
opened without changing the number ; thus if a pouch is opened along the 
line of its journey the lock reveals the fact. The extension of through- 
pouclies to mails for Canada was authorized in 1882. The registry system 
as it now exists (1886) is highly satisfactory in every respect. “ The regis¬ 
tered letter is inclosed in a secure envelope provided by Government, and is 
followed to its destination by a complete chain of receipts given in succes¬ 
sion by postal employes, in whose custody it passes until it is handed to the 
party to whom it is addressed. His receipt is then taken by the delivering 
postmaster, and returned to the sender of the letter before he can receive 
the acknowledgment of his correspondent in the usual course of mail.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


493 


so nearly balanced that each party claimed the success of 
its ticket, whereas, in reality, no satisfactory result had 
been reached. The whole number of electors was 369, 
of which a majority is 185. Mr. Tilden had received 184 
undisputed votes, and the remainder (185) were claimed 
for Mr. Hayes, notwithstanding that the votes of Florida, 
Louisiana, and South Carolina were disputed. The diffi¬ 
culty was the natural outcome of the disorganized politi¬ 
cal condition of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina. 
In the last two States, as has been npted, there were two 
distinct and antagonistic governments, each claiming the 
right of representation in the electoral college, in conse¬ 
quence of which there were two opposing sets of votes 
forwarded from each. Florida, from a cause somewhat 
similar, had produced as many as three certificates of her 
electoral vote. The point in dispute was, which sets of 
votes should be considered genuine; in other words, 
whether the votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Caro¬ 
lina should be credited to Mr. Hayes or to Mr. Tilden. 
(Connect with “ Electoral Commission,” 1877, page 494.) 

Not only was the presidential ballot disputed, but, 
with the State elections of 1876, political disturbances 
were renewed in Louisiana and South Carolina, and there 
were again two Governors, each asserting his claims, until 
the conciliatory policy of Mr. Hayes’s Administration 
effected a peaceful adjustment of the difficulty. 

Deaths in 1876 : Orestes A. Brownson (73), metaphysi¬ 
cal writer, and editor of “ Brownson’s Review ”; Rev- 
erdy Johnson (80), jurist, statesman, and diplomatist; 
Charlotte Cushman (60), actress. 

On May 1, 1876, Queen Victoria of Great Britain was proclaimed 
Empress of India. (See Justin McCarthy’s “ History of Our Own 
Times.”) 

On the 16th of August Mr. Disraeli, Prime-Minister of Great 


494 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Britain, was raised to the peerage, under the title of Earl of Beacons- 
field. 

Deaths: Harriet Martineau (74), English authoress; Princess Isa¬ 
belle Marie (74), daughter of King John VI. of Portugal; * Cardinal 
Antonelli (70), Papal statesman and diplomatist; Santa Anna (77), 
Mexican general. (See foreign history, 1846, IT L, page 346; 1847, 
page 347, f II., and page 348.) 

1877 . February 1 to March %. Electoral Commis¬ 
sion. As the Constitution of the United States provided 
for no such emergency as a disputed presidential election, 
Congress resolved to submit the controversy at issue to 
the decision of an Electoral Commission, comprising five 
senators, five representatives, and five justices of the 
Supreme Court. The question to be settled before the 
Commission was, what persons , claiming to be electors , 
but whose credentials were in dispute , were legally en¬ 
titled to enter the electoral college . The investigation 
being made from this standpoint, the verdict pronounced 
gave 185 electoral votes to Hayes and Wheeler and 184 
to Tilden and Hendricks. This decision was rendered on 
the 2d of March, and on the 4th (which was Sunday) Mr. 
Hayes privately took the prescribed oath of office, and on 
the 5th was publicly inaugurated with the usual cere- 
monies.f 

Nineteenth President of the United States , Rutherford 
B. Hayes,X of Ohio , born 18%%. Elected by the Eepub- 

* The princess was the great-aunt of the present King of Portugal, 
Luiz I., and had been Regent of Portugal from March 10, 1826, to Feb¬ 
ruary 26, 1828. {See foreign history of 1826, I., page 316.) 

f The 4th of March fell on Sunday in the following inaugural years: 
1793, the beginning of Washington’s second term; 1821, the beginning of 
Monroe’s second term; 1849, Taylor’s term; 1877, Hayes’s term; and it 
will again fall on Sunday in 1906. 

\ Rutherford Birchard Hayss was born in Delaware, Ohio, October 4, 
1822. He was graduated from Kenyon College before he had completed 
his twentieth year, and took his degree at the Harvard Law School about 
three years later. He began the practice of his profession at Lower San¬ 
dusky (now Fremont), Ohio, but in I860 removed to Cincinnati, where his 
ability soon won recognition. In 1862 he married Miss Lucy Webb. At 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


495 



licans.* Administration four years, 1877 to 1881. Vice- 
President, William A. Wheeler, of New York; Secre¬ 
tary of State, William M. Evarts, of New York. 

United States Troops at the South withdrawn . The 

the beginning of the civil war Mr. Hayes was appointed major of the 
Twenty-third Ohio Infantry; he fought with distinction at South Mountain, 
where he received his first wounds (he was wounded four different times 
during the war), and took a prominent part in many subsequent actions, al¬ 
ways displaying great personal courage. In 1865 he had earned the rank of 
brevet major-general, being promoted “ for gallant and distinguished serv¬ 
ices during the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia, and particularly at the 
battles of Fisher’s Hill and Cedar Creek, Virginia.’’ General Hayes was 
first elected to Congress while in the field, in 1864, and was again chosen a 
member of that body in 1866. He was made Governor of Ohio in 1867, and 
was re-elected to the position in 1869, and again in 1875. In 1876 he wms 
nominated by the Republican Convention to the presidency, and, after a 
close contest, was elected. Since the close of his administration, Mr. 
Hayes has lived in retirement. 

* Examine presidential election of 1876, page 492. 











496 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Administration of President Hayes was marked ly a con¬ 
ciliatory policy toward the South. One of his first meas¬ 
ures was to withdraw from South Carolina and Louisiana 
the United States troops, which, during Grant’s term, had 
sustained the Republican government of those States. 
The control of local affairs in the South was at once as¬ 
sumed by Democratic officials, and a more harmonious 
feeling between the two sections was the result. 

Railroad Strikes. In the summer of 1877, strikes, in¬ 
augurated by the employes of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad, caused much destruction of property and inter¬ 
ruption of business; they rapidly extended northward to 
Canada, and westward as far as Mississippi, and necessi¬ 
tated the interference of national troops before the result¬ 
ing disturbances could be quelled. It is generally be¬ 
lieved that the acts of incendiarism and violence which 
marked these strikes were chiefly the work of non-labor¬ 
ers—the tramp element. 

Early in the spring a war broke out in Idaho with 
the Nez Perce Indians, who had hitherto been friendly; 
it resulted in the defeat of the tribe, and the surrender of 
Joseph, their chief. 

Deaths in 1877: John L. Motley (63), historian and 
diplomatist; John S. C. Abbott (71), historian; Joel T. 
Hart (67), sculptor; Cornelius Yanderbilt (82), capitalist; 
Brigham Young (77), leader and high-priest of the Mor¬ 
mons; Rear-Admirals Charles Henry Davis (70), James 
Alden (68), and Charles Wilkes* (76), of the U. S. 
Havy ; Raphael Semmes (68), Confederate naval officer, 
commander of the “Alabama”; General N. B. Forrest 
(56), Confederate cavalry-officer; William Gunnaway 
Brownlow (71), clergyman, journalist, and politician. 

* See 1838, f H-, page 331; 1842, 1 V., page 337; 1861, page 387. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


497 


The Russo-Turkish War of 1877* (undertaken in behalf of the 
persecuted Christians in Turkey) was formally proclaimed by Alex¬ 
ander H., April 24, when one division of the Russian army crossed 
the Danube, and another, advancing into Asia, rapidly overran Ar¬ 
menia. The decisive struggle of the war took place at the important 
post of Plevna (in Bulgaria, southwest of Nicopolis), where the 
Pasha Osman, after the loss of the flower of his army, surrendered, 
December 10. In less than three months the vanquished Turks sued 
for peace, winch the victorious Russians granted, according to the 
terms of the Treaty of San Stefano.f Signed in March, 1878. 

Deaths: Louis Adolph Thiers (80), French statesman, historian, 
and ex-President of the French Republic; Cecelia Bohl de Faber 
(Fernan Caballero) (80), Spanish novelist; Lady Caroline E. S. Nor¬ 
ton (68), English writer, a granddaughter of the Irish dramatist, 
Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 

1878 . The Halifax Commission on the Question of 
Fisheries. The right of the American Republic to fish 
in Canadian waters, formerly allowed under a treaty con¬ 
ferring reciprocal privileges, had been for some time dis¬ 
puted—Great Britain claiming that the advantages she 
conferred were much greater than those she received. 
The question was one which the Treaty of Washington J 
had referred to arbitration. In this year, therefore, the 
commission which had been organized to decide it, sat at 
Halifax, Nova Scotia, and finally resolved that the United 
States should pay Great Britain the sum of $5,500,000 
as a compensation for fishing privileges during the term 
of twelve years. The award, though considered by the 
people of the United States as excessive, was promptly 
paid in November, 1878. 

* “During 1875, 1876, and 1877, Turkey became involved in hostilities 
with several of her Christian dependencies, Herzegovina (h8rt-$eh-go-vee na\ 
Montenegro, Bosnia, Servia, and Bulgaria. The outrages committed by her 
soldiery upon the Christian inhabitants of these provinces provoked for¬ 
eign interference, and hence the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.” 

•f As the treaty confirmed Russia in the possession of her recent con¬ 
quests in Asia, including the port of Batoum, on the Black Sea, England 
protested against it, and threatened to make war on Russia. Through the 
friendly mediation of Germany, hostilities were averted by submitting the 
treaty to the arbitration of the great powers, in a Congress to be convened 
at Berlin. (See 1878, ^ II., page 499.) % See f I.,'page 480. 


498 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


The Bland Silver BiU. In February, 1873, Congress 
passed a bill which “dropped the silver dollar out of its 
list of authorized coins.” In 1878 a bill was passed, over 
the President’s veto, restoring its value as a legal tender.* 

The bankrupt law, passed in 1841, was this year re¬ 
pealed. (See page 336.) 

The United States Life-Saving Service was established 
by act of Congress, June 18, 1878. “It is the only ex¬ 
clusively governmental establishment of the kind in the 
world.” f 

During the summer of 1878, an epidemic of yellow 
fever of almost unprecedented malignity visited a por¬ 
tion of the Southern States. 

A resident Chinese embassy, established for the first 
time at Washington, was received by President Hayes on 
September 28, 1878. “The ceremonies of the occasion 
were among the most interesting ever witnessed in our 
national capital, and the address of the Chinese minister 
plenipotentiary, Chen Lan Pin, was equal in dignity and 
appropriateness to the best efforts of a European diplo¬ 
matist.” 

Deaths in 1878 : Joseph Henry (80), eminent scientist, 
Secretary and Director of the Smithsonian Institution ; 
Bayard Taylor (53), author, traveler, and diplomatist; he 
was appointed United States minister to Germany, in 
February, 1878, and his death occurred, in Berlin, the 
following December. 

England’s second Afghan War. British jealousy of Russian in¬ 
fluence, which had caused war in Afghanistan in 1839,{ now led to 


* The main opposition to the bill for the remonetization of silver was 
founded on the fact that, in the existing state of the market, the quantity 
of metal contained in the authorized coin was not worth its face value, 
f For details, see Appletons’ “Annual Cyclopaedia,” 1878. 

\ See foreign history, I., page 332. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


499 


a second invasion of that country, and the tragic events that had 
marked the former contest were enacted over again. (See Mc¬ 
Carthy’s “ History of Our Own Times.”) 

Treaty of Berlin, between the great European powers * * and Tur¬ 
key, was signed in July, 1878. By this treaty, the Ottoman Empire 
suffered a great loss of territory in Europe,t and, moreover, con¬ 
sented to the occupation and administration of the Island of Cyprus 
by England—the Sultan receiving an annual payment in money, in 
lieu of its ordinary revenues. 

China. The northern provinces of China were visited by a severe 
famine during the first six months of 1878; it was caused partly by 
an unusually long drought, and partly by the excessive cultivation 
of the poppy as an opium-plant, almost to the exclusion of food- 
crops. The earliest victims to the famine were opium-smokers, who 
fell in great numbers.}: 

France. The third French International Exposition was opened 
at Paris, by President MacMahon, on May 1,1878, and closed on the 
31st of the following October.* 

Canada. The Marquis of Lome, husband of Princess Louise of 
Great Britain, || succeeded the Earl of Dufferin as Governor-General 
of Canada. The marquis and the princess, his wife, reached Halifax 
toward the close of the year, and were received with enthusiasm by 
the Canadians. 

Italy. Humbert (born March 14, 1844), son of Victor Emanuel 


* Great Britain, Russia, Germany, Austro-Hungarv, France, and Italy. 

f Montenegro (lying on the Adriatic, south of Austria), Roumania (con¬ 
nect with 1881, foreign history, page 508), and Servia (see foreign history, 
1882, page 511), were declared independent principalities. Bosnia and 
Herzegovina were to be occupied and administered by Austro-Hungary. Bul¬ 
garia was secured in a Christian government, tributary to the Sultan; the 
reigning prince being elected by the people, was to be confirmed in his 
position by the Sultan, with the approval of the powers. (See 1879, page 
503.) A new province (Eastern Roumelia) was constituted, partially auton¬ 
omous, with a Christian governor-general, to be appointed by the Sultan. 
The Porte, moreover, pledged itself to realize legal reforms and to grant 
religious liberty. 

% “ The severity of the famine and the urgency of appeals for help 
awakened public sympathy abroad, and subscriptions were liberally sus¬ 
tained in Europe and the United States. This opportune kindness was more 
effectual in opening China to foreign countries than would have been a 
dozen wars.” (For the introduction of opium into China, see 1840, foreign 
history, II., page 333.) 

* Besides the foreign embassies and the officials of the French Govern¬ 
ment, there were present at the opening ceremonies the Prince of Wales, 
the Crown Prince of Denmark, the Duke of Aosta (ex-King of Spain), ex- 
Queen Isabella, and several other foreign magnates. (For interesting de¬ 
tails of the Exposition, see Appletons’ “ Annual Cyclopaedia,” 1878.) 

I See foreign history, 1871, page 481, and connect with Canada, p. 513. 



500 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


and Adelaide, Archduchess of Austria, succeeded to the throne of 
Italy, upon the death of his father, January 9, 1878.* In 1868 he 
married Princess Marguerite (born 1851), daughter of his paternal 
uncle, Prince Ferdinand of Savoy, Duke of Genoa. The sole issue 
of the union is the prince royal, Victor Emanuel, Prince of Maples 
(born 1869). 

Rome. Cardinal Joachim Pecci, Archbishop of Perugia (born 
1810), ascended the Papal throne under the title of Leo XIII. He 
was crowned on the 3d of March. The first act of his pontificate 
was the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy in Scotland. 

Deaths : January 9, 1878, Victor Emanuel (57), King of Italy; * 
February 7, Pope Pius IX., Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, aged 
nearly 86 years; his pontificate, embracing thirty-one years and 
seven months, exceeded in length that of any of his 256 predeces¬ 
sors in the papacy; Mgr. Dupanloup (76), French prelate, pulpit 
orator, and zealous champion in the cause of education; Lord John 
Russell t (85), British statesman, and, for a short period, Prime-Min¬ 
ister of Great Britain ; Princess Alice (35), Grand-duchess of Hesse- 
Darmstadt and second daughter of Queen Victoria J (see foreign 


* Victor Emanuel (bom 1820) was the eldest son of Charles Albert, 
King of Sai’dinia and the Archduchess Theresa of Austria, daughter of 
Ferdinand, Grand-duke of Tuscany (grandson, through his father, Emperor 
Leopold IL, of the celebrated Empress Maria Theresa). In 1842, Victor 
Emanuel married his cousin, the Archduchess Adelaide of Austria (born 
1822, died 1855), daughter of Renier, Viceroy of Lombardy (brother of the 
above-mentioned Grand-duke of Tuscany). The surviving children of this 
union are two sons and two daughters: (1) Princess Clotilde (born 1843) 
, married, in 1859, Prince Napoleon Joseph Paul Bonaparte; (2 ) Humbert, 
present King of Italy; (3) Amadeus , Duke of Aosta (born 1845), ex-King of 
Spain (see 1870 and 1873, pages 479, 487); (4) Princess Maria Pia (born 
1847), married, in 1862, to Louis, King of Portugal. (See note f, page 388.) 
The first important act of Victor Emanuel’s reign was his participation in the 
Crimean War. (See 1855, page 366.) Four years later, both he and his son 
Humbert were engaged in the Austro-Sardinian War, by which he acquired 
Lombardy. (See 1859, page 372.) In 1860 he annexed to his dominions 
Modena, Parma, and Tuscany, a large part of the Papal States, and the king¬ 
dom of Naples, and on March 17, 1861, he assumed the title of King of 
Italy. (See pages 374, 388.) After the Seven Weeks’ War of 1866, between 
Austria and Prussia, in which he acted as ally to the latter power, he se¬ 
cured the long-coveted state of Venetia (see latter part of note * under I. 
of 1866, page 468), while the remainder of the Papal States were annexed 
to Italy in 1870, when Rome was proclaimed the capital of United Italy. 
(See Tf II., page 478.) 

f See Justin McCarthy’s “ History of Our Own Times,” vol. ii., p. 614. 

\ The death of Princess Alice occurred December 14, 1878—the seven¬ 
teenth anniversary of her father’s death. Her husband, Ludwig IV., had 
succeeded to the Grand-duchy of Hesse only eighteen months before, June 
13,1877. Their children are: 1. Victoria, born 1863. 2. Elizabeth, born 

1864. 3. Irene , born 1866. 4. Ernest, hereditary prince, born 1868. 5. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


501 


history, 1862, page 422); Mercedes (18), Queen of Alfonso XII. of 
Spain ; Maria Christina (72), Dowager-Queen of Spain, daughter of 
Francis I. of Naples; she was the fourth wife of King Ferdinand 
VII., and mother of Queen Isabella (see 1838, note* page 325). 

1879. Resumption of Specie Payments. In 1876 an 
act was passed by Congress providing for tlie redemption 
in coin of all legal-tender notes (greenbacks) on and after 
January 1, 1879. The return to gold and silver coin, 
after the suspension of their use for seventeen years, 
“ marked the end of the commercial depression conse¬ 
quent upon the revulsion and panic of 1873.” 

The Chinese Question. Congress passed a bill in 1879 
to restrict the immigration of Chinese into the United 
States. Although public sentiment was, for many reasons, 
strongly in favor of such a restriction, the terms of the 
existing treaty with China made it impracticable, as it 
would have constituted a complete abrogation of that 
treaty. President Hayes, therefore, vetoed the bill. (Ex¬ 
amine Burlingame embassy, 1868, page 472, and connect 
with November 17, 1880, page 504.) 

The TJte Indians of Colorado , exasperated by the con¬ 
duct of the United States agent in seizing a tract of their 
farm-lands, retaliated by murdering the men of the agency 
and capturing the women. The outbreak was, however, 
quelled by the authority of the Indian chief, Ouray, who 
made reparation for the outrages committed by bis tribe, 
and consented to their removal to a new reservation. 

“j Postage-due Stamps .” “ The last vestige of collec¬ 

tions in money for domestic postages was swept away by 
the introduction, in 1879, of postage-due stamps, for col¬ 
lecting balances on partially prepaid letters. The stamps 
are charged when issued to the postmasters, and must be 

Alix, born 1872. (For the marriages of the Princesses Victoria and Eliza¬ 
beth, see foreign history, 1884, page 516.) 


502 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


accounted for by them, thus placing it beyond their power 
to retain any of the postage collected without liability to 
detection and punishment.” 

Two-Cent International Postal Cards* authorized by 
Congress in March, 1879, began to be issued by the Post- 
Office Department on December 1 of the same year. 
They are intended for circulation between the United 
States and the other countries of 'the Universal Postal 
Union. (For next postal item, see 1882, page 510.) 

In December, 1879, Thomas A. Edison published the 
record of his investigations of electric light, and gave a 
public demonstration of the remarkable results.f 

Deaths in 1879: Richard H. Dana (91), editor, poet, 
and essayist; John A. Dix (80), statesman and diploma¬ 
tist ; Caleb Cushing J (79), jurist, soldier, and statesman ; 
William Lloyd Garrison (74), abolitionist; Generals Jo¬ 
seph Hooker (64) and James Shields (67), U. S. A.; John 
B. Hood # (48) and Richard Taylor [ (52), Confederate 
generals; Mme. Bonaparte, A nee Patterson (93), widow of 
Jerome Bonaparte; Geo. S. Hillard (70), editor and author. 

Zulu War. In 1879 Great Britain engaged in war with the Zu¬ 
lus, a fierce and barbarous tribe of South Africa. The contest, a 
sanguinary one, was virtually concluded in August, when Cetewayo, 


* These cards bear the words “ Universal Postal Union ” and “ United 
States of America," in English and in French, as required by the terms of 
the postal convention. The stamp consists of a head of Liberty, surrounded 
by an oval belt containing the figure “ 2 ” on either side, and the words 
“ U. S. Postal Card—two cents." 

f “ The great number and variety of subjects to which Mr. Edison has 
given his attention is scarcely less surprising than the marked success with 
which his labors have been crowned. The most wonderful, as well as the 
most famous, of his inventions are the carbon telephone and the phono¬ 
graph. The former is a contrivance for conveying sounds and w r ords to a 
distance by means of electricity; the latter is an instrument for recording 
and preserving sounds, notes, and words, and for reproducing them at any 
distance of time.” 

1 See 1844, page 338. # See 1864, pages-447, 448. 

I See note f under 1865, page 462. A See note f, page 284. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


503 


the Zulu king, was taken prisoner. A painful episode of the war 
was the untimely end of the young prince imperial, son of the late 
ex-Emperor of France. He had gone to Africa to witness the op¬ 
erations of the war, and was killed in an encounter with the sav¬ 
ages, June 1. 

Bulgaria. In 1879, the National Assembly of this principality 
elected its first sovereign, Prince Alexander I., aged 22 years.* 

Marriage at Windsor Castle, March 13, 1879, of H. R. H., third 
son of Queen Victoria, Arthur Patrick, Duke of Connaught t and 
Strathearn (born 1850), to Princess Louise Marguerite (born 1860), 
daughter of Prince Frederic Carl { of Prussia, and great-niece of 
William I., Emperor of Germany. 

Deaths: Napoleon Eugene Bonaparte (23), Prince Imperial of 
France; Sir Rowland Hill (83), originator of the penny post system 
in England ; # Espartero (85), Grandee of Spain, general, and states¬ 
man ; Baron Lionel de Rothschild (70), British banker and first Jew 
in the House of Commons. (Connect with June 25, page 520.) 

1880 . In January, Charles Stewart Parnell, the head 
of the Irish Land League, visited the United States to 
ask aid for the poor of Ireland ; the House of Representa¬ 
tives, Washington, D. C., was thrown open to him for one 
of his meetings. 

Egyptian Obelisk in Central Park , New York. The 
Egyptian obelisk, known as Cleopatra’s Needle, || was 

* This prince is an object of special interest, on account of his family 
connections. His mother, the daughter of the late Maurice, Count de 
Haucke, was born 1825, and is known as Princess Julia of Battenberg. His 
father—Prince Alexander of Hesse, born 1823—was the brother of Ludwig 
III., the late Grand Duke of Hesse; of Prince Charles of Hesse (father of 
Ludwig IV., the present grand duke); and of Marie of Hesse, empress of 
Alexander II. and mother of Alexander III. Besides his close relationship 
to the imperial family of Russia, and to the grand-ducal house of Hesse, 
the Prince of Bulgaria is allied to the royal house of Great Britain by the 
marriage of one of his brothers to a granddaughter of Queen Victoria, and 
of another to Princess Beatrice, the daughter of the queen. For the mar¬ 
riage of Louis Battenberg (the eldest brother), see marriages, 1884, page 
516; for that of Henry Battenberg, see 1885, page 620; and for the Prince 
of Bulgaria, connect with 1885, V., page 524. 

f The children of the Duke and Duchess of Connaught are (1) Mar¬ 
guerite Victoria, born 1882; (2) Arthur Patrick, born 1883. 

\ See note * under 1885, page 620. # See 1840, I., page 333. 

|| This obelisk, improperly called Cleopatra’s Needle, is one of the most 
ancient monuments of the world. More than three thousand years ago it 
was erected by Thothmes III., opposite the Temple of Amen, sacred to the 
sun, at Heliopolis (an ancient Egyptian city, whose site was about six miles 


504 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


the gift of the Khedive of Egypt to the United States; 
it arrived in New York city, October 9, 1880, and on 
the 22d of the following January it was erected on its 
identical Egyptian foundation in Central Park, where it 
now stands. Its transportation from Alexandria to this 
country—a marvel of engineering skill—was accomplished 
by Commander Henry H. Gorringe, U. S. Navy, at the 
expense of $75,000, which sum was generously contrib¬ 
uted by Mr. W. H. Vanderbilt, of New York. 

November 17. A new treaty, modifying previous 
ones between China and the United States, was amicably 
negotiated; it relates to limiting the immigration of Chi¬ 
nese laborers into our republic. (See 1882, If II., p. 510.) 

The tenth census of the United States, completed in 
1880, showed a population of 50,155,783. 

Deaths in 1880: General Albert J. Myer (52), me¬ 
teorologist and chief signal-officer of the U. S. Army; 

* Epes Sargent (68), author; George Ripley (77), journalist 
and miscellaneous writer; Ouray (60), Indian chief. 

Deaths in Europe: Jules Claude Gabriel Favre (70), French Re¬ 
publican statesman ; George Eliot (Marion Evans, 60), English nov¬ 
elist; Ole Bull (70), Norwegian violinist; Sir Alexander J. E. 
Cockburn* * (78), orator, man of letters, and Lord Chief-Justice of 
Great Britain ; F. T. Buckland (54), English naturalist. 


northeast of modern Cairo), “ where doubtless it was seen by Moses in his 
youth. Thence, after a period of fifteen hundred years, by order of the 
Roman Emperor, Augustus Caesar, and to commemorate his victories in 
Egypt, it was removed (about twenty-three years before Christ) to Alexan¬ 
dria, and re-erected in front of a temple which Augustus had founded, and 
which for centuries was one of the glories of Alexandria.” There this 
famous obelisk stood for nineteen hundred years, and so rich is it in his¬ 
toric associations that its transfer to the New World aroused jealousy in the 
Old, and called forth some opposition. 

* Sir Alexander Cockburn was nephew of Admiral Cockburn, who took 
part in the destruction of Washington city during the War of 1812. In 
18Y1 he was appointed British arbitrator of the “Alabama claims.” Dis¬ 
senting from the judgment of the other four of the Joint High Commission, 
he left Geneva in disgust. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


505 





International 

Cotton 

Exposition at 
Atlanta , Ga. 


at Yorktown , Va ., of Corn- 
. wallis'8 Surrender. 


B.I83Q 


[Assassination 

Alexander 

CzarofRussia, 

"Jfttlfcan 

^RssaStIJJ 

Garfield 

MedL9Yrs. 


1881. Twentieth President of the United States , 
James Abram Garfield ,* of Ohio, born 1831, died Sep- 

* James Abram Garfield, born in Ohio, Nov. 19, 1831, was the youngest 
of a family of four children, who, by their father’s death in 1833, were left 
dependent upon the exertions of their widowed mother. A continuous but 
heroic struggle with poverty marked the boyhood and early manhood of 
the future President, during which he put forth his every energy to secure 
a thorough education. At the age of twenty he entered the Eclectic In¬ 
stitute at Hiram, Ohio, “ performing at first the double duties of student 
and janitor, afterward of student and teacher.” A two years’ collegiate 
course at Williams College, Massachusetts, enabled him to be graduated 
with distinction in 1856. Returning to Ohio, he accepted a professorship 
in Hiram College, and the next year, at the age of twenty-six, he was nomi¬ 
nated President of the Institute. In this responsible position he served the 
public till the outbreak of the civil war, when he entered the Federal army. 
Meanwhile, in 1858, he married Miss Lucretia Rudolph, “a teacher, whose 
thorough culture in the classics, modern languages, and literature, enabled 
her to keep even pace with her husband in his literary pursuits.” In 1859 
he was elected to the Senate of his native State. His military career, be¬ 
ginning in 1861, closed shortly after the battle of Chickamauga, September 

22 









506 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


tember 19, 1881. Elected by the Republicans. Admin¬ 
istration six months and fifteen days. Vice-President, 
Chester A. Arthur, of New York; Secretary of State, 
James G. Blaine, of Maine. 

The inaugural ceremonies of 1881 were upon a scale of 
unprecedented magnificence, while the policy of the new 
Administration, as clearly defined in the President’s ad¬ 
dress, inspired all parties with hope and confidence for 
the coming term. Evidently, President Garfield’s great 
aim was to carry on the civil-service reform measures so 
happily begun by his predecessor; “ he was determined,” 
as he asserted in words, and soon proved by deeds, “ to 
appoint only honest and competent public servants, and 
to remove none except for sufficient cause ”; but his de¬ 
signs were suddenly brought to a close by the dastardly 
act of a disappointed office-seeker. The President, after 
four months of incessant toil, was about to take a little 
recreation, and was already at the railway-station in 
Washington, awaiting the train to convey him to Long 
Branch, when he received a mortal wound from a pistol- 
shot fired by an assassin. Having lingered for eighty 
days he expired on the night of the 19th of September, 
1881—the eighteenth anniversary of the battle of Chicka- 

19, 1863 ; for while he was still in the field, and had already been brevetted 
a major-general for “ gallant and meritorious services,” his constituents in 
Ohio had elected him to the United States Congress, of which body he re¬ 
mained a member till November 8, 1880. Four days previous to the resig¬ 
nation of his seat in the House of Representatives, he was elected to the 
presidency of the republic, and in less than a year from that date he died 
(September 19, 1881) from a wound received, at the hands of an assassin, 
just four months after his inauguration, July 2. Studied in its details, 
“ the life of James A. Garfield is the fullest exemplification of the possibili¬ 
ties of American citizenship on record.” As student, teacher, soldier, and 
statesman, he had secured the confidence and esteem of his countrymen; 
therefore was he “ welcomed as President with general good-will, and 
hopes were entertained of a beneficent administration, and of the extinc¬ 
tion of political asperities. Hopes crushed in the bud provoke deep regret, 
and sanguine convictions of the blessings that might have been.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


507 


mauga. According to the provisions of the Constitution, 
the deceased President was. succeeded by Vice-President 
Arthur, who, on the 20th, at two o’clock, a. m., took the 
oath of the chief magistracy in his own house in New 
York city, before Judge John R. Brady, of the Supreme 
Court of New York; two days later (September 22) he 
renewed the oath of office before Chief-Justice Waite, in 
the Capitol at Washington. 

Twenty-first President of the United States , Chester 
Alan A rthur ,* of New York , born 1830, died November , 
1886. Administration three years and live and a half 
months—September 19,1881, to March 4, 1885. Acting 
Vice-President and President pro tern . of the Senate, 
David Davis, of Illinois. President Arthur retained the 
Cabinet of his predecessor (with the exception of the 
Secretary of the Treasury, who resigned his position to 
become a candidate for the Senate), till Congress met in 
December, when Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, of New 
Jersey, became his Secretary of State. 

The International Cotton Exposition was opened at At¬ 
lanta, Georgia, October 5, 1881. This great exhibition f 

* Chester A. Arthur was born at Fairfield, Vermont, October 5, 1830. 
At the age of fifteen he entered Union College, Schenectady, New York, 
from which, in 1848, he was graduated with distinction. He devoted some 
years to teaching, meanwhile applying himself to the study of law, and in 
1853 he was admitted to the bar in New York city. In 1859 he married 
Miss Ellen Lewis Herndon, of Fredericksburg, Virginia (a daughter of Cap¬ 
tain William Lewis Herndon, U. S. Navy, who heroically remained at his 
post and went down with his ship in 1857). In January, 1880, Mr. Arthur 
was left a widower, with two children, a son aged fifteen, and a daughter 
aged eight years. When quite a young man he was already prominent 
in politics, and was active in organizing the Republican party of New 
York. Previous to his election to the vice-presidency he had held several 
positions of public trust, and had discharged the duties of all ably and hon¬ 
orably. In the painful circumstances which called him to the office of 
chief executive, his course was remarkable for tact and dignity. His death 
occurred November 19, 1886. 

f It was the result of suggestions made by Mr. Edward Atkinson, ox 
Boston, in an article written for the “ New York Herald ” in 1880. 


508 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


gathered together “all products and materials of the cot¬ 
ton industry, and all the mechanical appliances employed, 
from the planting of the seed to the turning out of the 
finished web at the mill.” 

A Centenary Celebration of Cornwallis’s Surrender 
(October 19, 1781) was held at Yorktown—the festivities 
of the occasion occupying several days, October 13 to 
19, 1881. Among the visitors present were President 
Arthur and his Cabinet, members of Congress, Governors 
of States, and other distinguished citizens, and thousands 
of soldiers. There were also many invited guests from 
the Eastern Continent, including the descendants of Mar¬ 
quis de la Fayette, Count Rochambeau, Barons Steuben, 
De Kalb, and other friends of American freedom, who 
aided in our struggle for independence. 

Deaths in 18S1: J. G. Holland, “ Timothy Titcomb 
(62), author and editor; Generals Ambrose E. Burnside 
(67) and Robert Patterson (89), of the U. S. Army; John 
C. Pemberton (64), Confederate general; Thomas E. 
Gould, sculptor; George W. De Long, U. S. H. (37), 
“commander of the lost exploring vessel Jeannette, died 
of starvation, in the winter of 1881, with a number of his 
crew, w T hile endeavoring to retreat to the settlements on 
the Lena River, in Siberia.* 

Roumania was erected into a kingdom, March, 1881, and Prince 
Charles of Hohenzollern crowned king the following May. In 1869 
he had married Princess Pauline Elizabeth (born 1843), daughter of 
Prince Hermann of Weid. (Examine note t on page 375, and Prin¬ 
cipality of Roumania, 1866, page 468.) 

Great Britain’s war with the Boers. 1881 is memorable for the 
repulse sustained by the British in their war with the Boers, a 


* “ The Jeannette expedition was fitted out at the expense of Mr. 
Bennett, proprietor of the ‘ New York Herald.’ It set sail from San Fran¬ 
cisco, July 8, 1879, with the object of seeking an entrance to the supposed 
open Polar Sea, by a northeast passage.” A full account of the ill-fated 
expedition is given in Appletons’ “Annual Cyclopaedia,” 1882, page 331. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


509 


colony of independent Dutch in the Transvaal, South Africa. Tho 
Boers had been unjustly annexed, in 1877, by the British of Cape 
Colony. Resolved to regain their independence, they met and de¬ 
feated the British forces, under General Colley, in several engage¬ 
ments. That general was subsequently slain and his command an¬ 
nihilated. The independence of the Boers was finally enforced by 
public opinion in England. 

Russia. Accession of Alexander III.* (36) to the imperial 
throne of Russia, upon the assassination of his father, Alexander 
II., aged sixty-three yeaj’s. 

Interoceanic Ship- Canal at Panama. The project of connect¬ 
ing the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by means of a ship-canal across 
the Isthmus of Panama was carried through its preliminary stages 
during 1881, under the charter granted by the Colombian Govern¬ 
ment to a French company; the first constitutive meeting of the 
company was held at Paris, January 1, M. Ferdinand de Lesseps 
presiding. 

Royal marriages in 1881. February 27, Prince William of Prus¬ 
sia^ born 1859 (eldest son of Frederic William, Crown Prince of 
Prussia, and Victoria, Princess Royal of Great Britain) married, in 
Berlin, Princess Augusta Victoria ,t born 1858, daughter of the late 
Frederic, duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Augustenburg, and Adelaide 
of Hohenlolie-Langenburg, a niece of Queen Victoria. 

May 10. Rudolphe, Prince Imperial of Austria, born 1858, son 
of the Emperor Francis Joseph and Elizabeth Am61ie of Bavaria, 


* Alexander III. (born 1845), the second son of Alexander II. and the 
Empress Marie of Hesse, married in 1866 Feodorovna (Dagmar), daughter 
of Christian IX. of Denmark. The issue of this union are three sons and 
two daughters: 1. The hereditary Grand-duke Nicholas, born 1868. 2. 
George, born 1871. 3. Xenie, born 1875. 4. Michel, born 1878. 6. Olga, 

born 1882. The Czar has now living (1886) four brothers and one sister. 
The sister is the Duchess of Edinburgh (see 1874, page 489). The brothers 
are (1) Vladimir, born 1847 ; he married in 1874 the daughter of the Grand- 
duke of Mecklenburg, and has three sons and a daughter. (2) Alexis, born 
1850; in 1872 he visited the United States and was received with all the 
courtesy due to his rank. (3) Serge, born 1857 (for his marriage, see 1884, 
V., page 516). (4) Paul, born 1860. Through his mother, the Empress 

Marie of Hesse (who died 1880), Alexander III. is first cousin to the Bat- 
tenberg princes—viz. [1] Louis, born 1854. [2] Alexander , Prince of 

Bulgaria, born 1857 (see Bulgaria, 1879, page 603). [3] Henry, born 1858. 
[4] Francis Joseph, born 1861. The only sister of the Battenberg princes 
is Marie, born 1852, and married, in 1871, to Count Gustave d’Erbach- 
Schoenberg. (For the marriage of Louis Battenberg, see foreign history, 
1884, page 516; for that of Henry, see 1885, page 520.) 

\ The children of the Prince and Princess William of Prussia are: 1. 
William, born 1882; 2. Fredci'ic, born 1883; Adclbcrt, born 1884. They 
are the great-grandsons of Queen Victoria and also of the Emperor Will¬ 
iam I. (See foreign history, 1858, I., page 371, and note * on page 388.) 



510 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


married, in Vienna, Princess Stephanie ,* born 1864, second daugh¬ 
ter of King Leopold II. of Belgium. 

September 20. Gustavusf Prince Royal of Sweden , Duke of 
Wermland (born 1858), married, in Carlsruhe, Princess Victoria of 
Baden t (born 1862), daughter of the Grand Duke Frederic and 
Princess Louise of Prussia, only daughter of the Emperor William I. 

Deaths: Benjamin Disraeli (76), Earl of Beaconsfield, and twice 
Prime-Minister of Great Britain ; Thomas Carlyle (85), British essay¬ 
ist and historian, born near Dumfries, in Scotland; Dean Arthur P. 
Stanley { (63), British writer; Vieuxtemps (63), Belgian violinist. 

1882. Anti-Polygamy Bill. A bill for the suppres¬ 
sion of polygamy, as practiced by the Mormons in Utah 
and elsewhere, having passed both Houses of Congress, 
became a law, upon receiving President Arthur’s signa¬ 
ture, March 22. 

Chinese Immigration Bill. In May an act was passed 
by Congress, and signed by the President, suspending the 
immigration of Chinese laborers into the United States 
for a period of ten years. (See Nov. 17, 1880, page 504.) 

Star-Route # Trial. For some time there had been 
allegations of fraud and irregularities in the conduct of 
the mail service on the star-routes. In 1882 an investiga¬ 
tion of the charges was instituted, which was finally set¬ 
tled in the courts. (Connect with Postal Law, 1883, 
page 512.) 

Deaths in 1882 : Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (75), 

* The issue of this marriage is a daughter, Elizabeth, born 1883. (For 

Rudolphe’s ancestors, see foreign history, 1848, note + on page 361 ; for 
Stephanie’s, see 1831, II., page 322, and 1865, I., and note f, page 463.) 

f The children of the Prince and Princess Royal of Sweden are: 1. 
Gustavus, Duke of Scania , born 1882; 2. William, Duke of Sudevmania, 
born 1884. Through their maternal grandmother they are the great-grand¬ 
sons of William I., Emperor of Germany. (For the parents of the Prince 
Royal of Sweden, see foreign history, 1872, I., and note * on page 483; for 

the maternal grandfather of the Princess Royal, see note * on page 388.) 

\ Dean Stanley’s wife, Lady Augusta Bruce, the daughter of the Earl 
of Elgin, was the intimate friend of Queen Victoria. 

# The star-routes are those postal lines in certain sections of the country 
over which the mails can not be carried by steamboat or by rail-carriage. 
They derive their name from the three groups of stars that form the head¬ 
ing of the paper upon which the contracts are written. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


511 


poet; Ralph Waldo Emerson (79), essayist and philosopher; 
Prof. John William Draper (71), and Henry Draper (45), 
father and son, scientists; General John G. Barnard (67), 
U. S. A.; Rear-Admiral John Rodgers (69), U. S. N.; 
Thurlow Weed (84), journalist and political leader. 

Servia erected into a kingdom. Prince Milan Obrenovitch (born 
1855), who in 1868 had succeeded to the Principality of Servia, 
upon the assassination of his uncle, Michael, was proclaimed King 
ot Servia, March 6, 1882. In 1875 he had married Natalie (born 
1859), daughter of the Russian Colonel de Kechko. The issue of the 
marriage is Alexander, prince royal, born 1876. 

The St. Gothard* Tunnel, more than nine miles long, begun in 
1870, was completed and opened to traffic in May, 1882. It is the 
result of the united enterprise of Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. 

April 27, marriage of his Royal Highness Leopold (born 1853), 
Duke of Albany, fourth and youngest son of Queen Victoria, to 
Princess Helena t (born 1861), daughter of Prince George of Wal- 
deck Pyrmont and Princess Helena of Nassau. 

Deaths: Louis Blanc (69), French statesman, socialistic theorist, 
and historian; Charles Darwin (73), English naturalist; Anthony 
Trollope (67), English novelist; Giuseppe Garibaldi (74), Italian 
revolutionary leader; Dr. Edward Bouverie Pusey (82), the leader 
of the Puseyite movement in England. 

1883 . May 24. Formal opening of the Brooklyn 
Bridge over the East River, connecting Brooklyn with 
Hew York city4 

Civil-Service Reform Bill. This bill, having passed 

* “ St. Gothard, a short range of mountains in the Alps of Switzerland, 
cantons of Uri and Ticino, of which the Galenstock, 12,481 feet high, is the 
culminating point. The St. Gothard Pass, from Fluelen to Bellinzona, is 
noted for its hospice, designed for the rescue of storm-bound travelers.” 

+ The children of the Duke and Duchess of Albany are: 1. Alice, born 
1883; 2. Leopold (born 1884), a posthumous son, the present Duke of 
Albany. The sister of the Duchess-Dowager of Albany is the present 
(1886) Queen of the Netherlands. (See note \ on page 853.) 

\ “ This structure is the largest of the kind in the world, being a sus¬ 
pension bridge with a total length of 5,989 feet. The length of the river- 
span from pier to pier is 1,595 feet, and the estimated capacity of resistance 
is 49,200 tons. The bridge was constructed under the direction of the 
noted engineer, John A. Roebling, who may be considered the originator of 
wire suspension bridges. lie did not live to witness the completion of the 
work which he had planned, but the same was taken up and finished by 
his son, Washington A. Roebling, an architect of scarcely less celebrity 
than himself.” 


512 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


both Houses of Congress, and received the approval of 
the President, went into operation in July, 1883. “ It 

provides that public offices shall be filled by competitive 
examinations, instead of by recommendations of Con¬ 
gressmen^’ 

In 1883* the United States was visited by devastating 
tornadoes and floods. The floods that occurred in the 
Ohio Yalley, in February, were higher and more destruc¬ 
tive than had been known since the settlement of the 
country. 

Postal Law. A law reducing postage on letters in 
the United States from three to two cents per half-ounce 
was passed early in this year, and went into operation 
October 1. (Connect with Postal Law, 18S4, page 514.) 

General Philip H. Sheridan , Commander-in-Chief of 
U. S. Army. General W. T. Sherman, having attained 
the age at which, according to an act of Congress, he 
might withdraw from active service, availed himself of 
the provision and retired Nov. 1; the chief command of 
the army was then transferred to General Sheridan. 

Deaths in 1883: Peter Cooper (92), philanthropist; 
Clark Mills (67), sculptor; Alexander H. Stephens (71), 
statesman and ex-Yice-President of the Southern Confed¬ 
eracy; Jeremiah Sullivan Black (73), jurist and states¬ 
man; Montgomery Blair (69), statesman and jurist; Jo¬ 
seph K. Barnes (65), Surgeon-General of the U. S. Army ; 
General A. A. Humphreys (73), U. S. Army. 

In August, 1883, Pope Leo XIII. announced that the Vatican 
Library would be henceforth open to historians. 


* This year was chiefly remarkable for extraordinary natural calamities 
in various parts of the world. Besides the volcanic eruptions in South¬ 
ern Italy and in the Island of Java, the cholera decimated the population of 
Egypt; freshets ravaged the valleys of Central Europe; while tornadoes 
and floods, already alluded to, spread desolation in the United States. 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


513 


Earthquakes and volcanic disturbances in 1883. “ This year 

witnessed two memorable and disastrous convulsions in two of the 
principal seats of volcanic activity remaining on the earth’s surface 
—Southern Italy and the Island of Java. On the Island of Ischia, 
in the Bay of Naples, several towns were almost destroyed, with 
great loss of life; while the activity of the Javanese volcanoes in 
August produced one of the most terrific and disastrous convulsions 
of nature known in history, and altered the geographical features 
of the Straits of Sunda. The great Island of Krakatoa (near Java) 
finally disappeared.” (A full account of those eruptions is given in 
the “ Annual Cyclopaedia ” of 1883.) 

Marriage in Madrid, April 2, 1883, of the Infanta Maria- 
della-Paz* (born 1862), second daughter of ex-Queen Isabella of 
Spain, to her first cousin,* Prince Louie Ferdinand of Bavaria * 
(born 1859), son of Prince Adelbert (brother of King Maximilian II. 
and also of Luitpold, Regent of Bavaria since June 15, 1886) and 
Princess Am61ie Pilar of Spain. 

Canada. The Marquis of Lansdowne (38) succeeded the Mar¬ 
quis of Lome in 1883 as Governor-General of the Dominion of 
Canada.f 

An International Colonial and General Exportation Exposition 
was opened in Amsterdam, Holland, May 1, 1883, and closed on 
October 31. 

Deaths in 1883: Henri V., Comte de Chambord (62), Duke de 
Bordeaux, the Bourbon claimant to the French throne ;| Richard 
Wagner (70), and Friedrich von Flotow (70), German musical com¬ 
posers (the latter was author of the popular opera “Martha”); 
Louis Veuillot (70), French journalist; Henri Martin (72), French 
historian; Hendrik Conscience (70), Flemish novelist; Paul Gustave 
Dor6 (50), French artist; John R. Green (46), English historian. 

1884 . This year, like 1883, was marked by destruc¬ 
tive storms, cyclones, and floods in the United States; the 
former being more notably felt in the Southern States, 
especially in Mississippi, Georgia, Kortli and South Caro- 

* The issue of the marriage is a son, Prince Ferdinand, born 1884. The 
relationship of first cousin is through the Infanta’s father, Francis de Assis, 
and her consort’s mother, Amelie Pilar , who are brother and sister , being 
the children of Francis de Paule of Spain. (For the family connections of 
Maria-della-Paz, see note * under foreign history, 1868, page 474; for those 
of Prince Louis Ferdinand, see 1886, and note f on page 524.) 

f “ Viscount Monck was Governor-General when the Dominion of 
Canada was established in 1867. He was succeeded in 1868 by Sir John 
Young. Lord Dufferin was appointed in 1872, and retained the office for 
nearly seven years. The Marquis of Lome held the position from 1878 to 
1883. 

\ See last part of note f, under Revolution in France, 1830, page 320. 


514 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


lina—the latter, at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania; Wheeling, 
West Virginia ; Cincinnati, Ohio ; Louisville, Kentucky, 
and other points on the Ohio River. 

Postal Law—June < 2. A bill reducing postage on 
newspapers to one cent for four ounces passed the United 
States Senate, and was subsequently signed by President 
Arthur. (Connect with Postal Rates, 1885, page 518.) 

New Bureaus established. On June 28, Congress 
formed a Bureau of Statistics, attaching it to the Depart¬ 
ment of the Interior. On July 5, a Bureau of Navigation 
was established, to have charge of the interests connected 
with American shipping; it is attached to the Treasury 
Department. 

The Greely Arctic Expedition ,* 1881 to 188If. On 
July 17, 18S4, news reached Washington, D. C., that 
Lieutenant Greely, with six others—the sole survivors 
of the ill-fated polar colony of twenty-five men—had 
been rescued from starvation by Captain W. S. Schley, 
U. S. Navy, commanding the third Greely relief ex¬ 
pedition sent out by the United States Government. 
“ Greely personally explored the interior of Grinnell 
Land, and gave the name of President Arthur to a 

* At an International Geographical Congress which met in Hamburg 
in 1879, it was decided to erect a series of international polar stations for 
scientific observations. An appropriation having been made by Congress 
for the establishment of an American polar colony, Lieutenant A. W. 
Greely, U. S. Army, was ordered in April, 1881, to take charge of the ex¬ 
pedition and locate the station on Lady Franklin Bay, at which point he 
was directed to build houses and observatories, that might serve all future 
Arctic explorers. Lieutenant Greely was also instructed to make a series of 
scientific observations, and to explore as large an area of the polar region 
as practicable. He was to remain until the fall of 1883. Meanwhile, the 
stores of the colony were to be replenished in the summers of 1882 and 
1883, directly from the United States. Relief expeditions with supplies 
were duly sent, but failed to reach their destination, ^nd, but for the op¬ 
portune arrival of the third expedition under Lieutenant Schley, not a man 
of Greely’s colony would have been saved from the frightful death of 
starvation. (An interesting account of the expedition is given in the “ An¬ 
nual Cyclopaedia” of 1883, pages 383 and 420; 1884, page 20.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


515 


mountain 4,500 feet high,” while one of his officers, 
Lieutenant Lockwood, reached the farthest northern 
point ever attained by an Arctic explorer—Lockwood 
Island, on the coast of Greenland, only 395 miles from 
the north pole. 

The ceremony of the formal presentation of Barthol¬ 
di’s statue of Liberty by France to the United States took 
place in Paris on July 3, 1884, and on the 5th of August 
the corner-stone of the pedestal for the statue was laid at 
Bedloe’s Island, New York. (Connect with 1885, page 
518.) 

The Washington National Monument at Washington, 
D. C., was completed December 6, 1884, by the setting 
of its marble cap-stone and metal finial of aluminum. It 
is a marble obelisk, the corner-stone of which w r as laid 
July 4, 1848. The shaft from the floor is 555 feet four 
inches high, being thirty feet five inches higher than the 
spires of the great cathedral at Cologne. The cost of 
construction was $1,130,000. (Connect with 1885, I., 

page 516.) 

New Orleans Exposition , December 16, 1884, to June 

I, 1885. The World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial 
Exposition at New Orleans was opened December 16 by 
the President of the United States, in Washington city, 
setting the machinery in the halls in motion by the touch 
of an electric key. Addresses between President Arthur 
and Mr. Richardson, president of the exposition, were 
made in their respective cities and transmitted by tele¬ 
graph. The exposition was formally closed June 1,1885. 

Deaths in 1884: Wendell Phillips (72), philanthropist 
and orator; Charles O’Conor (80), eminent lawyer; Cyrus 

II. McCormick (80), inventor of the reaping-machine; 
Charles Fenno Holfman (78), author; Mrs. A. H. L. 


516 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Phelps (91), author and distinguished educator; J. W. 
Garrett (64), President of the Balt. & Ohio R. R. Co.; 
Charles J. Folger (66), Secretary of the U. S. Treasury. 

March 1, 1884. Unveiling of a bust of Longfellow - , the Ameri¬ 
can poet, in Westminster Abbey. 

A rebellion occurred in the Soudan, Egypt, against British rule. 
(Connect with 1885, IF I., page 519.) 

The cholera caused great ravages in France in 1884, and Spain 
was visited by destructive earthquakes. 

Marriage, in 1884, of the Princesses of Hesse-Darmstadt, grand¬ 
daughters of Queen Victoria. On April 30, Princess Victoria (born 
1863), eldest child of the late Princess Alice of Great Britain and 
Ludwig IV., Grand-duke of Hesse, married at Darmstadt her first 
cousin, Louis, Prince of Battenberg * (born 1854). 

On June 15, Princess Elizabeth (born 1864), second child of the 
Grand-duke and late Grand-duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt, married, 
in St. Petersburg, the Grand-duke Sergius t (born 1857), third 
brother of Alexander III., Czar of Russia since 1881. 

Deaths: At Cannes, France, Prince Leopold (31), Duke of Al¬ 
bany,]: youngest son of Queen Victoria; Charles Reade (70), English 
novelist; Henry Vennor (43), the Canadian “weather-prophet”; 
Alexander, Prince of Orange (32), only surviving son of King Will¬ 
iam III. of Holland, and last descendant on the male side of the 
great House of Orange; # Francois Mignet (88), French historian. 

1885 . February 21. The 'Washington National 
Monument was formally dedicated. 

Twenty-second President of the United States , Grover 
Cleveland, || of New York ( born 1837). Elected by the 

* For the Battenberg family, see note * under Bulgaria, 1879, page 
503, and note * under Russia, 1881, page 509. 

f For the family connections of the Grand-duke Sergius, see note * 
under Russia, 1881, page 509. 

X Sec foreign history, 1882, and note f on page oil. 

# See foreign history, 1885, II., page 519. 

|| Grover Cleveland, son of Rev. Richard F. Cleveland, of New York, 
was born in 1837. At the age of eighteen he began the study of law in 
Buffalo, and, being admitted to the bar four years later, his assiduity and 
integrity soon won for him a distinguished rank in his profession. Demo¬ 
cratic candidate for Mayor of Buffalo, he was elected by the largest ma¬ 
jority ever known in the city, nor did his administration—just and upright 
—disappoint his friends, or fail to elicit the admiration of his political op¬ 
ponents. Elected Governor of New York in 1882, he assumed the respon¬ 
sibility of office “fully appreciating,” says his inaugural address, “his rela¬ 
tions to the people, and determined to serve them faithfully and well.” 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


517 



• Feb. 21st. • 
Formal Dedi¬ 
cation of the 
Washington 
National 
. Monument., 


Generals 
U. S. Grant, 
McDowell, 
and 

McClellan. 

Vice-Pres’t. 

Hendricks. 


• Canadian Pacific • 
. Railway completed. . 


Postal 
rates re¬ 
duced. 
Immedi¬ 
ate Deliv¬ 
ery System 
introduced. 


Victor Hugo, Franz 
Abt, Alfonso XII., 
King of Spain. 


Democrats. Vice President, Thomas A. Hendricks, of 
Indiana, whose term of office covered eight months and 
twenty days—from March 4 to November 25, 1885, the 
date of his death.* Secretary of State, Thomas F. Bay¬ 
ard, of Delaware; Secretary of the Treasury, Daniel 

Nominated for President by the National Democratic Convention at Chicago 
in July, 1884, he was elected the following November. March 4, 1885, 
witnessed the inauguration of the first Democratic President since Mr. 
Buchanan. Mr. Cleveland being unmarried at the time of his inauguration, 
the honors of the White House were dispensed by his sister, Miss Cleve¬ 
land, until June 2, 1886, on which day the President was married to Miss 
Frances Folsom, of New York. The ceremony took place in Washington 
at the executive mansion, the first instance of the marriage of a President 
at the White House. 

* In December following, the Forty-ninth Congress met; John Sher¬ 
man was elected President of the Senate, and John G. Carlisle, Speaker of 
the House. Mr. Hendricks’s death having left the vice-presidency vacant, 
Mr. Sherman’s election in the Senate virtually appointed him as successor 
to Hendricks. (Connect with I. of 1886, and note \ on page 621.) 











518 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Manning, of New York; Secretary of War, William C. 
Endicott, of Massachusetts; Secretary of the Navy, Will¬ 
iam C. Whitney, of New York ; Secretary of the Interior, 
L. Q. C. Lamar, of Mississippi; Postmaster-General, Will¬ 
iam F. Yilas, of Wisconsin; Attorney-General, Augustus 
II. Garland, of Arkansas. 

An equestrian statue of General Simon Bolivar , * by 
Eafael de la Cova, a gift from the Eepublic of Venezuela, 
was unveiled, June 17, in Central Park, New York. 

The Bartholdi Statue of Liberty arrived in New 
York on the 19th of June, 1885, and was received with 
appropriate ceremonies. The pedestal, provided by popu¬ 
lar subscription, was not completed, but the work was 
well advanced before the end of the year. (Connect 
with 1886, page 523.) 

The YorktoiVn monument , the joint work of J. Q. A. 
Ward, sculptor, and of Eichard M. Hunt and Henry 
Van Brunt, architects, was unveiled on October 19, the 
one hundred and fourth anniversary of the surrender of 
Cornwallis. 

Reduction of Postal Bates. July 1, 1885, the limit 
weight for letters paying single postage was increased 
from half an ounce to one ounce ; in other words, postage 
on letters was at the rate of two cents for each ounce, or 
fraction thereof. Drop-letters, including free delivery, 
were at the same rate, but where free delivery by car¬ 
riers is not established, drop-letters are mailed for one 
cent per ounce, or fraction thereof. 

* The result of the military services of Bolivar, the great liberator of 
South America (who died in 1830, aged forty-seven years), was the inde¬ 
pendence of three large states—Colombia, Venezuela, and Peru—which he 
organized with ability. (See foreign history, 1810, I., page 289; 1819, 

1 !•» and note t> P a S e 310 ; 1 824, IT H., page 314; 1861, V., and note *, 

page 389. See, also, the “North American Review” for January, 1829, 
vol. xxviii., by C. Cushing.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


519 


Special or Immediate Delivery System. The provis¬ 
ion for the immediate delivery of letters on payment of 
ten cents extra postage, by a special stamp, went into 
operation October 1, 1885, in all places of four thousand 
inhabitants and over. (Connect with Postal Law, 1886, 
page 523.) 

The Apache Indians 071 the War-path. Serious alarm 
was excited in the southwestern part of New Mexico by 
the invasion of a band of Chiricaliua Apaches from Ari¬ 
zona. At the close of 1885 they were still at large un¬ 
der Geronimo, their chief. (Connect with 1886, Tf III., 
page 522.) 

Deaths in 1885: Francis A. Drexel (60), a distin¬ 
guished Philadelphia banker; Frederick T. Frelinghuy- 
sen (68), ex-Secretary of State; Professor Benjamin Silli- 
man * (69), chemist; General Ulysses S. Grant (63), ex- 
President of the United States; John McCloskey (75), 
Cardinal-Archbishop of New York; Generals Irwin Mc¬ 
Dowell (67) and George B. McClellan (58), U. S. A. ; 
Schuyler Colfax (61), ex-Yice-President, and Thomas A. 
Hendricks (66), Yice-President of the United States. 

Serious disasters to the British forces in the Soudan, January 
26, 1885. The fall of Khartoum (in the Soudan), and death of the 
British commander, General Gordon. 

February 11. The Duke of Nassau was recognized as the heir 
of the throne of Holland. 

The Free State of the Congo was formally recognized by the Berlin 
Conference, February 26, 1885. King Leopold II., of Belgium, with 
the authorization of the conference, the consent of the Association, 
and the approval of the Belgian Legislature, assumed, on April 21, 
1885, the title of “Sovereign of the Independent State of Congo,” 
for which he appointed a Cabinet, with headquarters at Brussels.! 

* He was the son of Benjamin Silliman, Sr., the first Professor of 
Chemistry at Yale College (1802-1863). 

f The International African Association was founded in 1876, under 
the auspices of King Leopold and supported mainly from his private purse. 
Its object—a purely philanthropic one—was the civilization and commer¬ 
cial development of Central Africa, and the suppression of the slave-trade. 



520 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL 


The title is limited to King Leopold, and does not extend to his suc¬ 
cessors in the dynasty. 

May 18. The Canadian Pacific Railroad was completed. 

June 9. Resignation of the Gladstone ministry, following its 
defeat in the British House of Commons the day previous. On the 
23d of June, announcement in Parliament that Lord Salisbury had 
formed a Conservative ministry. 

June 25. Sir Nathaniel de Rothschild was created a peer of 
Great Britain—the first Jew in the House of Lords. 

September 18. A revolution occurred in Eastern Roumelia, 
which was followed by a proclamation of the union of the two 
Bulgarias. (Connect with 1886, IF V., page 524.) 

Marriage at Osborne (Isle of Wight), July 28, 1885, of Princess 
Beatrice (born 1857), youngest child of Queen Victoria, to Prince 
Henry of Battenberg (born 1858). The issue of the union is a 
son, born November, 1886. 

Marriage at Paris, October 20, of Prince Waldemar (born 1858), 
third son of King Christian of Denmark (see, on p. 438, the end of 
note l under IF III. of 1863), to Princess Marie d’Orl&ms (born 1865), 
daughter of the Duke of Chartres (brot her of the Count of Paris) and 
Princess Frances d’Orleans (daughter of the Prince of Joinville). 

Deaths in 1885: Victor Hugo (83), French poet and novelist: 
Prince Charles Anthony of Hohenzollern (73), father of Alexander 
I., the present King of Roumania (see 1881, page 508); Prince Fried¬ 
rich Carl (57) of Prussia, “ the Red Prince ,” * nephew of the Emperor 


In 1878 Henry M. Stanley accepted the agency of the Association, and, al¬ 
though he had only recently left the Congo Valley, he immediately returned 
to resume the explorations he had so successfully begun. “ To prevent the 
annexation of its field of labor by European powers, the Association asked 
for recognition as a quasi political organization, the trustee of sovereign 
rights which were to belong to a free state or free states of the Congo, to 
be organized under its auspices.” The United States was the first to 
recognize (April 10, 1884) the flag of the Association as that of a friendly 
power. IFpon the invitation of Germany and France, plenipotentiaries 
from the nations interested in Africa met in conference at Berlin, Novem¬ 
ber 15, 1884—Count von Bismarck presiding—and separated, February 26, 
1885. The decisions of the conference left King Leopold and the Inter¬ 
national Association free to organize an independent state for the exercise 
of sovereignty over such portions of the Congo Valley as Europe and 
America had conceded to its jurisdiction. “ In consequence of the conflict¬ 
ing claims of Portugal and France to the region in question, the Associa¬ 
tion was unable to secure sovereign rights to die whole of the lower Congo 
and Atlantic coast-line, and was obliged to come to a compromise with 
Portugal and France.” The territory awarded to the Association has an 
extent of 1,100,000 square miles, with a native population of 40,000,000 
souls. 

* Prince Friedrich Carl commanded the largest of the three German 
armies in the Franco-Prussian War, and gained some of the most brilliant 



CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


521 


William I., and father of the Duchess of Connaught (see 1879, page 
508); Lady Georgiana Fullerton (73), English novelist; Franz Abt 

(68) , a German musical composer; Ferdinand, Duke of Saxe-Coburg 

(69) , titular King and ex-Regent of Portugal, father of Louis I., the 
present King of Portugal; November 25, Alfonso XII.,* King of 
Spain (28); November 26, General Serrano (75), Duke de la Torre, 
ex-Dictator and Marshal of Spain.f 

1886 . The Presidential Succession Bill passed, Jan¬ 
uary 19.X A n act °f Congress was passed and approved, 
providing that, in the case of removal, death, resignation, 
or inability of both President and Vice-President, the 
member of the Cabinet having precedence over the other 
ministers of the Government, according to the order of 
succession established in the act, and possessing the quali- 

victories, thereby securing a place among the imperishable names of German 
military history. He received the appellation “ Red Prince ” from the 
French, because he always wore the scarlet uniform of the Uhlans. 

* On December 30 (1885), his widow, Queen Christina, was proclaimed 
Regent of Spain during the minority of her eldest daughter, Maria-de-las- 
Mercedes (b. 1880), or of the posthumous son, if one should be born. 
(Connect with 1886, ^ III., page 524.) Queen Christina’s second daughter, 
Marie Ther&se, was born in 1882. King Alfonso was twice married. First, 
on January 23, 1878, to his first-cousin, Marie-de-las-Mercedes, daughter of 
the Duke of Montpcnsier and Louise of Spain, sister of Queen Isabella. The 
young queen died five months after her nuptials. Alfonso married, secondly, 
on November 29, 1879, Maria Christina, born 1858, daughter of the Arch¬ 
duke Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1818, d. 1874) and the Archduchess Eliza¬ 
beth, widow of Ferdinand of Modena; the archduke and archduchess were 
great-grandchildren of the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, and first- 
cousins of the Emperor Ferdinand I. of Austria. 

f See revolution in Spain, 1868, page 474. 

\ A question much discussed at the time of President Garfield’s death, 
regarding the order of succession to the presidential office in case of the 
disability of both President and Vice-President, again arose upon the death 
of Vice-President Hendricks, when the Republican party, having a majority 
of votes in the Senate, elected one of their number to act as president 
of that body. Apprehensions were then felt that, if the chief executive 
should also die, or become disabled from office, and be succeeded, according 
to the existing law, by the acting President of the Senate, at that time a 
member of a party not in harmony with the general policy of the Admin¬ 
istration, the public business might be too suddenly disturbed, and a feel¬ 
ing of insecurity take possession of the people, from want of confidence 
in the new Government. To allay these apprehensions, and those of a like 
nature that might arise in future, and to prevent all controversy in relation 
to the order of succession to the chief magistracy, Congress passed the act 
referred to in the text. (See note * on page 517.) 


522 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


fications therein specified, should be empowered to exer¬ 
cise the office of chief executive until the inability of 
the President or Vice-President should be removed, or a 
President elected. The act determines the order of suc¬ 
cession as follows: 1. Secretary of State; 2. Secretary 
of the Treasury; 3. Secretary of War; 4. Attorney- 
General ; 5. Postmaster-General; 6. Secretary of the 
Navy ; 7. Secretary of the Interior. 

The Most Kev. James Gibbons (b. 1834), Archbishop 
of Baltimore, raised to the rank of cardinal, was solemnly 
invested with the insignia of his office, June 30, in the 
cathedral of Baltimore, Maryland. He is the second prel¬ 
ate of the United States on whom that dignity has been 
conferred. 

General Miles, of the U. S. Army, and the Apaches. 
General Miles, commanding officer of the Apache cam¬ 
paign, had followed up the wily Geronimo and his re¬ 
treating band with unrelenting vigilance. For more than 
a year they had eluded the pursuit of both United States 
and Mexican troops, but their camp was at last captured 
in July, 1886, by Captain Lawton, an officer under Gen¬ 
eral Miles.* 

Earthquake-Shocks in Charleston, S. C. From the 
31st of August to the last day of September (1866) the 
coast and some interior points of the Atlantic States 

* “ Captain Lawton, with his detachment, followed up the Indian trail 
for three months, 1,600 miles over mountains, sometimes 10,000 feet high, 
and through valleys and canons, beneath a burning sun, without water, and 
frequently hardly stopping for food. At times almost barefooted, with only 
such provisions as their pack-mules carried, they marched on and over cacti 
and rocks in the fevered districts of Old Mexico, and never allowed the 
hostiles to rest. On the Yaqui River, and in the district of Montezuma, 
July 13, Captain Lawton’s command surprised and captured the hostile 
camp. No hesitation is felt in pronouncing this steady, tireless march of 
men resolute in their purposes to succeed as one of the most remarkable in 
the history of military achievements .”—General Miles's Report. 


CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. 


523 


were visited by a series of earthquakes, the focal force of 
which was spent upon the city of Charleston. While 
the actual loss incurred by the afflicted community, espe¬ 
cially as to personal effects and objects of virtu , can 
never be known, the damage done to property within 
the municipal limits is fairly estimated at $14,500,000. 

Postal Law. The immediate delivery system was, by 
act of Congress, extended to all mailable matter, and 
to all post-offices “within the carrier-delivery limit of 
any free-deli very office.” The law took effect on October 
1, 1886.* 

October 28. “Liberty Enlightening the World” The 
unveiling of the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty on Bedlow’s 
Island took place on the 28th of October. The cere¬ 
monies were attended with extraordinary splendor. Count 
de Lesseps spoke in behalf of France, and President 
Cleveland, in a brief and appropriate address, accepted 
the statue in the name of the people of America. The 
religious solemnities were impressive, and fitly concluded 
with the Doxologv, chanted by the assembled multitude. 
The orator of the day was Chauncey M. Depew. More 
than a million persons took part in the scene; and the 
magnificence of the display in the crowded city, in the 
harbor and on the island, as well as the enthusiasm which 
prevailed, made the occasion one of the historic events 
of modern times.f 

* “ The hours within which immediate delivery is made are at least from 
7 a. m. to 7 p. m., and further, until the arrival of the last mail, provided 
that such arrival be not later than 9 p. m.” 

\ The “ Statue of Liberty ” is the largest work of the kind ever exe¬ 
cuted. The height of the figure and pedestal is 305 feet 11 inches. The 
weight of the statue is nearly half a million pounds. It is composed of 
300 sheets of copper, one-eighth of an inch thick, riveted upon a frame¬ 
work of wrought-iron. The head is 15 feet in height, and its interior is 
capable of holding forty persons. The height of the statue, from its pedestal 
to the top of the torch held on high in the right hand, is 151 feet 2 inches; 


524 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Deaths in 1886: General Winfield Scott Hancock (62), 
U. S. A.; Horatio Seymour (75), lawyer and politician ; 
Samuel Jones Tilden (72), lawyer and statesman—Sey¬ 
mour and Tilden were ex-Governors of New Tork, while 
all three had been Democratic candidates for the presi¬ 
dency of the United States: Seymour in 1868, Tilden in 
1876, and Hancock in 1880—ex-President C. A. Arthur 
(56); and General John A. Logan (60), senator. 

Royal Marriages (1886). On March 6, the Infanta Eulalia* * of 
Spain, the youngest child of the ex-Queen Isabella, married her first- 
cousin, Antonio de Bourbon (b. 1866), youngest surviving child of 
the Duke of Montpensier and Louise of Spain. 

On May 2.3, the Crown Prince of Portugal,* Charles, Duke of 
Braganza (b. 1863), married the Princess Marie Amalie of France 
(b. 1865), daughter of the Count of Paris and Princess Isabella, 
daughter of the Duke of Montpensier. 

Spain. May 17. Birth of the posthumous son of the late Al¬ 
fonso XII. of Spain ; the royal babe, under the title of Alfonso 
XIII., is the acknowledged heir to the Spanish crown—the regency 
of his mother, Queen Christina, continuing. 

Bavaria. The regency of Prince Luitpold (b. 1821) was pro¬ 
claimed in Bavaria upon the death of his nephew, King Louis II,t 
June 14, 1886. 

September 7. Abdication of Alexander Battenburg, Prince of 
Bulgaria. 

Death in 1886. Abb6 Liszt (75), Hungarian pianist and composer. 


so that the “ American Genius of Liberty ” towers above the greatest of 
ancient and modern statues, and dwarfs them all. 

* For the Infanta Eulalia, see note * under Pi evolution in Spain, 1868, 
p. 474; for the Crown Prince of Portugal, see note f under 1861, p. 388. 

f King Louis had for some years been afflicted with mental derange¬ 
ment, and his death is supposed to have been caused by voluntary drowning. 
He was not married; his legal heir is his brother Otho, likewise unmarried, 
and who has been for some time an inmate of an insane asylum. The 
regent is the nearest heir to the throne, after his nephew Otho, but during 
the life of that prince, he can not be crowned king. Luitpold has a family 
of four children: 1. Loui s, b. 1845, married in 1868 the Archduchess 
Ther&se of Este, who, through her mother, Elizabeth of Austria, is the half- 
sister of Queen Christina of Spain, and through her father, Ferdinand of 
Modena, brother of Duke Francis V., she is the representative of the Stuart 
claim to the crown of Great Britain. 2. Leopold , b. 1846, married in 
1873, Gizcle, b. 1856, Princess Imperial of Austria, daughter of the Em¬ 
peror Francis Joseph. 3. Theresa, b. 1850. 4. Arnolphe , b. 1852, and 

married in 1882 the daughter of the late Aloise, prince of Liechtenstein. 




EXTINCT KINGDOMS—NINETEENTH CENTURY. 525 

SEVEN EXTINCT KINGDOMS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 


Kingdom of Etruria— 

ISO 1-1807. 1 * 

First Kingdom of Italy— 
1805-1814. a 

First Kingdom of Holland - 
1806-1810. 3 * * 

Rulers. 

1801. Louis, Prince of 
Parma. 

1803. Charles Louis, un¬ 
der the regency of his 
mother, till 1807, when 
the kingdom was dis¬ 
solved, and its terri¬ 
tory annexed to the 
Kingdom of Italy. 

Rulers. 

1805. The Emperor Na¬ 
poleon, as king, with 
Eugene Beauharnais 
as viceroy, until the 
dissolution of the 
kingdom in 1814. 

Ruler. 

1806. Louis Bonaparte, 
until his deposition in 
1810. 

Kingdom of Westphalia— 
1807-1814.-* 

Kingdom of Lombardy and 
V enice_ 

1815-185;), and 1S67.« 

Ruler. 

1807. Jerome Bonaparte, 
till the dissolution of 
the kingdom in 1814. 

Kingdom of Hanover— 
1814-1806. 6 

Rulers. 

1815. The Emperors of 
Austria, with the 
Archduke Renier as 
viceroy till 1848. 

1848 to 1849. Revolution 
in Lombardy and 
Venice. 

1859. Lombardy was 
ceded to Sardinia. 

1867. Venetia was sur¬ 
rendered to United 
Italy through Napo¬ 
leon III. 

Second Kingdom of Poland— 
1815-1882. i 

Rulers. 

1814. George III. 

of Englaud. 
1820. George IV. “ 

1830. William IV. “ 

1837. Ernest Augustus, 
Duke of Cumberland. 
1851. George V., Duke 
of Cumberland. 

1866. The kingdom was 
dissolved, and its terri¬ 
tory annexed to Prus¬ 
sia. 

Rulers. 

1815. Alexander I., Em¬ 
peror of Russia. 

1825. Nicholas, Emperor 
of Russia. 

1832. Nicholas, on Feb¬ 
ruary 26. suppressed 
the Kingdom, and in¬ 
corporated its territo¬ 
ry into the Empire of 
Russia. 


N. B. —Of seven kingdoms (now extinct) that arose in the early part of the nine¬ 
teenth century. four — Etruria , Italy. Holland , and Westphalia—were created by 
Napoleon Bonaparte; and three—Ilanover. Lombardo- Venetia, and Poland — 
owed their origin to the allies after the downfall of the empire. 

1 Etruria , formed out of the hereditary lands of Ferdinand III., Grand- 

duke of Tuscany, was by the Treaty of Luneville (1801) bestowed upon Louis 

de Bourbon, hereditary Prince of Parma, great-grandson (through his father) 

of Philip V. of Spain, and (through his mother) grandson of Maria Theresa 

and Francis I. of Germany. King Louis died in 1803, and was succeeded 

by his young son, Charles Louis, whose mother governed as regent till 1807, 
when Napoleon suppressed the kingdom and annexed the territory to the 
Kingdom of Italy, of which it formed a constituent till 1815, when the allies 
decreed its reversion to the rightful owner, Ferdinand III., who thereupon 
resumed his title, “ Grand-duke of Tuscany.” Ferdinand was the brother of 
the Emperor Francis I. of Austria, and grandson of Francis I. of Germany. 
Previous to the marriage of the latter, in 1736, to the renowned Maria The¬ 
resa, heiress of Austria, he was known as Duke Francis Stephen of Lorraine; 
but in 1737, upon the death of John Gaston, the last ruler of the race of the 
Medici in Tuscany (formerly the Republic of Florence), he became Grand- 
duke of Tuscany. Subsequently (in 1745) he was elected Emperor of Ger¬ 
many. His successor in Tuscany was his son Leopold (afterward Emperor 
Leopold II.), who in turn was succeeded in the grand-duchy by his son, the 


















526 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


above-named Ferdinand III. When, in 1801, Ferdinand was deprived of Tus¬ 
cany, he received in indemnification thereof, first, the Archbishopric of Salz¬ 
burg (in Austria), and later, in 1806, the Grand-duchy of Wiirtzburg (in Bava¬ 
ria). He died in 1824 (about nine years after his reinstatement in Tuscany), 
and was succeeded by his son Leopold II., who on July 1, 1859, abdicated 
his grand-ducal coronet in favor of his son Ferdinand. At this crisis, “ the 
Tuscan Constituent Assembly met, and, declaring against the house, of Lor¬ 
raine, voted for the annexation of Tuscany to Sardinia. Accordingly, in 
March, 1860, by universal suffrage, the Grand-duchy of Tuscany was incor¬ 
porated into the Kingdom of Sardinia.” (See Ungewitter’s “ Europe, Past 
and Present,” Haydn’s “Dictionary of Dates,” and 1736, I., page 165 ; 

1745, ft I., II., page 170; 1801, «jf II., page 274, and note * on page 275 ; 
1859, «[[ I., page 372; 1860, I., page 374, of Manual. 

8 Italy. As has been noted, Northern Italy having been conquered by 
France during the Revolution, the provinces of Lombardy, Parma, Modena, 
the Papal Legations, and the Venetian territory to the line of the Adige, 
were erected, in 1797, into the Cisalpine Republic (see page 255), and in 
1802 this republic was remodeled into the Italian Republic, of which the 
Consul Napoleon was acknowledged President (see page 276). In 1805 Na¬ 
poleon, then Emperor, converted the Italian Republic into a monarchy, and 
assuming the additional title, “ King of Italy,” he invested his adopted son, 
Eugene Beauharnais, with the dignity of viceroy (see 1805, I., and note, 

pages 279 and 280). At the downfall of the empire in 1814, the Kingdom of 
Italy was abolished, when that portion of its territory known as Lombardo- 
Venetia reverted to Austria. 

3 Holland. When in the sixteenth century (see 1579, page 72) the 

northern provinces of the Netherlands revolted from Spain and formed 
themselves into the independent Dutch Republic, the southern provinces 
(now Belgium) adhered to Spain, and were usually styled the Spanish or 
Catholic Netherlands. At the close of the War of the Spanish Succession 
they were ceded to Austria by the Treaty of Radstat (1714), and were then 
known as the Austrian Netherlands. During the French Revolution the 
northern provinces (Dutch Republic), as well as the southern provinces 
(Austrian Netherlands), were overrun and, finally, in 1795, conquered by 
the republican army of France, under Pichegru. The Dutch Republic there¬ 
upon was converted into the Batavian Republic (see 1795, I., page 253), 

while, by the Treaty of Campo Formio, Austrian Netherlands were ceded to 
France (see 1795,1[ III., page 255), when they became an integral part, first, 
of the Republic of France and afterward of the empire. In 1806 the Em¬ 
peror Napoleon transformed the Batavian Republic into the Kingdom of 
Holland, and bestowed the crown upon his brother Louis (see 1806, V., 

page 282), whom, however, he deposed in 1810; he then annexed the king¬ 
dom to the empire (see 1810, IV., page 289). Upon Napoleon’s downfall, 
in 1814, the allies restored to William, Prince of Orange, his hereditary 
states (formerly the Dutch Republic), and to Austria the lands that had 
constituted Austrian Netherlands. Austria, however, renounced her claims 
to the latter territory, in favor of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, 
of which the Prince of Orange, under the title of William I., became king 
(see 1814, *([ III., page 303). 

4 Westphalia. This kingdom was created by Napoleon I., in 1807, as 
one of the states of the Confederation of the Rhine; he gave to it a consti- 


EXTINCT KINGDOMS—NINETEENTH CENTURY. 527 


tution, and appointed his youngest brother, Jerome, King. It comprised all 
of Prussia, to the west of the Elbe, and the territories of the Electors of 
Hesse and Hanover, and the Duke of Brunswick. The annexation of Han¬ 
over took place in 1810. Asa consequence of the battle of Leipsic, in 1813, 
Westphalia was occupied by Prussia, when Jerome Bonaparte’s jurisdiction 
ceased. The following year the allies formally announced the dissolution 
of the kingdom, and restored the several states of which it was composed 
to their former proprietbrs. (See 1807, Tflf I, II., and notes, page 284. 
and 1814, ^ IV., page 303.) 6 

6 Hanover was raised from the rank of a duchy to that of an electorate 
of the empire in 1692. Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick (husband of 
Princess Sophia, granddaughter of James I. of England) was the first to be 
invested with the new dignity. His son George (second Elector of Hanover ) 
was called to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, and for the remainder of 
the century—if we except the interval occupied by the Seven Years’ War 
(1756 to 1763), when Hanover suffered much from foreign invasion—the 
Kings of England continued in undisputed possession of the electorate, which, 
however, had its own local government. During Napoleon’s Continental 
wars, Hanover experienced many vicissitudes. In 1801, it was seized by 
Prussia; 1803, occupied and severely used by the French; 1805, delivered 
to Prussia; 1807, retaken by the French, who in 1810 annexed a part of it 
to the Kingdom of Westphalia. It was regained by England in 1813, and 
finally, upon the downfall of the French Empire, in 1814, the allies con¬ 
verted the electorate into a kingdom, attached to the crown ol Great Brit¬ 
ain in the male line of succession. Upon the accession of Queen Victoria 
in 1837 (females being excluded from the Hanoverian throne), the kingdom 
of Hanover reverted to the Queen’s uncle, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cum¬ 
berland (see 1837, II., page 331), who, dying in 1851, was succeeded by 
his son, George V. (born 1819, died 1878). In the Seven Weeks’ War be¬ 
tween Prussia and Austria (1866) Hanover sided with the latter power, for 
which act she forfeited her existence as an independent kingdom. She was 
the first state invaded by the Prussian troops. King George V., although 
blind, hesitated not to take the field in person in support of his crown, but 
his valor was of little avail. By a royal decree, September, 1866, Hanover 
was annexed to Prussia, and, the following October 6, King William took for¬ 
mal possession. The ex-King of Hanover died in 1878, and was succeeded 
in the peerage of Great Britain by his son, Ernest Augustus, the present 
Duke of Cumberland, who married, December, 1878, Princess Thyra, the 
youngest daughter of the King of Denmark, and sister of the Princess of 
Wales, of the Empress of Russia, of the King of Greece, and of Prince 
Valdemar, consort of Marie of Orleans, daughter of the Duke of Chartres. 

6 Lombardy and Venice. Lombardy (a name derived from the Lom¬ 
bard kings who reigned in Northern Italy from 668 to 774) was the generaf 
term applicable, at a later date, to the duchies of Milan, Mantua, etc. The 
province had already undergone many political changes under rulers of dif¬ 
ferent nationalities, when in 1540 it was annexed to the crown of Spain. 
In 1714 Spain renounced it in favor of Austria. From Austrian rule, Lom¬ 
bardy passed to that of the French, who in 1797 took forcible possession. 
(See I. and II., page 256.) Venice owed its rise to the invasion of Italy by 
Attila the Hun, a. d. 452. Upon the approach of that barbarian, the Veneti, 
an ancient tribe dwelling in Italy, fled for refuge to the adjacent islands cf 


528 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


the Adriatic, and there settling, were soon followed by other fugitives. Such 
was the origin of the renowned Republic of Venice, which, continuing until 
the era of the French Revolution, reckoned upward of thirteen centuries of 
existence. Not unfrequently, however, during that period had it been 
brought to the verge of ruin by its many foreign wars, and still more by 
its intestine disorders. The power which at first resided in the people was 
in course of time transferred to an aristocratic oligarch)', styled the “ Coun¬ 
cil of Ten,” whose despotic rule caused the once-favored commonwealth to 
be branded as “ a mock republic.” It was allotted to Napoleon to bring to 
an end this “ artificial structure.” Accordingly, in May, 1797, the French 
troops occupied the city of Venice without striking a blow, when Napoleon, 
uniting a portion of the conquered territory to Lombardy, to be incor¬ 
porated into the Cisalpine Republic, made a formal gift of the remainder, 
including “ the Queen of the Adriatic,” to Austria. This stroke of diplo¬ 
macy formed the chief basis of the treaty between France and Austria, 
signed October 17, 1797, at Campo Formio (a small town and castle in 
Northern Italy), by which the former power, among other advantages, ac¬ 
quired the Belgic provinces, and was confirmed in its claims to Lombardy 
(see 1797, II., HI., and note, page 255). Peace between the late bel¬ 
ligerents was, however, of short duration. Austria soon became forced, as 
it were, to join the general European coalitions, formed (1799 and 1805) to 
arrest the aggressions of Napoleon, whose ambition now seemed insatiable. 
Although to an imperial crown (1804) he had just added a royal one (1805), 
the haughty despot still yearned for new conquests. Victorious at Ulm, 
October 20, and again at Austerlitz, December 2 (see 1805, IV., page 280), 
he once more compelled the Emperor, Francis, to sue for peace, which was 
signed at Presburg, December 26. The chief condition of the treaty was 
the surrender to France of the Venetian states, which with the Ligurian 
Republic were united to the Kingdom of Italy. (See 1806, II., page 281.) 
Upon the fall of the empire, in 1814, the dissolution of the kingdom soon 
followed, and that portion of its territory comprehending Lombardy and 
Venice was by the Treaty of Paris restored to Austria, when the whole was 
erected into what was called the Kingdom of Lombardy and Venice. It was 
dependent upon the Austrian Government, and until 1848 was ruled by a 
viceroy, the Archduke Renier, brother of the Emperor Francis I., and father- 
in-law of Victor Emanuel II., by whom the entire country was afterward ab¬ 
sorbed. (See 1860, I., page 374, and 1866, I., page 467, and note on 

page 468.) Though the revolutionary spirit pervading Continental Europe, 
in 1848, threatened for a while the power of Austria in upper Italy, the vic¬ 
tory gained at Novara, in 1849, over the King of Sardinia—who was in part 
the promoter of the popular risings—restored tranquillity (see 1849, II., 
and note * on page 353) till 1859, when war was renewed, the result of 
which was the annexation of Lombardy to Sardinia. (See 1859, I., page 

372.) Austria lost her last foothold in Italy in 1866, when at the close of 
the Seven Weeks’ War with Prussia she was forced, according to the terms 
of the Treaty of Prague, to cede Venetia to Napoleon III., with the under¬ 
standing that he should hand it over to United Italy. 

7 Poland, again a Kingdom in 1815. The territory acquired by Prussia 
in the several partitions of Poland in the eighteenth century was erected 
by Napoleon into the Grand-duchy of Warsaw, and conferred upon the King 
of Saxony. (See 1807, 1 III, page 285.) In 1815 the allies converted the 


EUROPEAN AND BRAZILIAN RULERS. 


529 


grand-duchy into the Kingdom of Poland in favor of Alexander L, Czar of 
Russia, who then assumed the additional title, “King of Poland.” (See 
1815, II., page 305.) The severity of the Russian rule caused the Poles 
to revolt in 1830; after the entire suppression of the insurrection, the Em¬ 
peror Nicholas abolished the “titular” kingdom, and in 1832 incorporated 
its territory as a province of Russia. (See 1830, V., and note, page 

321.) 


EUROPEAN RULERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 


Roman Pontiffs. 

Sovereigns of Spain. 

Sovereigns of Portugal. 

1800. Pius VII. 

1823. Leo Nil. 

1829. Pius VIII. 

1831. Gregory XVI. 

1846. Pius IX. 

1878. Leo XIII. 

Avjou-Bourbon. 

1788. Charles IV., abdi¬ 
cated in 1808. 

1808. Ferdinand VII. 
was deposed by Napo¬ 
leon, in favor of 

1808. Joseph Bonaparte, 

Braganza. 

1799. John, Regent of 
Portugal, assumed 

sovereign power till 
1816, when, at his 
mother’s death, he be¬ 
came king. 

Sovereigns of Great Britain. 

who in turn was driv¬ 
en from the throne by 
Wellington, and, in 
1813, fled from Spain. 

1807. Flight of the Lis¬ 
bon court to Brazil. 

Brunswick. 

1760. George III. 

Portugal seized by the 
French. 

1815. Portugal and Bra¬ 
zil were united by the 
Regent John. 

1816. John VI., King of 
Portugal and of Bra¬ 
zil. 

1820. George IV. 

1830. William IV. 

1837. Victoria. 

Heir - apparent, Albert 
Edward, Pr. of W ales. 1 

1814. Ferdinand VII. 
was restored by the 
allies. 

1833. Isabella II., till 
1868, when she was 

King of the Netherlands. 2 

deposed. 

1821. John VI. returned 
to Portugal, leaving 
his son, Dom Pedro, 
Regent of Brazil. King 
John died in 1826, 
w'hen Dom Pedro ; then 
Emperor of Brazil, re¬ 
nounced the throne of 
Portugal in favor of 
his daughter. 

House of Nassau-Dietz. 
1814. William I., till 
1830, when Belgium 
revolted. 9 

1868. Revolution in 
Spain. Provisional 

government till 1870, 
when the throne was 
accepted by 

1870. AmadeuSj of Sa¬ 
voy, who abdicated in 
1873. 

Kings of Holland. 

1831. William I., of the 
Netherlands. 

1826. Maria II. da Glo¬ 
ria. 

1840. William II. 

1849. William III. 
Heir-presumptive — the 
Duke of Nassau. 2 

1873. Spain a republic. 

1828. Miguel (her uncle), 
usurper. 

1833. Maria II. da Gloria 

1874. Monarchy restored. 

A njou-Bourbon. 

was restored. Her 
consort, Ferdinand of 
Saxe-Coburg (1836), 
bore the title of King 

Kings of Belgium. 

Saxe-Coburg. 

1831. Leopold I. 

1865. Leopold II. 
Heir-presumptive, Phil¬ 
ip, Count of Flanders. 3 

1874. Alfonso XII. 

1886. AlfonsoXIII., un¬ 
der the regency of his 
mother, Queen Chris¬ 
tine. 40 

Regent till 1853. 

1853. Pedro V. 

1861. Louis I. 
Heir-apparent, Charles, 
Duke of Braganza. 4 


23 



















530 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


EUROPEAN RULERS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 


( Continued .) 


France. 

Last Emperor of the 

Old German Empire. 

Emperors of Russia. 

A consulate in 1799. 

1799. Napoleon, First 
Consul. 

Holstein- Gottorp. 

1796. Paul I. 

1801. Alexander I. 

1825. Nicholas I. 

1855. Alexander II. 

1881. Alexander III. 
Heir-apparent, Nicholas, 
herea’y grand-duke. 8 

Lorraine-Hapsb urg. 

1792. Francis II. till 
1806. 

An empire in 1804. 

1804. Napoleon I., em¬ 
peror till 1814. 

Emperors of Austria. 

A kingdom, 1814 to 1848. 
Bourbon. 

1814. Louis XVIII. 

1824. Charles X., de¬ 
posed in 1830. 

1806. Francis II., of Ger¬ 
many, took the title 
of Francis I. of Aus¬ 
tria. 

1835. Ferdinand I. 
abdicated in 1848. 

1848. Francis Joseph. 

Heir-apparent, Rudolphe, 
Prince Imperial. 6 

Kings of Prussia. 

Hohenzollern. 

1797. Frederic Wm. III. 
1840. Frederic Wm. IV. 
1861. William I. 

Second Revolution, 1830. 

Second German Empire. 

Bourbon- Orleans. 
1830. Louis Philippe, 
king till his deposition 
in 1848. 

Sovereigns of Sweden and 
Norway. 

Kings of Prussia — heredi¬ 
tary emperors .° 

1871. William I. 
Heir-apparentj Frederic 
William, Prince Impe¬ 
rial. 9 

Holstein- Gottorp. 
1792. Gustavus IV. 

1809. Charles XIII., till 
1818. 

House of Ponte Como. 

1818. Charles XIV. (Ber- 
nadotte). 

1844. Oscar I. 

1859. Charles XV. 

1872. Oscar 11. 

Heir-apparent, Gustavus, 
Duke of Wermland.® 

Second Republic, 

1848 to 1853. 

1848. Louis Napoleon, 
president. 

Kings of Sardinia. 

Second Empire, 

1853 to 1870. 

1853. Napoleon III., em¬ 
peror till 1870. 

Savoy. 

1796. Chas. Emanuel IV. 
1802. Victor Emanuel I. 
abdicated. 

1821. Charles Felix. 

Savoy- Carignan. 

1831. Charles Albert ab¬ 
dicated. 

1849. Victor Emanuel 11. 

Third Republic, Septem¬ 
ber 4, 1870. 

1870. General Trochu, 
President of the Pro¬ 
visional Government 
till August 31,1871. 

Presidents of the Republic. 

1871. Adolphe Thiers, 
elected August 31. 

1873, May 24. Marshal 
MacMahon (Duke of 
Magenta). 

1879, "'January 30. Jules 
Gr6vy. 

1888, January 30. Jules 
Gr6vy re-elected. 

Kings of Denmark. 

Oldenburg. 

1766. Christian VII. 

1808. Frederic VI. 

1839. Christian VIII. 
1848. Frederic VII., till 
1863. 

Schleswig- Holstein-Son- 
derburg- Glucksburg. 

1863. Christian IX. 
Heir-apparent, Frederic, 
l Prince Royal. 7 

Kingdom of Italy. 
Founded in 1861. 

1861. Victor Emanuel II., 
King of Sardinia, took 
the title of . Victor 
Emanuel I. of Italy. 

1878. Humbert. 

Heir - apparent, Victor 
! Emanuel, Prince of Na¬ 
ples. 10 





























EUROPEAN AND BRAZILIAN RULERS. 


531 


EUROPEAN AND BRAZILIAN RULERS OF THE NINETEENTH 

CENTURY. 


Kings of Bavaria 


Switzerland. 

A Federal Republic. 


Kings of Naples, or the Two 
Sicilies. Extinct in 1860. 


1805. Maximilian I. 

1825. Louis I., abdicated 
in 1848. 

1848. Maximilian II. 
1864. Louis II. (insane). 
1886. Luitpold, uncle of 
Louis, was proclaimed 
regent. 11 


Kings of W iirtemberg. 


1805. Frederic I. 

1816. William I. 

1864. Charles I. 
Heir-presumptive, Prince 
William, nephew of 
Charles I. ia 


Kings of Saxony. 


1806. Frederic Augustus 

I. 

1827. Anthony Clement. 
1836. Frederic Augustus 

II. 

1854. John. 

1873. Albert. 
Heir-presumptive, Prince 
George, brother of King 
Albert. 13 


Kings of Greece. 


Bavaria , 
1832. Othol., 

deposed 1862. 


Schleswig-Holstein-Son- 
derburg- Glucksb urg. 
1863. George I. 
Heir-apparent, Constan¬ 
tine, Duke of Sparta. 14 


It consists of twenty-two 
cantonsj three of which 
are divided each into 
two independent half 
cantons. The supreme 
legislative and execu¬ 
tive authority is vested 
in a Parliament of two 
Chambers, the State 
Council and a Nation¬ 
al Council, which, unit¬ 
ed, are styled the Fed¬ 
eral Assembly , and, as 
such, represents the Su¬ 
preme Government of 
the Republic. The chief 
executive authority is 
deputed to the Federal 
Council, consisting of 
seven members, elected 
for three years. The 
President and Vice- 
President of the Fed¬ 
eral Council are the first 
magistrates of the Re¬ 
public. They are elect¬ 
ed by the Federal As¬ 
sembly for a term of 
one year, and are not 
re-eligible till after the 
expiration of another 
year. 

Turkey in Europe. 

Part of Ottoman Empire. 

1876. Grand Sultan, 
Abdul-Hamid. 


The Sultan is succeeded 
by his eldest son, only 
in case there are no un¬ 
cles or cousins of greater! 
age. 


Anjou-Bourbon. 

1799. Ferdinand IV., aft¬ 
er a banishment of a 
few weeks only, was 
restored to his king¬ 
dom, which he retained 
till 1806. 


1806. Joseph Bonaparte. 
1808. Joacnim Murat, till 
1815, when Ferdinand 
IV.— restored by the 
allies—took the title of 
Ferdinand I. 


1815. Ferdinand I. 

1825. Francis I. 

1830. Ferdinand II. 
(Bomba). 

1859. Francis II. 

Revolution in Italy, 1859. 

1860. Francis II. was 
driven from Naples by 
Garibaldi, ana his 
kingdom was united 
to Sardinia. 


Sovereigns of Brazil. 


Braganza. 

1822. Pedro I. 

1831. Pedro II. 

The hoir-apparent is the 
Princess Imperial Isa¬ 
bel, Countess d’Eu. 17 


N. B —Compare the dates 
in the foregoing diagrams 
with the corresponding 
dates in the Chart Manual. 
They will be found t<» 
mark either the years in 
which revolutions occur, 
or the date of the acces¬ 
sion of sovereigns or rul¬ 
ers of the respective coun¬ 
tries. 


King of Sou mania. 


King of Servia. 


Hohenzollern. 
1881. Charles I. 1 ® 


Obrenovitch. 
1882. Milan I. 1 ® 







































532 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


1 For the Prince of Wales, Albert Edward, heir-apparent of Great Brit¬ 
ain, sec I. of 1863, and note *, page 437. 

2 For the early history of the Netherlands, see note 3, Holland , page 526, 
and diagram of the First Kingdom of Holland, page 525. For the recogni¬ 
tion of the Duke of Nassau, as heir-presumptive of William III., King of 
Holland, see ^ II. of 1885, page 519. 

3 For Philip, Count of Flanders, brother of Leopold II., and heir-pre¬ 
sumptive of the throne of Belgium, see note f under I. of 1865, pages 
463 and 464; for his marriage in 1867, see last part of note f on page 
375 ; refer also to principality of Roumania, III. of 1866, page 468. 

4 For Alfonso XIII., the acknowledged heir to the Spanish crown, see 
note * on page 521 and III. of 1886, page 524. 

40 For Charles, Duke of Braganza, Prince Royal of Portugal, sec note f 
under III. of 1861, page 388; and royal marriages of 1886, II., page 
524. 

5 For Rudolphe, Prince Imperial of Austria, see note f under III. of 
1848, page 351; and royal marriages of 1881, *[[ VI., with note *, page 510. 

8 For Gustavus, Duke of Wermland, Prince Royal of Sweden and Nor¬ 
way, see note * under *J[ I. of 1872, page 483; and royal marriages of 1881, 
VII., with note f, page 510. 

I For Frederic, Prince Royal of Denmark, see last part of note % under 
III. of 1863, page 438; for his marriage, see IV. of 1869, and note *, 

page 477; for his relatives through matrimonial alliances, see last part of 
note 5, Hanover , page 527. 

8 For Nicholas, hereditary Grand-duke of Russia, see note * under III. 
of 1881, page 509. 

9 For Frederic William, Crown-prince of Prussia and Prince Imperial of 

Germany, see I. of 1858, page 371; note * under I. of 1861, page 3S8 ; 
and royal marriages of 1881, V., with note f, page 509. 

10 For Victor Emanuel, Prince of Naples, heir-apparent of the crown of 
Italy, see Italy, VI. under 1878, pages 499 and 500. 

II For Prince Luitpold, Regent of Bavaria, see Bavaria, IV. of 1886, 
and note f, page 524. 

12 For Prince William, heir-presumptive of the crown of Wiirtemberg, 
see note * under IV. of 1864, page 453. 

13 For Prince George, heir-presumptive of Saxony, see note \ under 
IV. of 1873, pages 487, 488, and note -f under II. of I860, pages 374, 375. 

14 For Prince Constantine, Duke of Sparta, heir-apparent of the crown 
of Greece, see note f under II. of 1863, page 437. 

15 For the origin of Roumania, see VII. of 1861, page 389; for Prince 
Charles’s ancestry, see note + under f II. of 1860, page 375 ; for his rec¬ 
ognition as Prince of Roumania, see principality of Roumania (tributary to 
Turkey), III. of 1866, page 468; for Roumania’s independence of Turkev, 
see Treaty of Berlin, ^ II. of 1878, and note f, page 499 ; for Prince 
Charles’s coronation as King of Roumania, see ^ I. of 1881, page 508. 

16 For Milan’s election as Prince of Servia, see III. of 1868 and note 
t, page 474; for Servia’s independence of Turkey, see Treaty of Berlin, 

II. of 1878, and note f, page 499, For the erection of Servia into a king¬ 
dom, the elevation of Prince Milan as king of the country, his marriage and 
the birth of his heir, Alexander, Prince Royal, see «[[ I. of 1882, page 511. 

17 For Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, see VI. of 1864, page 454. 


533 


A LIST 

Of some of the Celebrities who have closed their Career 
during the Nineteenth Century, whose Names are 
not among the Deaths noted in the Manual. 

1806 . Park, Mungo (34), a renowned Scottish traveler in Africa. 
1813 . Rush, Benjamin (68), an eminent surgeon of Philadelphia. 
1815 . Ramsay, David (66), American physician and historian. 
1815 . Copley,* John Singleton (70), Amer. artist, lived in London. 
1817 . Austen, Miss Jane (42), English novelist. 

1820 . Grattan, Henry (74), Irish orator and statesman. 

1821 . Keats, John (26), English poet. 

1821 . Maistre, Joseph, Count de (67), Italian statesman and author. 

1825 . Davidson, Lucretia Maria (17), American poetess. 

1826. Murray, Lindley (80), American grammarian. 

1827. Peale, Charles Wilson (86), American painter. 

1830 . Hazliit, William (52), English critic and miscellaneous writer. 
1830 . Lawrence, Sir Thomas (61), English portrait-painter. 

1832 . Bentham, Jeremy (84), Eng. jurisprudential writer. 

1832. Crabbe, George (78), English poet. 

1835 . Hogg, James (63), the “Ettrick Shepherd,” Scottish poet. 
1835 . Hemans, Mrs. Felicia (41), British poetess. 

1837. Constable, John (61), English landscape painter. 

1838 . Davidson, Margaret M. (15), Amer. poetess. 

1838. Bowditch, Nathaniel (65), American mathematician. 

1842 . Arnold, Thos., of Rugby (47), Eng. teacher and historian. 

1842 . Sismondi, Simonde de (69), Swiss historian. 

1843 . Trumbull, John (87), American painter, son of Jonathan 

Trumbull, the friend of Gen. Washington. 

1844 . Campbell, Thomas (67), English poet. 

1845 . Story, Joseph (66), American jurist. 

1845 . Hood, Thos. (47), Eng. poet, wit, and writer. 

1848 . Cole, Thomas (47), American painter. 

1848 . Stephenson, George (67), English engineer (locomotive-engine). 


* Copley was the father of Lord Lyndhurst (see 1863, p. 438). 






534 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


1849 . Edgeworth, Maria (82), British novelist. 

1849 . Strauss, Johann (45), Viennese musical composer. 

1849 . Mezzofanti, Cardinal (75), Italian linguist. 

1850 . Jeffrey, Francis (77), ed. of “Edinburgh Review.” 

1851 . Baillie, Joanna (88), Scottish poetess. 

1851 . Turner, Joseph M. W. (76), English landscape-painter. 

1852 . Moore, Thomas (73), Irish poet. 

1852 . Greenough, Horatio (47), American sculptor. 

1853 . Arago, Francois (67), French astronomer and statesman. 

1854 . Montgomery, James (83), Scottish poet. 

1854 . Lockhart, John Gibson (60), Scottish writer and critic. 

1854 . Wilson, John (69), “Christopher North,” Scottish writer. 

1854 . Souvestre, Emile (48), French author. 

1855. Rogers, Samuel (92), English poet. 

1855 . Mitford, Mary Russell (68), English authoress. 

1856. Percival, James Gates (61), American poet and geologist. 

1856 . Hamilton, Sir William (681, Scottish metaphysician. 

1857 . Swetchine, Madame (75), French writer. 

1859 . De Quincey, Thomas (74), English author. 

1859 . Hallam, Henry (87), English historian and critic. 

1859 . Hunt, Leigh (75), English poet and essayist. 

1859 . Stephenson, Robert (56), English engineer ( tvbular bridge ). 

1860 . Peale, Rembrandt (82), American painter. 

1862 . Knowles, James Sheridan (78), Irish dramatist. 

1862 . Thoreau, Henry David (45), Amer. author and philosopher. 
1864 . Procter, Adelaide (39), Eng. poetess, d. of “Barry Cornwall.” 

1864 . O’Brien, Smith (61), Irish patriot and political agitator. 

1865 . Aytoun, W. Edmondstone (52), Scottish philosopher and poet. 
1865 . Hildreth, Richard (58), American historian. 

1867 . Alison, Sir Archibald (75), Scottish historian and essayist. 
1869 . Faraday, Michael (78), Irish chemist and naturalist. 

1871 . Ticknor, George (80), American author. 

1871 . Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey (78), British geologist. 

1871 . Grote, George (76), English historian. 

1873 . Liebig, Baron von (70), German chemist. 

1874 . Procter, Bryan Waller (87), “Barry Cornwall,” English poet. 

1874 . Strickland, Agnes (78), English historical writer. 

1875 . Kingsley, Charles (56), English author. 

1878 . Bryant, William Cullen (84), American poet and journalist. 


535 



TOPICS 

On the Nineteenth Century , suggested for Oral Expla¬ 
nation and Discussion in Class , or for Written Es¬ 
says by Pupils . 

1. Rise and extinction of empires an$ kingdoms. The first 
French Empire (1804-T4). End of the old German Empire (1800). 
Napoleon’s wars and close of his career. Outline history of the 
seven extinct kingdoms founded in the nineteenth century, and that 
of Naples founded in 1734. Kise and fall of the second French Em¬ 
pire (1852-70), of the first and second Mexican Empire (1822 to 
1823,1864 to 1867). Origin of the Brazilian Empire, of the second 
German Empire, of the kingdoms of Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Saxony, 
Holland, Belgium, Greece, Italy, Roumania, and Servia. 

2. Prominent European wars—cause, date, duration, and result 
of each: Crimean, Austro-Sardinian, Schleswig-Holstein, Austro- 
Prussian or Seven Weeks’ War, Franco-Prussian, Russo-Turkish. 

3. Topical review of the history of Great Britain, France, Spain, 
Portugal, Austria. Sweden and Norway, Denmark, Russia, Prussia, 
Sardinia, the Papal States, and Turkey, during the nineteenth cent¬ 
ury. 

4. Territorial growth of the United States* and increase of 
population.! Name the twenty-two States admitted into the Union 
during the century, the territory from which they were carved, and 
date of admission of each. 

5. Progress of the nation in commerce, manufactures, ship¬ 
building, printing,! and book-publishing, agriculture, etc., internal 
improvements and inventions, such as canals, bridges, tunnels, 

* Louisiana, 1803; Florida, 1819; Texas, 1845; Mexican cession, 1848; 
Gadsden Purchase, 1853; Alaska, 1837. (For the United States claim to 
Oregon, see note f on page 342.) 

f Compare census of 1790 with that of 1880. 

\ By the invention of the cylinder press, worked by steam, in connec¬ 
tion with the stereotype process, as many as 40,000 impressions of a news¬ 
paper can be made in an hour. 






536 LINTON*S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


postal arrangements, steamboats, railroads, ocean-steamers, teleg¬ 
raphy, Atlantic cable, etc. 

6. Wars—with Tripoli, England, Algiers, Mexico, Civil War, 
Indian hostilities, first and second Seminole W T ar, Black Hawk, 
Modoc, and Sioux. Cause, date, duration, and result of each. 

7. Treaties of peace, of boundary-lines, of commerce and friend¬ 
ship, signed by the United States. 

8. Prominent events of each presidential administration. 

9. Prominent European and American inventors, distinguished 
statesmen, generals, naval commanders, philosophers, scientists, 
engineers, financiers, authors in prose and poetry, travelers, Arctic 
explorers, musicians, painters, sculptors, philanthropists, etc. 


537 


EXERCISE IX* 

> This exercise, which we consider to be within the capacity of 
primary classes, is presented as a model for oral instruction (in con¬ 
nection with the chart) upon the history of the United States during 
the present century. If the method suggested secures the attention 
and interest of the pupils, the tedium sometimes experienced in 
giving oral instruction to elementary classes will be lessened. 

On the Nineteenth-Century Chart the portraits of the Presidents 
may be considered as the important “ time-marks ” of the century. 
To aid in fixing these “ time-marks ” in the memory, notice that the 
inauguration of a President of the United States, with one excep¬ 
tion only,f has always taken place in an odd year of the century. 
A shield with a portrait, indicating the first inauguration, or a shield 
only, for the second inauguration, will be seen on the following 
year-squares: 1801,5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37,41,45, 49 (excep¬ 
tional, 50), 53, 57, 61, 65, 69, 73, 77, 81, 85. 

If the year-squares are examined downward, instead of being 
counted in the horizontal decades of the chart, the inauguration 
symbols (with the exception of the one already alluded to) are found 
located only on the odd perpendicular columns, viz., the 1st, 3d, 
5th, 7th, and 9th. Notice that on a given perpendicular column the 
above symbols appear every twenty years; or, in other words, they 
are to be seen on the same unit number of every alternate decade. 
This fact will be demonstrated by comparing the dates contained in 
the perpendicular columns of Diagram F with the corresponding 
year-squares of the chart. 

Notice that in the year-squares 41 and 81 on the chart there are 
two portraits and two shields. The portrait and shield to the left 
of the observer (year-square 41) represent the inauguration of Presi¬ 
dent Harrison, the portrait indicating that it was his first inaugura¬ 
tion ; while the portrait and shield to the right typify the inaugura¬ 
tion of Vice-President Tyler, who succeeded to the office of Presi¬ 
dent upon the death of Harrison, April 4, 1841. In like manner, 
the portrait and shield to the left on year-square 81 represent the 
inauguration of President Garfield, and the portrait and shield to 
the right that of Vice-President Arthur, who, upon Garfield’s death, 
Sept. 19, 1881, became President. In the 65th year-square there 
are two shields and one portrait: the shield to the left indicates the 
second inauguration of President Lincoln; the portrait in the center 


* Read the Introduction to Exercise VIII., page 80, and apply to the 
Nineteenth-Century Chart the principles therein involved. 

f This exception was the inauguration of Vice-President Fillmore, who, 
upon the death of President Tavlor in July, 1S50, became President. 



538 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


of the square and shield to the right symbolize Vice-President John¬ 
son’s inauguration as President, after the death of Lincoln in (April) 
1865. In the 50th year-square of the chart are seen the portrait of 
Millard Fillmore and a shield, the latter being located in the upper 
right-hand corner of the square. These symbols indicate that upon 
the death of General Taylor in (July) 1850, Vice-President Fillmore 
was inaugurated President of the United States. 

Diagram F shows the Inaugural Years of the 
Nineteenth Century. 


1 




* 

5 




9 

1 



* 

13 




17 




* 

21 




25 




29 




33 




37 




41 + 




45 




49 

50 f 



53 




57 




61 




* t 

65 




69 




* 

73 




77 




t 

81 




85 

















A multiplicity of questions to test the pupils’ knowledge of the 
“ time-marlcs ” of the Nineteenth-Century Chart will naturally sug¬ 
gest themselves to the teacher. 1. Whose inauguration occurred in 


* The six squares, 5, 13, 21, 33, 65, and 73, marked by an asterisk, 
correspond to the years of the century in which a second presidential inaug¬ 
uration occurred. 

f The four squares, 41, 50, 65, and 81, marked by a cross, correspond 
to the years in which a Vice-President succeeded to the office of President 
of the United States. 





























EXERCISE IX. 


539 


the following years of the present century: 69th? 25th? 81st? 
13th? 49th? 77th? 41st? 33d? 57th? 85th? 1st? 73d? 45th? 
17th? 53d? 29th? 5th? 61st? 37th? 65th? 21st? 9th? 50th? 2. 
Reverse the questions by naming a President, and asking the date 
of his inauguration. 3. Name the Presidents whose inaugurations 
are symbolized on the 9th perpendicular column of the chart, and 
give dates. Name the Presidents whose inaugurations are symbol¬ 
ized on the other four perpendicular columns, viz., the 5th, 7th, 1st, 
and 3d, and give dates. Name the years of the century in which 
a second presidential inauguration occurred, and say who were the 
Presidents inaugurated.* 

What President, after his second inauguration, served only a 
few weeks, and why? How many Vice-Presidents have become 
Presidents, and what cause led to their elevation to the office? 
What Presidents died in office ? State the came of the death of 
each. Why in some of the year-squares of the chart is the symbolic 
shield located in the upper right-hand corner, its position being gen¬ 
erally in the upper left-hand corner ? 

When the pupils are thoroughly drilled in the “ time-marks' n of 
the century, they will be prepared to understand, and even enjoy, 
the oral instructions upon the prominent events of the several ad¬ 
ministrations. 

As an accurate knowledge of geography is easily acquired by 
map-drawing, so historical events will become permanently impressed 
upon the memory by chart-drawing; therefore, for more advanced 
pupils, drawing the charts either on a slate or on paper will prove an 
interesting as well as profitable exercise. Let the four year-squares 
of an administration constitute a lesson. At first the pupil should 
copy only the heavy outlines inclosing American events, being care¬ 
ful to read the account given of each in the manual, that events may 
thus be associated with their peculiar borders; this accomplished, 
the symbols and the lighter outlines inclosing topics of foreign 
events may be added in subsequent lessons. Pupils who have a 
taste for drawing will find pleasure in copying the portraits and 
other pictures. These exercises should be continued till the entire 
chart can be neatly reproduced from memory. As a final test of a 
student’s knowledge of the chart, let the teacher require from mem¬ 
ory an oral description of every year-square of the century, calling 
out the years in the order in which they are arranged in Diagram 
0, page 23, omitting, of course, those years of the century that have 
not transpired. 


* Other questions may be proposed, according to the teacher’s estimate 
of the intelligence of the class. 



FORMS OF GOVERNMENT OF PROMINENT FOREIGN 
COUNTRIES. 

Great Britain is a limited hereditary monarchy. The govern- 
ernment is administered by a king or queen, a ministry, and a Par¬ 
liament ; the latter—the legislative or law-making power—is com¬ 
posed of two Houses—the House of Lords and the House of Com¬ 
mons. The House of Lords consists of peers—that is, hereditary 
nobles who are members by right of birth, and of archbishops and 
bishops who are members by virtue of their office; the former are 
called lords temporal—the latter, lords spiritual. There are five 
ranks of peers—dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons. 
“ The members of the House of Commons are elected by certain 
classes of the people, and usually are persons connected with the 
families of the nobility. The executive power rests with the sover¬ 
eign, who, however, is assisted by the Privy Council and the Cabi¬ 
net, usually styled the ministry. The Cabinet is composed of the 
heads of the various departments of Government, selected by the 
sovereign’s chief adviser, who is called Premier or Prime Minister, 
and First Lord of the Treasury. This body exists only as long as 
it can command a majority in the House of Commons. 

Holland is a constitutional monarchy, hereditary in the house 
of Orange. The King’s eldest son bears the title of the Prince of 
Orange. The Constitution, proclaimed November 3, 1848, vests 
the legislative power in the States-General, composed of an upper 
and a lower Chamber; the former consists of thirty-nine members, 
chosen by the provincial councils from among the highest class of 
tax-payers; the latter, of eighty-six members, is elected by citizens 
paying from 20 to 160 guilders of direct taxes. The executive au¬ 
thority is vested in the King, aided by a council. 

Belgium is a limited constitutional monarchy, hereditary in the 
family of Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, the first King of the country. 
The legislative power is vested in the Chamber of Representatives 
and the Senate. The representatives are elected for four years, 
and the senators for eight—one half retiring every two and four 
years, respectively. 

Spain is a constitutional monarchy, at present hereditary in the 
dynasty of Anjou-Bourbon. u The legislative power is vested in the 
Cortes, with the King, whose ministers are responsible to the Cortes, 



FORMS OF GOVERNMENT. 


541 


and must countersign all royal decrees. The Cortes is composed of 
a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. Senators are of three classes: 
High public functionaries and princes of the blood-royal, and gran¬ 
dees of Spain, who are senators in their own right; senators nomi¬ 
nated for life by the crown; and senators elected for five years by 
corporations and by citizens paying the highest taxes. The first 
two classes together must not exceed 180 members, which is also 
the limit of the third class. The Chamber of Deputies is composed 
of members chosen for five years by the electoral colleges, in the 
proportion of one to every fifty thousand inhabitants. Cuba sends 
deputies to the Cortes in the proportion of one to every forty thou¬ 
sand free inhabitants paying taxes to the amount of not less than 
twenty-five dollars annually.” 

Portugal is a constitutional monarchy, hereditary in the dynasty 
of Braganza. “ The Legislature, called the Cortes, is composed of a 
Chamber of Peers, consisting of 162 members nominated for life, 
and a Chamber of Deputies, of 173 members, elected by the people.” 

France.— By the Constitution of the third French Republic, as 
settled in 1875, the legislative power is vested in the National As¬ 
sembly, which consists of the Senate and Chamber of Deputies. It 
meets annually on the second Tuesday of January, and must remain 
in session five months. “ The two bodies possess equal and concur¬ 
rent powers of legislation, but all financial measures must originate 
with the Chamber of Deputies.” The President is the executive 
head of the republic; he is elected for the term of seven years by 
a majority of the senators and deputies in joint session, is eligible 
for re-election, and has a voice in each body; he has the disposal of 
the military forces, makes all appointments, civil and military, and 
can propose legislation, but all acts must be countersigned by the 
ministers who are appointed by the President, and are responsible 
to the National Assembly.” The Senate is composed of 300 mem¬ 
bers, 225 of whom are elected for nine years (75 going out, and 
being succeeded by new senators every three years) by senatorial 
electors chosen by the departments and colonies. The remaining 
75 senators, until 1884, were chosen for life , the Senate electing the 
successors of deceased members, but the Senate bill of 1884 decreed 
the gradual suppression of life-senatorships by providing that va¬ 
cancies occurring in the future in the rank of life-members shall 
be filled by senators elected in the usual way, and for the ordi¬ 
nary term of nine years. The Chamber of Deputies is elected by 
universal suffrage for a term of four years. 

Austria. —The Empire of Austria, now officially known as Aus- 
tro-Hungary, is a constitutional hereditary monarchy, consisting of 
two states, Austria and Hungary, each having a parliament and gov¬ 
ernment of its own. On February 17,1867, the Hungarian consti¬ 
tution of 1848 was restored, and an independent ministry appointed; 
and on the 8t,h of June following the Emperor and Empress were 


542 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


crowned King and Queen of Hungary, with the ancient ceremonies, 
at Buda. A representative body for the whole empire, styled 
“ The Common Affairs Commission,” is chosen by the two parlia¬ 
ments. They meet either at Pesth or Vienna, under the presidency 
of the King-Emperor, to take measures pertaining to the foreign 
policy and the common military and financial affairs of the em¬ 
pire. 

Sweden and Norway were united in the person of King Charles 
XIII. by the Riksact of 1815. Succession to the throne is heredi¬ 
tary in the house of Ponte Corvo, so named from its founder, Ber- 
nadotte, whom Napoleon created Prince of Ponte Corvo in 1806. 
The government is a limited monarchy. The common affairs of the 
two kingdoms are decided by a Council of State. The sovereign, 
who is king both of Sweden and Norway, is obliged by the con¬ 
stitution to reside in Norway some part of each year, and to be 
crowned king of that country, at Drontheim. He has a Norwegian 
council of eight members. The legislature of Norway—styled Stor¬ 
thing—is elected by the people, and meets every third year. The 
legislative power of Sweden is vested in the diet, subject to the 
approval of the king. The diet consists of two chambers, both 
elective. 

Denmark, whose government prior to 1849 was nearly absolute, 
was in that year changed to a constitutional monarchy. The suc¬ 
cession of the present dynasty was settled in 1852 by the Treaty of 
London. The legislative 'power is vested in the diet, which is styled 
the Rigsdag; it is composed of two chambers—the upper, called 
the Landsthing , and the lower, the Folkething. The Landsthing 
consists of sixty-six members, of whom twelve are nominated for 
life by the crown from actual or former representatives in the Leg¬ 
islature ; the remainder are elected indirectly by the people for the 
term of eight years. The Folkething, or lower chamber, consists 
of one hundred and two members, elected for three years by direct 
universal male suffrage. The Landsthing appoints every four years 
four of its members to form with the judges of the Supreme Court 
the Rigsret , which is the highest tribunal, and has cognizance of 
legislative impeachments. The executive power is exercised by the 
king, through a ministry responsible to him and indictable by the 
Folkething before the Landsthing for transgressions of the consti¬ 
tution. 

Russia, the largest empire in the world, comprises more than 
one half of Europe, and about a third of Asia. The government is 
an absolute monarchy, the legislative, executive, and judicial au¬ 
thority being concentrated in the emperor, who is styled the Czar, 
also the “ Autocrat of all the Russias ”: he is likewise the spiritual 
head of the Greek Church, the established church of the empire. 
In the government he is aided by an imperial council of ministers, 
divided into nine departments: 1. The Minister of the Imperial 


FORMS OF GOVERNMENT '. 


543 


Household; 2. Of Foreign Affairs; 3. Of War; 4. Of the Navy; 
5. Of the Interior; 6. Of Public Instruction; 7. Of Finance; 8. 
Of Domains; 9. Of Public Works. Judicial affairs are under the 
supervision of a directing Senate. 

Germany.— The German Empire is a confederation of twenty-six 
sovereign states, of which four are kingdoms, six grand-duchies, five 
duchies, seven principalities, three free cities, and one, Alsace-Lor¬ 
raine, an imperial province. The sovereign powers of the confeder¬ 
ation of states forming the empire are vested in the Emperor (who is 
King of Prussia) and the Bundesrath (or Federal Council), but the 
concurrence of the Reichstag —the parliament or diet of the empire 
—is necessary to the exercise of certain functions. The Bundesrath 
represents the individual states of the confederation, and the Reich¬ 
stag the German nation. The members of the Bundesrath, sixty- 
two in number, are appointed for each session by the government 
of their respective states, in proportion to the population of each. 
Prussia, being the most populous state of the confederation, is rep¬ 
resented in the Bundesrath by seventeen members. The chancellor 
of the empire presides over this council, and has the right to inter¬ 
pose in the deliberations of the Reichstag (or popular house). The 
members of the Reichstag, three hundred and ninety-seven in num¬ 
ber, are elected for the term of three years by universal suffrage and 
by ballot. All imperial laws must receive the votes of a majority 
in each House and the assent of the Emperor, countersigned by the 
Chancellor. 

Italy. —The kingdom of Italy, founded in 1861, is a limited mon¬ 
archy, hereditary in the dynasty of Savoy-Carignan. The executive 
power resides in the king, and is exercised through responsible min¬ 
isters. The legislative power belongs jointly to the two houses of the 
legislature and the king. The Senate is composed of an unlimited 
number of members, nominated for life by the king, the conditions 
of their nomination being the occupancy of an important office, dis¬ 
tinction acquired in literature, science, or other honorable occupa¬ 
tion, or the payment of 3,000 lire, or francs, in taxes annually. 
The members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected on a collect¬ 
ive ticket, by ballot, by citizens paying twenty lire in taxes. Sena¬ 
tors and electors serve without pay. 

Bavaria, Wurtemberg, and Saxony. —These kingdoms, created 
by Napoleon I. (see 1805, IF II., p. 280, and 1806, IT IX., p. 283), are 
at present three sovereign powers belonging to the North-German 
Confederation. The government of each is a limited monarchy, 
hereditary in the dynasty of their present respective kings. 

Greece.— The kingdom of Greece is a limited monarchy, heredi¬ 
tary in the dynasty of its present sovereign, George I. The legisla¬ 
tive authority resides in a single Chamber of Deputies, whose mem¬ 
bers are elected by universal suffrage and by ballot; they are paid 
by the Government. 


544 LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Koumania, whose absolute independence of Turkey was recog¬ 
nized by the Berlin Congress, 1878, was erected into a kingdom 
March 26, 1881. It is a limited monarchy. The constitution dele¬ 
gates the legislative power to the Senate of one hundred and twenty 
members, and the Chamber of Deputies of one hundred and eighty- 
three members, chosen by electoral colleges in each district. The 
executive authority is exercised by a council of eight. Every taxed 
citizen is a voter. 

Servia, formerly a province of Turkey in Europe, was proclaimed 
a kingdom March 6, 1882. Its independence was recognized by the 
Berlin Congress, 1878. The Constitution of 1869 reaffirmed suc¬ 
cession in the dynasty of Obrenovich, declared the responsibility of 
the ministers to the Assembly, and vested the legislative authority 
in the Skuptschina, jointly with the sovereign. 

Brazil.— “The Empire of Brazil has a constitutional govern¬ 
ment, with ministerial responsibility.” The crown is hereditary; the 
present heir-apparent is the Princess Imperial Isabel, who married, 
in 1864, Count <TEu, grandson of Louis Philippe. The General Legis¬ 
lative Assembly of Brazil consists of the Senate and House of Con¬ 
gress. The senators are chosen for life at electoral meetings expressly 
convened, each of which has to nominate three candidates, leaving 
the choice between them to the sovereign or his ministers. The 
members of the House of Congress are chosen by indirect election for 
the term of four years. The annual session of the Legislative Assem¬ 
bly commences on the 3d of May, and continues about four months. 
The ministry is divided into seven departments: 1. Finance; 2. 
Interior; 3. Justice; 4. Foreign Affairs; 5. War; 6. Navy; 7. 
Public Works, Commerce, and Agriculture. 


i 


APPENDIX. 


The growth of the thirteen original colonies being gradual, and 
consequently extending over a series of years, under no given year 
of the Chronological Index could tbeir connected history be sketched 
without violating the uniformity of the general plan of the work, 
which required each event to be registered (either on the Chart or 
in the Index) under the date of its occurrence. 


YEAR-SQUARE 1607. 



The object as well as the necessity of the Appendix is, then, mani¬ 
fest : it is to present in its entirety the succinct history of each col¬ 
ony as founded, and as becoming by its settlement and gradual de¬ 
velopment a distinct and separate historical unit. 

As has already been stated, each colony is represented on the 
Chart by the capitals or initial letters of its name, such letters being 

















11 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


located in* the year-square corresponding to the date of the respect¬ 
ive primitive settlements. Inscribed on the body of the initials and 
grouped around them are prominent topics relating to the history 
of the colony thus symbolized. These topics will be found repro¬ 
duced, and in most instances amplified, under their respective dates 
both on the Chart and in the Index. 

In the text of the Appendix attention is called to these topics 
by the words, phrases, or sentences, given in italics, while figures 
or numerals occurring in the text and marked with the asterisk refer 
to the year-square of the same date on the Chart, also to the corre¬ 
sponding date of the Chronological Index. 

Note to Teachers. —Let a copy of the initials and topics as they appear 
on the squares be required of pupils, either on slate or paper; the drawing 
may be made larger than the model, if desired. This exercise will interest 
children, and help much to fix the events in the memory. For advanced 
classes we would recommend that these topics be used as points for origi¬ 
nal compositions. 

I. VIRGINIA. 

Virginia was the first of the American colonies settled by the 
English. In 1606* James I. granted to the London Company South 
Virginia, extending from the thirty-fourth to the thirty-eighth de¬ 
gree of north latitude. With a view to establish a colony on Roanoke 
Island, the Company sent out , in December of that year, one hundred 
and Jive emigrants , under Captain Newport. Among the leading 
men of the enterprise were Wingfield , Gosnold , and Captain John 
Smith. A tempest drove the vessels farther northward, into Chesa¬ 
peake Bay, the capes at the entrance of which were named by the 
colonists Charles and Henry, in honor of the king’s sons. Sailing 
up a noble river, which they named the James, in honor of the 
king, they landed about fifty miles from its mouth and founded 
Jamestown , May, 1607.* This was the first permanent English set¬ 
tlement in America. 

The government under the first charter (1606 *-1609*) was 
vested in two Councils appointed by the king, the superior one 
resident in England, the other, which managed local affairs, resi¬ 
dent in the colony. Of the seven members of the latter Council, 
Captain Smith was the most able and enterprising. Through the 
jealousy of Wingfield and others he had been imprisoned during the 
voyage, but on his arrival he was released, and took his seat in the 
Council, of which Wingfield was chosen president. The colonists, for 
the most part unfitted for labor, soon succumbed under the hardships 
to which they were exposed, and before autumn nearly one half had 
perished. Bartholomew Gosnold , one of the principal men of the 
colony, died August 22. Wingfield, found guilty of dishonest prac¬ 
tices, was deposed, and the entire management of affairs devolved 
upon Captain Smith, who, by his energy and courage, saved the 
colony more than once from ruin. He cultivated friendship with 


APPENDIX. 


iii 

the Indians, and obtained from them necessary supplies of corn; 
and made a rule that every colonist should work six hours a day, 
saying that he who would not work should not eat. The Chesa¬ 
peake Bay and its tributary rivers were first explored by him, and 
tii© map which he drew of the bay is still preserved. A story is 
told that, in one ot his expeditions of 1608* he was captured by the 
Indians and condemned to death. Just as the fatal blow was about 
to descend, Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, the chief, rushed 
forward and, clasping the prisoner’s neck, besought her father to 
spare his life. Her prayer was granted; Smith was released and 
sent back to Jamestow n. 

In 1609* the London Company obtained from the Crow’n a 
second charter, which was more favorable to their interests; the 
powers before exercised by the king were now transferred to the 
Company, and the local Council was superseded by a Governor. 
The Company elected Lord Delaware Governor for life. In the 
summer of 1609 they sent out nine ships with five hundred colo¬ 
nists. Smith still governed the colony on their arrival, but in the 
fall, having received a severe wound from an accidental explosion 
of gunpowder, he was forced to return to England for surgical aid. 
On his departure the colonists gave themselves up to idleness and 
riot, and, failing to sow grain, a famine ensued in 1610,* which 
was long remembered as the starving-time ; the Indians became 
hostile, and the settlers were reduced in a few months from five 
hundred to sixty. These were about to abandon the colony, when 
Lord Delaware arrived with new settlers and provisions, and dis¬ 
suaded them from their purpose. In 1 011 * three hundred colonists, 
under Sir Thomas Dale, came over, bringing with them cattle and 
hogs. In 1612* the London Company obtained from James I. a 
third charter, by which the governing Council, residing in London, 
w r as abolished, and every stockholder was allowed a voice in the 
weekly meetings of the Company; this change proved very beneficial 
to Virginia. The notorious Argali made tw T o expeditions from Vir¬ 
ginia (1612, 1613*) to the coast of Maine and Acadia; he expelled 
the Jesuits from their settlement on Mount Desert Island, and laid 
Port Royal, Acadia, in ashes. Entering New York Harbor in 1613,* 
he forced the Dutch on Manhattan Island to replace their flag by 
the English colors. Having, in 1612, decoyed Pocahontas on board 
his vessel in James River, he kept her a prisoner at Jamestown till 
1613,* w’hen John Rolfe asked and obtained her hand in marriage. 
In 1616* Pocahontas accompanied her husband to England, where 
she died. In 1616* tobacco began to be extensively cultivated in 
Virginia; it became the principal article of export, and was used as 
the currency of the colony. In 1619* the London Company sent 
out Sir George Yeardley as Governor, with orders to establish a 
Legislature for the people. In this year, therefore, the first Repre¬ 
sentative Assembly ever held in America met at Jamestown. Dur¬ 
ing the same year (1619*), twelve hundred new colonists arrived, 


iv 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


among whom were ninety respectable young women, who were 
sold to the Virginia planters as wives, the cost of their passage 
being paid in tobacco. The year 1619 * marks also the introduction 
of negro slavery into the English colonies of America, a Dutch 
trading-vessel having brought into Virginia twenty negroes, who 
were sold as slaves for life. In 1621* the cultivation of cotton was 
begun at Jamestown. In 1622 * the people experienced the horrors 
of the first Indian massacre. Opecancanough, a hostile chief, with 
a band of savages, fell upon the settlers, April 22, and in a few 
hours three hundred and fifty were slaughtered. 

In 1621/,* the London Company was dissolved by the king, and 
Virginia became a royal province. In 1644* a second Indian 
massacre occurred, in which several hundred of the colonists were 
murdered; it was followed by a war of two years, which ended 
in the subjugation of the Indians. The Navigation Acts of 1660* 
bore heavily upon this colony, whose commerce was larger than 
that of any other. In 1673* Charles II. granted Virginia to two 
courtiers, Culpeper and Arlington. Their rapacity, together with 
the tyranny of Sir William Berkeley, the Governor, led to great dis¬ 
content among the colonists, who were burdened with heavy taxes. 
This discontent rose to a height in 1675,* when, an Indian war 
breaking out, Governor Berkeley refused to provide for the defense 
of the people. A civil war followed in 1676* known as Bacon’s 
Rebellion ; the Governor’s force was defeated by the insurgents un¬ 
der Nathaniel Bacon, and Jamestown was destroyed. In the midst 
of the insurrection Bacon died suddenly, and the popular forces dis¬ 
persed. Berkeley resumed his power, and cruelly avenged himself 
on those who had opposed him. In 1677 * Culpeper received the 
entire grant of Virginia , which then became a proprietary govern¬ 
ment; but in 1681** he resigned his patent to the Crown, and the 
colony became again a royal province, and so remained until the 
Revolution. In 1692 William and Mary College was chartered; 
the buildings were erected in 1693 * at Middle Plantation ( Williams¬ 
burg). In 1699* Williamsburg , named in honor of William III., 
became the capital of Virginia. 

George Washington, the destined savior of his country, was born 
in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on the 22d of February (old 
style, February 11), 1732.* In 1737,* Richmond, Virginia, was 
founded by William Byrd, and in 1742* incorporated by law as a 
town. In 1743,* Lawrence Washington, elder brother of George 
Washington, named his estates on the Potomac Mount Vernon, in 
honor of his friend Admiral Vernon. In 1752* occurred the death 
of Lawrence Washington. The Mount Vernon property was event¬ 
ually inherited by George Washington. 

The French (in virtue of the discoveries of La Salle. Marquette, 
and other French explorers) claimed the territory in the Ohio Valley, 
then included in Virginia. Disregarding this claim, the King of Eng¬ 
land had granted these lands, in 1749,* to the Ohio Company. The 


APPENBIX. 


V 


French immediately sent troops to hold possession of the valley. 
The Ohio Company appealed to Dinwiddie, Governor of Virginia, 
for aid in maintaining their rights. In 1753* Major Washington 
was sent by the Governor to demand of the French the evacuation 
of the disputed territory. His mission proving unsuccessful, Wash¬ 
ington returned to Williamsburg. In 1754* Governor Dinwiddie 
sent troops to garrison the fort in course of erection by the Ohio 
Company at the present site of Pittsburg. The commander, Frye, 
dying soon after they set out, the command devolved upon Wash¬ 
ington. On his way Washington built Fort Necessity at Great 
Meadows, 1754,* and totally defeated a party of French and Indians 
sent to attack him. But, before he could reach the fort at the head 
of the Ohio, it had been captured by the French, who completed it, 
and thence sent to attack Washington in Fort Necessity. Washing¬ 
ton was forced to surrender, but secured honorable terms. 

In 1765 * the passage of the Stamp Act by Great Britain aroused 
the indignation of all her colonies in North America. It was on 
this occasion that the patriotic Virginian, Patrick Henry, one of 
the greatest orators of any land or age, made his celebrated speech 
in the Virginia Legislature. In March, 1773, the Assembly, having 
questioned the acts and rights of Parliament, and established the 
famous Committee of Correspondence with the colonies, that body 
was dissolved by the Governor, Lord Dunsmore; every member, 
however, was re-elected by the people in 1774. In 1779* the 
capital of Virginia was transferred from Williamsburg to Rich¬ 
mond, which, in 1782,* was incorporated as a city. Virginia gave 
freely of her sons and her treasure to the cause of independence. 
The depredations of the British upon her commerce and her coasts 
lasted during the war with little intermission. Norfolk was capt¬ 
ured and burned; Portsmouth and Gosport were also seized, and 
many vessels of war destroyed in these ports. In 1781* the traitor 
Arnold captured and burned Richmond, and during the same year 
Cornwallis, in his raids through Eastern Virginia, destroyed prop¬ 
erty to the value of $10,000,000. In 1781 * the surrender of Lord 
Cornwallis on Virginia soil virtually ended the War of the Revolu¬ 
tion. 

In 1783* General Washington—his grand mission accomplished, 
and his name and State crowned with the glory of his deeds—re¬ 
signed his commission and retired to Mount Vernon, whence he was 
recalled in 1789 * to fill the office of Chief Magistrate. At the close 
of his second administration, in 1797,* he again sought the seclusion 
of his Mount Vernon home. His death occurred there in 1799*— 
the spot has been rendered sacred to the nation, and a place of pub¬ 
lic pilgrimage. (See 1858 ,1 II., page 370.) Virginia was the tenth 
colony to adopt the Federal Constitution (June 25, 1788). She has 
given five Presidents to the United States—Washington, Jefferson, 
Madison, Monroe, and Tyler—all of whom, with the exception of 
Tyler, served eight years. 


VI 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


II. NEW YORK. 

1614. * The Territory of New Netherlands (afterward known as 
New York) was formerly claimed, named, and settled by the Butch. 
They built a substantial trading-post on Manhattan Island in 16U/.- 
Previous to this date, there were on the island only a few huts, 
which had been thrown up by Dutch fur-traders, who soon after 
Hudson’s discovery (1609*) opened a private traffic with the Jn- 

YEAR-SQUARE 1614. \ 



dians (1610*), and continued it on their own responsibility. In 
1613* Argali, returning from his raid to Nova Scotia and Maine, 
tore down the Dutch flag, which had been raised on Manhattan 
Island (1610*) by fur-traders. In 1615* another trading-post, Fort 
Nassau, was erected on the Mauritius River, now Hudson. It was 
soon, however, destroyed by a food. The same year (1615*) Adrian 
Bloch explored Long Island Sound. 

In 1621 *the Dutch West India Company was chartered; and in 


| On the initials N. Y. are noted historical points relating to the colony 
while it was New Netherlands. 






























APPENDIX ; 


vil 


1623* under its auspices, the actual colonization of New Nether¬ 
lands was begun, by the arrival of forty-eight Dutch families ; 
eighteen of whom settled on the Hudson at tort Orange (afterward 
Albany ), and thirty settled Manhattan village {afterward New 
Amsterdam). 

Peter Minuit received a commission as Governor of the colony, 
and in 1626 * purchased from the natives the whole Island of Man¬ 
hattan for twenty-four dollars. Near the dwellings of the colonists 
he built a fort, which he named Fort Amsterdam. At this time, 
Long Island began to be settled by the Walloons, Protestants from 
Holland, descendants of exiled French Huguenots. 

In 1633 Van Twiller was appointed Governor of New Nether¬ 
lands, and in 1638 Kieft succeeded to that office. The same year 
(1638 *). Swedish colonists built and garrisoned a fort (Christiana), 
on the Delaware River, regardless of the remonstrances of Kieft, 
who warned them that they were trespassing on Dutch territory. 
In 1643 * a disastrous war with the Indians was brought about by 
the treachery of Governor Kieft. It was during this war that Mrs. 
Ann Hutchinson (a refugee, first from Massachusetts Bay Colony, 
and afterward from Rhode Island) was murdered by the Indians, 
with all her family, but one child. After an odious administration 
of about nine years, Kieft was deprived of his office, and, on his 
return voyage to Holland, was lost at sea. In 16IfI * Stuyvesant , a 
man of energy and ability, was made Governor , and in 1651,* with a 
view to protect the territory of the Dutch from Swedish encroach¬ 
ments, he built Fort Casimir (now New Castle), on the Delaware 
River, below Christiana. In 1654* this fort was captured by the 
Swedes stationed at Tinicum Island. In 1655 * the Dutch took 
up arms against New Sweden, and, conquering it, annexed it to New 
Netherlands. 

Nine years later (1664*), New Netherlands passed from the 
jurisdiction of the Dutch to that of the English, Charles II. making 
a grant of the whole region, extending from the Connecticut River 
to Delaware Bay, to his brother the Duke of York. The English, to 
substantiate their claim, captured New Amsterdam {1664 *), which 
with New Netherlands was then named New York, in honor of the 
duke; and, in a treaty between England and Holland in 1667,* the 
entire territory was formally ceded to England. In 1672 * war 
broke out between the two countries, during which New York was 
recaptured by a Dutch fleet {1673*). In 1674* peace being pro¬ 
claimed, New York was restored to the English , according to the 
terms of the treaty of 1667.* 

In 1685 * New York became a royal province, by the accession 
of the Duke of York to the English throne, as James II. During 
King William’s War, Schenectady, on the Mohawk, was destroyed 
(1690 *) by the French and Indians, and its inhabitants cruelly 
massacred. When the news of the downfall of James II. reached 
New York (1689*), the people revolting against Nicholson the 


Vlll 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


royal Governor, deposed him, and induced Jacob Leisler to assume 
the control of the province. Leisler continued at the head of affairs 
for two years, when Governor Sloughter was sent out by King 
William to replace him. Offering some resistance to Sloughter 
upon his arrival, Leisler and his son-in-law Milborne, were arrested, 
tried for treason, and executed, 1691.* 

During the period that William Penn was deprived of his pro¬ 
prietary rights by William III. (1692 *-1694*), Pennsylvania was 
annexed to New York. In 1710 * the first Post-Office in America 
was established in the city of New York. In 1741 * a supposed 
negro plot to burn the city and destroy the inhabitants caused great 
excitement among the citizens; many innocent persons were con¬ 
demned and executed. 

1765 * is memorable for the meeting in New York city of the 
first Colonial Congress. In 1770,* January 17, the first outbreak in 
the cause of freedom occurred in New York. The British provoked 
the “ Sons of Liberty ” by cutting down their liberty-pole, where¬ 
upon a riot ensued, in which one citizen was killed and several 
wounded. This was the first sacrifice offered at the shrine of liber¬ 
ty. No colony suffered more than New York from the oppression 
of the royal Governors. But this tended to develop in the people a 
spirit of independence and a determination to struggle for their 
rights. Able defenders of these rights gave fearless utterance to 
their sentiments in the newspapers which issued from the New York 
press. In July, 1776,* General Washington had in New York and 
its vicinity an army of 17,000 efficient men, but the defeat of the 
Americans on Long Island (August 27) forced him to retreat from 
that city, which the British entered in September. The latter re¬ 
tained possession of it until the close of the war; here, and in the 
loathsome prison-ships in the adjoining bay, they confined their 
American prisoners. The battles of W r hite Plains, Ticonderoga, 
Crown Point, and others fought on New York soil, are memorable 
in the annals of the w T ar. At Saratoga, October 17,1777,* the Brit¬ 
ish General Burgoyne surrendered his army to the revolutionary 
forces under General Gates. November 3, 1783,* the disbanding 
of the Continental army took place in New York; but on account 
of the difficulty of providing transports, the British army did not 
evacuate the city until November 25; this day it still annually 
celebrated as “Evacuation-day.” December 4, Washington, in an 
affectionate address, bade farewell to his brother officers. April 30, 
1789,* the inauguration of Washington as the first President of the 
United States took place in New York, then the national capital. 
On the first Monday in December, 1790,* the seat of government 
was transferred from New Y T ork to Philadelphia for a period of ten 
years. The State of New York has given four Presidents to the 
Union—Van Buren, Fillmore, Arthur, and Cleveland, New York 
was the eleventh of the thirteen colonies to adopt the Constitution 
of the United States (July 25, 1788.) 


APPENDIX. 


IX 


III. MASSACHUSETTS. 

Under the Plymouth Company, chartered by James I. in 1606,* 
a futile attempt at settlement was made (1607 *) in the region of 
New England. This province received its name from Captain John 
Smith, who in 1614* explored the coast from the Penobscot to 
Cape Cod and drew a map of the country. In 1620 * the Plymouth 
Company was dissolved at its own request and the Council for New 


YEAR-SQUARE 1620. f 





Council for NewEng. 
Formed. 


—1638.- 
J abV AR 0 CoLLttj. 

—>Foundec-<— * 

* ^ AT ^ 

Cambridge. 


I57Z Maine byPur 1686, Andros.RoyalSoy.ofNewEngland.TheCol- ^Plymouth a Mass 
chase.a District onialCharters Forfeited till his Downfalls Bay Colonies United 
ofMass.till 1820. when Old Form of Government is Resumed, in aRoyal Province. 


Plymouth, Mass 
Bay, New Haven a 
Connecticut Col 
onies United. 


Larver. 
J3 RADFORD, 
Tap^tandish. 


tjADINGltEj 
Endicott. ' 

WlNTHROP, 

.Henry Vane 


England formed for the purpose of colonization. To this company, 
consisting of forty noble and influential persons, James I. granted 
the territory from 40° to 48° north latitude; f but before patents 


f To mark a distinction between the symbols of Massachusetts and Mary¬ 
land, we have placed within them different pictures. Within the initial M 
of Massachusetts, Samoset and Massasoit are represented standing on Plym¬ 
outh Rock. The points on the first stem of M relate to Plymouth Colony; 
those on the remainder of the letter to Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

\ From the southern part of Pennsylvania to near the middle of New¬ 
foundland. 

















X 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


liad been issued by the members for colonizing the domain, one 
hundred emigrants , known as the Pilgrim Fathers , had already 
reached the shores of Massachusetts. These emigrants were Eng^ 
lish Puritans, who on account of persecution had left England and 
settled in Holland in 1608. In 1619, having obtained from the 
London Company a grant of land in South Virginia, they returned 
to England, and in the following year set sail for America in the 
Mayflower. The vicinity of the Hudson River was to have been the 
terminus of their voyage; but adverse winds drove their vessel 
farther northward, and they disembarked December 21 , 1620* at a 
point marked Plymouth on Captain Smith’s map of New England. 
Here they founded the Plymouth Colony , retaining the name in 
“ kind remembrance ” of the town in England from which they 
had sailed. 

Having no charter from the king, their government became a 
democracy, and John Carver was chosen Governor for one year. 
He, with William Bradford and Captain Miles Standish , formed 
the leading men of the colony. The severe cold of the climate, and 
the hardships and privations to which the settlers were subjected, 
soon told upon their health, and in five months death had reduced 
their band to one half of the original number. One morning in the 
spring a strange voice was heard in the settlement, exclaiming, 
“ Welcome , Englishmen!" The words came from Samoset , an In¬ 
dian from the Kennebec, who had learned a few words of English 
from the mariners on the coast. A friendly treaty was soon made 
with Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoags, which was kept inviolate 
for more than fifty years. 

In April, 1621, Governor Carver died, and Bradford was chosen 
to succeed him. The friendly conduct of Samoset and Massasoit 
was not imitated by Canonicns, the Narragansett chief, who signi¬ 
fied his intentions by sending to the strangers, in February, 1622, a 
bundle of arrows tied with a rattlesnake-skin. Governor Bradford 
returned the skin filled with gunpowder and shot. The Narragan- 
setts, overawed by the governor’s coolness, gave no further trouble. 
The colonists suffered at first for want of food ; the harvest of 1621 
failed, and the allowance was so scant that even strong men stag¬ 
gered with weakness. In 1622 * an abundant crop was reaped, and 
in grateful acknowledgment to God the Pilgrim Fathers appointed 
a day of thanksgiving, which has since been annually observed. 

Late in 1622* some settlers from England established themselves 
at Wessagusset (now Weymouth). A plot having been formed by 
the Indians to destroy them, Captain Miles Standish was sent to 
their relief. He returned from the expedition bearing on a pole 
the head of the Indian chief as a trophy of victory. Plymouth had 
eight years of existence before another colony was founded in its 
vicinity. It remained an independent colony without a royal char¬ 
ter until 1692.* 

In 1628 * the Council for New England made a grant of land to 


APPENDIX. 


xi 


John Endicott and five of liis associates, which grant comprised the 
lands extending three miles north of every part of the Merrimac 
River and three miles south of the Charles River. Endicott, with 
about one hundred emigrants, sailed from England the same year 
and landed at Naumkeag , an Indian village on Massachusetts Bay, 
near which he founded Salem. In 1629 * a number of English 
gentlemen of rank, uniting with Endicott and his London associates, 
formed the corporation known as the Massachusetts Bay Company. 
Having obtained from Charles I. a royal charter , they sent out 
two hundred emigrants to join Endicott's first colony. One hun¬ 
dred of these remained at Salem, and the others founded Charles¬ 
town (1629*). In the summer of 1630 ,* fifteen hundred Puritans, 
led by Governor John Winthrop , arrived from England, and founded 
Boston , Dorchester, Cambridge, Lynn, and Roxbury. The leading 
men of the Massachusetts Bay Colony were Endicott , Winthrop , and 
Vane. The government was under the royal charter, but the Gov¬ 
ernor and members of the Legislature were elected by the people. 
Religious intolerance was a marked feature of this colony. All who 
did not hold to Puritan doctrines were alike persecuted and ban¬ 
ished. The celebrated Roger Williams was exiled in 1635,* and 
Mrs. Ann Hutchinson, having held religious meetings and preached 
to her own sex, was tried and banished in 1637. In 1638 * Harvard 
College was founded at Newtown, the name of which was then 
changed to Cambridge. In 1641 * New Hampshire was united to 
Massachusetts. 

In 161)3 * the colonies of Plymouth , Massachusetts Bay, New 
Haven , and Connecticut , urged by a sense of common danger from 
the Indians, French, and Dutch, united in a league which is known 
as the New England Confederacy, or the United Colonies of New 
England. This league lasted forty years. The Navigation Acts of 
1651* and 1660* pressed with severity on Massachusetts, because 
of the active commerce of her ports. The colonists, however, evaded 
the laws as much as possible. In 1675 * a formidable conflict with 
the Indians, known as King Philip's War, began , and spread devas¬ 
tation and ruin among the English settlements. More than a dozen 
towns in Massachusetts were laid in ashes, and hundreds of the 
inhabitants slaughtered. The war terminated only with the death 
of Philip, the Indian chief, in the following year. In 1677 * the 
province of Maine became by purchase a district of Massachusetts. 
In 1684* Charles II., in consequence of the disregard shown by 
Massachusetts for the Navigation Acts and other royal measures, 
caused her charter to be declared null and void by the highest Eng¬ 
lish court.t However, before the colonial arrangements had been' 


f “ A copy of the judgment against the charter of Massachusetts was re¬ 
ceived in Boston on the 2d of July of the following year (1665); but 
before that day the Duke of York had ascended the throne.”—Bancroft’s 
“History of the United States,” p. 4S1, centenary edition. 



Xll 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


completed tlie king died, and his successor, James IT., carried out 
his design in 1686* by appointing Sir Edmund Andros royal Gov¬ 
ernor of all New England. Not only was the charter of Massachu¬ 
setts abolished during his tyrannical rule, but also her Legislature. 
In 1689* when the news of the deposition of James IT. reached 
New England, the people of Boston seized Andros and put him in 
prison. The former mode of government was then resumed. 

In 1692* the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies were 
united by William and Mary into a royal province under a new 
charter, which reserved to the Crown the right of appointing a 
Governor. A feature of the year 1692* was the strange delusion 
known as the Salem witchcraft. During the time that it prevailed 
over the minds of the people, twenty innocent persons were put to 
death, fifty-five tortured, and more than one hundred and fifty im¬ 
prisoned. In 1704* the Boston ‘‘News Letter,” the first news¬ 
paper published in America, was issued in Boston. During Queen 
Anne’s War (1702 *-1713 *), Massachusetts suffered severely from 
the incursions of the French and Indians. Deerfield (1704*) and 
other towns were destroyed, and their inhabitants massacred or 
taken prisoners. The capture of Port Royal, in Acadia, by the 
united colonies of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, 
in 1710,* was the most important event of the war. Acadia be¬ 
came by this capture a British province under the old name of Nova 
Scotia; the name of Port Royal was changed to that of Annapolis, 
in honor of the queen. In 1721 * inoculation was introduced into 
Boston by Dr. Boylston with successful results. 

In 1741 * New Hampshire withdrew permanently from the juris¬ 
diction of Massachusetts. During King George’s War (1744 *-1748*), 
and the French and Indian War (1756*-1763*), Massachusetts con¬ 
tributed largely in men and means toward the success of the British 
arms. The people of this colony, cradled in the love of liberty, were 
foremost in their opposition to the unjust exactions of the English 
Parliament. The passage of the Stamp Act in 1765* created the 
wildest excitement, and a proposal for the first Colonial Congress 
(which met in October of that year, in New York) was immediately 
made by the Massachusetts Legislature. The repeal of the Stamp Act 
in 1766* had scarcely allayed the popular fury, when the new act of 
1767* aroused the colony to renewed resistance. Collisions having 
taken place between the people and the revenue officers, regiments 
of British troops under General Gage were sent to Boston in 1768.* 
An encounter between the citizens and soldiers, known as the Bos¬ 
ton Massacre, occurred March 5, 1770,* in consequence of which 
Gage was forced to remove his troops to a fort in the harbor. In 
1773 * a cargo of tea sent from England was thrown overboard in 
Boston Harbor by a party of men disguised as Indians. This act so 
incensed the British Government that a bill was passed in 1774,* 
called the Boston Port Bill, by which that port was closed to com¬ 
merce. General Gage was then appoint.-d military Governor of tho 


APPENDIX. 


Xlll 


colonv. He immediately dissolved tlie Assembly, but the members 
met under the name of the Provincial Congress and organized mili¬ 
tia, and made provisions for defense. The iirst clash of arms was 
heard at Lexington (1775*), and at once aroused the colonies; and 
Concord and Bunker Hill are famous in the opening annals of 
American independence. Upon Massachusetts soil was formed the 
first Continental army v of which General Washington took command 
July 3,1775,* at Cambridge. The siege of Boston ended in the vic¬ 
torious entrance of Washington and his troops into that city, March 
17, 1776. From the beginning of the grand struggle till its tri¬ 
umphant close the patriots of Massachusetts were leading spirits in 
the council and in the field, and neither blood nor treasure was 
spared in the common cause of liberty. Massachusetts was the 
sixth of.the original colonies to ratify the Constitution (February 6, 
1788). She has given two Presidents to the United States—John 
Adams (1797-1801), and his son, John Quincy Adams (1825-1829). 

IV. HEW HAMPSHIRE. 

In 1622 * Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason ob¬ 
tained from the Council for New England (in 1620*) a grant of the 
whole country lying between the sea, the St. Lawrence, the Merri- 
mac , and the Kennebec; they named the province Laconia. In 
1623* agents were sent out who founded fishing-stations at Dover , 
and at Little Harbor , near Portsmouth. In 1629* the partnership 
between Gorges and Mason was dissolved , both agreeing to divide 
their territory at the Piscataqua. Gorges retained the portion east 
of that river, and called it New Somerset; in 1639* he obtained a 
separate royal charter, and the province was thenceforward called 
Maine. It became, by purchase, a part of Massachusetts in 1677,* 
and so remained until 1820,* when it was admitted into the Union 
as a separate State. Mason retained the lands west of the Piscata¬ 
qua, and secured a new patent for his domain , which he named New 
Hampshire. His own residence he established near the mouth of the 
Piscataqua, calling the place Portsmouth. He had been Governor of 
Portsmouth , in Hampshire , England , and these names were given in 
commemoration of the fact. In this year, 1629, Exeter was founded. 

In 161/.1* on account of troubles with the Indians and disputes 
among the proprietors, the scattered settlements of New Hampshire 
united , and placed themselves under the jurisdiction of the Massa¬ 
chusetts Bay Colany , and, in 1643,* New Hampshire, as a part of 
Massachusetts, was included in the New England Confederacy. In 
1680 * after the two colonies had been united thirty-nine years, 
New Hampshire was erected by Charles II. into a separate royal 
province. In 1686,* the consolidation of the New England prov¬ 
inces under the despotic rule of Andros deprived New Hampshire, 
as well as the other colonies, of the liberties hitherto enjoyed; two 
years afterward, however, by the downfall of that tyrant, the old 
24 


XIV 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


liberties were restored, and New Hampshire resumed its former 
mode of government, which lasted until 1690, when it was again 
united with Massachusetts. Frequent separations and unions of the 
two colonies took place until J7^2,* when New Hampshire was 
formed by George II. into a distinct royal province. In 1707 * New 
Hampshire combined with Massachusetts and Rhode Island in fit¬ 
ting out an expedition against Port Royal, Acadia, which was un¬ 
successful; in 1710,* in a second expedition, Port Royal was capt¬ 
ured, and Acadia became a British province. 



YEAR-SQUARE 1623. f 


Dutch families settle at 
Ft. Orange , on the Hudson , 
a nd at Manhattan village. 

Dutch build Ft. Nassau 
on the Delaware River. 



B|l 

^iBI 

fairs- 

§ 

•111 


1622 


mom ■ ^ ^ 

cor. of I ^ ^ 


L64J- & 

^ n ^ 

r ^ r s- 

I MOO-H 




Three times New Hampshire was united to Mas¬ 

sachusetts, and as often restored to a separate gov¬ 
ernment. In 1741 it was finally separated , and 
remained under its own royal Governor until 
the Revolution. 


Death of 
MARIANA, 
Spanish 
historical, 
aged 86. 


New Hampshire was the first to establish an independent State 
government, which was effected January 5,1776, to continue during 
the war. The people furthered the cause of liberty with all the 
means in their power, and there was scarcely a battle fought during 
the Revolution in which the brave sons of New Hampshire did not 
take a part. At Bennington, Stillwater, Monmouth, and Saratoga, 
they were particularly signalized by their fearlessness and valor. 


f On the initial N., points relating to the early settlement of Laconia are 
presented; on the H., points relating to the history of New Hampshire. 



























APPENDIX. 


XV 


New Hampshire was the ninth among the colonies to ratify the 
Constitution, June 21, 1788. Franklin Pierce, the fourteenth Presi¬ 
dent of the United States, was a native of the State. 


Y. CONNECTICUT. 

The first English proprietor of Connecticut soil was Robert Rich, 
Earl of Warwick . In 1630 * he obtained from the Council for New 
England a grant of lands in Connecticut Valley, which he sold, the 
following year ( 1631 *), to two English peers, Lord Saye-and-Sele 
and Lord Brooke. 


YEAR-SQUARE 1633. f 


Mass. Emigrants of 1633-35 &36. 

1643-Joins the New Eng¬ 
land Union; — 

. 1644-Is1 United to jm 
Saybrook Colony. 

1662-Receives 
aRoyalCharte 

1665-UNITED, 

w^N. Haven 
Colony. 

Is 


-1637,- 

P E w» 

fiwtEHSf 

r^TRIBE 

ExTEffJfllNATED 


Removed a* i7i6ToNEwHAVEr 



by English emigrants under Davenport 
1643. joins the New England Union. 
1666, united to Connecticut by Cbaa. II. 


The Dutch, however, who in 1614* had discovered this territory, 
were its pioneer settlers. Early in 1633 * some fur-traders from New 

f The initial G. is divided into four parts by a white ribbon twined 
about it. On the ribbon are given the names of the first English proprie¬ 
tors. On the four separate divisions of the C. are found the dates of the 
early settlements and names of settlers. In the hollow of the curve of C. 
tjjere is a map, showing the course of the Connecticut River, and giving the 
location and date of the settlements. 









XVI 


LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Netherlands opened a trading-post on the Connecticut River and 
named it Fort Good Hope. Though not a permanent settlement, it 
remained in the hands of the Dutch West India Company till it was 
surrounded by English towns. 

The next settlers in Connecticut were Puritans from the Plym¬ 
outh Colony, led by Captain Holmes , in 1633* Bailing past the Dutch 
Fort Good Hope, they landed six miles farther up the river, and on 
the site of the present town of Windsor set up their trading-house, 
the frame of which they carried on board their vessel. 

In 1635* Wethersfield was founded by a few men from Water- 
town, Massachusetts; other attempted immigrations into Connecti¬ 
cut were in progress during the following spring and summer. Late 
in November a party of sixty , composed of men, women, and chil¬ 
dren, from Massachusetts , undertook on foot a journey through the 
wilderness to Connecticut Valley. Their sufferings were intense. 
Those of their number who survived found shelters, some at Wind¬ 
sor, some at Wethersfield, and others near Fort Good Hope. 

In 1635* an independent colony was planted at the mouth of the 
Connecticut River by Lord Saye-and-Sele and Lord Brooke. John 
Winthrop, son of Governor Winthrop, of Boston, was detailed to 
begin the new settlement with English emigrants who had recently 
arrived in Boston. This colony, in honor of the proprietors, was 
named SaybrooJc. 

The most important of the migrations to Connecticut Valley was 
that of Rev. Thomas HooJcer and one hundred of his parishioners , who 
left Newtown (afterward Cambridge), Massachusetts, in the summer 
of 1636* They journeyed on foot through the woods, driving their 
cattle before them, but the season was propitious, and they reached 
Hartford without accident. Here locating permanently, they gave 
stability to the feeble settlements of Windsor and Wethersfield , 
which with Hartford formed what is known as the Connecticut 
Colony. In 1637 * occurred a war against the Pequods , which re¬ 
sulted in the entire destruction of that tribe. 

In 1638* a third colony, New Haven , was established in Connect¬ 
icut by wealthy Puritans from London, who had arrived in Boston 
the previous year, accompanied by their minister, John Davenport , 
and Theophilus Eaton, their appointed Governor. The Bible was 
adopted as the law of the colony, and only church-members were 
allowed a voice in their assemblies. 

There were now three independent colonies: the Connecticut 
Colony , formed of the Massachusetts emigrants of 1633 * 1635* and 
1636;* the SaybrooJc Colony; and the New Haven Colony. In 161+3* 
the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies joined the New England 
Confederacy. In 161+1}* the SaybrooJc Colony was purchased from 
the proprietor by the Connecticut towns; it then became a part of 
Connecticut Colony. In 1662 * a royal charter was granted by Charles 
II. to Connecticut Colony ; this charter was so liberal and conferred 
such great privileges that it remained, without alteration, the Con- 


APPENDIX. 


XVII 


stitution of Connecticut long after the American Revolution. New 
Haven was included in the charter, but that colony refused to part 
with its individuality, and it was not till 1665 * that, all objections 
being overcome, the consolidation of the two colonies was effected 
under the name o/the Colony of Connecticut. 

When in 1686* the liberties of New England were subverted 
by the arbitrary Governor, Andros, the charter of Connecticut was 
demanded by him of the Assembly (1687*). During the debate 
which follow*ed, the charter was seized by Captain Wadsworth and 
hid in the hollow of an old oak, where it remained till after the fall 
of Andros, when it was taken from its place of concealment and 
again became the law of the colony. While King William’s War 
was in progress, Governor Fletcher, of New York, having received 
command over the whole body of provincial militia, the Connecticut 
troops refused to acknowledge his authority. The Governor then 
repaired to Hartford (1693 *) to compel their submission. An alter¬ 
cation took place between him and Captain Wadsworth, from which 
Fletcher was compelled to retire discomfited. 

In 1701 * the collegiate school of the Connecticut Colony was 
chartered and opened at Sayhroo) l'. In 1716* the trustees of the 
school voted its removal to New Haven , which accordingly took 
place in 1718;* in honor of its benefactor, Elihu Yale, the institu¬ 
tion was then named Yale College. 

During the War of Independence Connecticut furnished more 
men, according to its population, and more aid, according to its 
means, than any other State. Its energetic Governor, Jonathan 
Trumbull (brother Jonathan t), was the constant friend of Wash¬ 
ington, and the latter often obtained efficient help and advice from 
him in time of need. The people of Connecticut suffered much 
from the raids of the enemy, notably from those of Tryon and Ar¬ 
nold. Danbury, New London, and other towns were pillaged and 
burned. Connecticut was the fifth of the thirteen colonies to adopt 
the Constitution of the United States (January 9, 1778). 

VI. MARYLAND. 

In 1632* a charter of Maryland was granted by Charles I. to 
George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, w T ho had in view the founda¬ 
tion of a colony in America where religious toleration should form 
a feature of the Constitution. Before the document was formally 
executed, George Calvert died, and the patent was conveyed to his 


f Washington, being once in great want of supplies for the army, said 
to his councii, “We must consult Brother Jonathan on the subject.” He 
did so, and the Governor furnished him abundantly with all that he needed. 
This saying afterward became a by-word among the officers whenever the 
army was reduced to straits, “We must consult Brother Jonathan.” The 
phrase was afterward accepted as the national name of the people. 





xviii LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


son and heir, Cecil, second Lord Baltimore, who was pledged to 
carry out his father’s views. The province was named in the 
charter Terra Marise (Mary’s Land), in honor of Queen Henrietta 
Maria. Sir Cecil Calvert never visited America. He confided the 
enterprise of planting a colony within his domain to his brother, 
Leonard Calvert, upon whom he bestowed the title and power of 
G-overnor. Accordingly, in November, 1633, an expedition consist¬ 
ing of more than two hundred emigrants, under Leonard Calvert, 
set sail from the Isle of Wight in two vessels —the Ark and the 
Dove. After a tempestuous voyage, the party arrived in the Chesa- 


YEAR-SQUARE 1634. f 



II 




« • 

. 

Assassination 

1655-1658. 

1763—1767. Boundary 

of 

Civil war 

line between Maryland and 

Wallenstein , 

in 

Pennsylvania finally ad- 

Austrian 

Maryland. 

• « 

j usted by Mason and Dixon. 

« . 

general, 
aged 51 years. 


peake Bay, March, 1631/,,* and near the mouth of the Potomac River, 
on the site of an Indian village, purchased from the natives, settled 
St. Mary's. The Maryland colonists treated the Indians with great 
kindness, and in this “ land of the sanctuary,” as the province was 
afterward called, the persecuted of all denominations found an asy- 


f Observe that the initial M., which symbolizes Maryland,'differs from 
that of Massachusetts in having within it a picture of the ships Ark and 
Dove. 













APPENDIX. 


Xlx 


lum. Maryland, however, was not destined to escape those intes¬ 
tine trials which it had been the lot of all her sister colonies to 
experience. 

William Clay borne, who, in 1631,* under a license from the 
king, had put up a trading-post on Kent Island, attempted, on the 
arrival of Lord Baltimore, to resist his authority by force of arm*; 
hut after a struggle, being subdued, he fled to England. In 161ft* 
he returned to Maryland, and, heading a party of insurgents, over¬ 
threw the government and assumed the control. This is known as 
Claybome's Rebellion. Calvert, the Governor, was compelled to 
take refuge in Virginia; but returning, in 1616, with a military 
force, he suppressed the revolt and resumed his office. In 161ft* 
Maryland passed the Toleration Act , which granted to all parties 
liberty of conscience and political equality, in 1654 the Puritans, 
gaining control in the Assembly, disputed the rights of the pro¬ 
prietor and disfranchised Catholics, declaring that they should not 
be entitled to the protection of the laws. These acts of injustice 
resulted in civil war , and for three years, 1655 * to 1658, the prov¬ 
ince was a scene of strife. In 1658 the disputes were settled, and 
upon the restoration of Charles II., in 1660, the authority of Lord 
Baltimore was confirmed by the Crown. 

In 1662 Charles Calvert was sent out as Governor by his father, 
and under his wise administration the colony flourished. On the 
accession of William and Mary, in 1689,* the Protestants, excited 
by a restless and designing man, named Coode, took forcible pos¬ 
session of the capital and assumed the administration of the govern¬ 
ment. They remained in power until 1691* when the king, re¬ 
gardless of the rights of Lord Baltimore, made Maryland a royal 
province, and appointed Sir Lionel Copley Governor. In 1694* the 
capital was transferred from St. Mary's to Providence, afterward 
called Annapolis. In 1715* the proprietary rights of the Calverts 
were restored; the original form of government was re-established 
and remained in force until the Revolution. The boundary-line 
between Maryland and Pennsylvania , which had been a subject of 
contest for many years, was finally adjusted, in 1767,* by Mason and 
Dixon, two English surveyors.! 

During the Revolutionary conflict, the patriotism and determina¬ 
tion of the people of Maryland were early manifested. On July 6, 
1776, before having received new T s of the Declaration of Independ¬ 
ence, the Maryland Convention renounced allegiance to the king, 
and conjured the people to unite in “ maintaining the freedom of 
Maryland and her sister colonies.” Among the Continental troops, 
those of the “ Maryland Line ” were conspicuous for their efficiency 
and bravery. They distinguished themselves and did honor to their 
State in the battles of Harlem Heights, White Plains, Trenton, Prince¬ 
ton, and many other prominent battles of the war. December 23, 


f See note under ^ II. of 1767, page 186. 




XX 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


1783, General Washington resigned his commission as commander- 
in-chief of the United States army to the national Congress, which 
was then sitting in Annapolis, the capital of this State. Maryland 
was the seventh colony to vote the adoption of the Constitution of 
the United States (April 26, 1788), and two days later the instru¬ 
ment was duly ratified. 


VII. RHODE ISLAND. 


Rhode Island was first settled in 1636,* by Roger Williams , who 
had been banished from Massachusetts in the preceding year on ac¬ 
count of his religious opinions. He left Salem in the winter of 
1635* and after fourteen weeks of wandering, during which he was 


YEAR-SQUARE 1636. f 


Calderon de la Barca 
succeeds Lope de Vega as the 
popular dramatist of Spain. 


Massachusetts emigrants , 
under Rev. T. Hooker , settle 
at Hartford , Conn. 



In 1663 Rhode Island received a royal Charter from Charles 
II, but when Andros was made royal Governor of New England , 
in 1686, Rhode Island submitted to his rule till his downfall, 
when the colony resumed its old form of government . 


subjected to cruel privations and sufferings, not knowing, as he said, 
u what bread or bed did mean,” he was received by the Narra- 


\ On the initial R. the settlements by Roger Williams and Coddington 
arc mentioned; on the initial I., the union of Providence and Rhode Island 
into one colony. 











APPENDIX. 


XX1 


gansett Indians, who extended to the homeless exile a welcome and 
a shelter, adding to their benefactions a grant of land on the east 
side of the Pawtucket River. Learning that this tract was within 
the limits of the Plymouth grant, Williams, who had been joined 
by five of his friends from Massachusetts, sailed to the west side of 
the Pawtucket and founded Providence (1636 *), which he so named 
in grateful acknowledgment of “ God’s merciful providence to him 
in his distress.” Here he proclaimed the doctrine that civil magis¬ 
trates had no right to regulate or interfere with religious belief; 
his settlement, therefore, soon became an asylum for the perse¬ 
cuted. 

In 1637 * a party of Massachusetts refugees under William Cod- 
dington sought shelter in Providence ; by the advice of Williams, 
they bought from the Indians the beautiful island of Aquiday, in 
Narragansett Bay, settled it, and called it the Isle of Rhodes. Here 
the celebrated Mrs. Anne Hutchinson found refuge for a while, but 
on account of persecution she subsequently removed to New Neth¬ 
erlands.! Coddington and his party commenced a settlement in 
1638 , in the northern part of the island, and named it Portsmouth. 
In 1639 * a settlement was made in the southeastern part, near an old 
stone tower , believed by some to be a relic of the Norsemen; this 
station was called Newport, now famous as a sea-side resort. In 
16^4 * the English Parliament granted Roger Williams a charter 
uniting Rhode Island and Providence into one colony , under the 
name of the Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. The new 
government did not go into operation until 1647, when the first 
General Assembly met at Portsmouth and established a code of 
laws, among which was the celebrated act granting freedom of 
religious faith and worship to all sects. In 1663* Rhode Island 
received a royal charter from Charles II. 

During King Philip’s War (1675* and 1676*) this colony suffered 
severely. Providence, Warwick, and other towns were burned, and 
many of the inhabitants massacred. In 1686* Andros, being made 
royal Governor of New England, went to Rhode Island and annulled 
the charter; at the close of his despotic rule , however, in 1688, the 
colony resumed its old form of government. In 1764 a charter was 
granted for the foundation of Rhode Island College, afterward 
Brown University, in Providence. In 1772,* the Gasp6e, a British 
vessel which had been harassing the American marine, ran aground 
in Narragansett Bay, and was attacked and burned by a party from 
Providence. 

During the Revolutionary War Rhode Island rendered great serv¬ 
ice, especially by sea. The first fleet sent against the British sailed 
from Providence, under Admiral Hopkins. The famous General 
Nathanael Greene was a son of Rhode Island, and here began his 
military career. In 1776 Newport was seized by the British under 


f See 1643 of Chron. Index, II., p. 116, and also Appendix, p. vii., III. 



XXII 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Clinton, who occupied it until 1779. Rhode Island was the last of 
the thirteen colonies to adopt the Constitution of the United States 
(May, 1790).* 

VIII. DELAWARE. 


Delaware, though discovered l>y Hudson in 1609, owes its name to 
the English peer, Lord Delaware, Governor of Virginia, who in 1610* 
entered the bay that bounds the State on the east. The first Euro¬ 
pean settlement on its soil was made in 1631,* by a party of Dutch- 

YEAR-SQUARE 1638. \ 





* The School 

|@aStoyIn. ^ 

REeOMESlN 1638 

Harvard College. 
GaMBRID6E„MASS. . 


* «*WheN PeniI was * 

Deprived of hisProprieta- 
ry Rights 069Z to 1694), 
Delaware was United 
-s*to New York. 

__ t __ 


-- 



First settlement in 
Delaware 
. made by the 
iff Dutch in 

1681. 


--1638= J 

DAVENPORTa/d 

English E^iGiwfrra 
. Boston. 


ll! 


1643. The Swedish 
govercor (Printz 
fixed his residene 
on Tinicum Island 
below Philadelphia 
and in 1654 his sue 
cessor, Gov.Risingh 
captured Fort Casi 
mir (now New Cas 
tie), which th 
I Dutch had built 01 
the Delaware 
,1651. 


Delaware, discovered (1609) 
by Hudson, was named (1610), 
*» honor of Lord Delaware, by 
Argali, who anchored in the bay 
of this name the 27fA of July, 
1610. 


1703, Delaware was allowed a 
separate Legislature, but con¬ 
tinued under the Gov't of Pa. till 
it asserted its independence in 
1776. It was the first State that 
adopted the national Constitu¬ 
tion, December 7, 1787. 


men, who, under the auspices of De Vries, came from Holland, and 
planted a little colony near the site of Lewes. As these pioneer set¬ 
tlers were soon cut off by the Indians, the permanent colonization 
of Delaware was due, not to them, hut to the Swedes. Gustavus 
Adolphus, who succeeded to the throne of Sweden in 1611,* had 


\ On the stem of the initial D., and within the letter, are points relating 
to the Swedish rule; on the lower arm of D. is noted the Dutch ‘rule; on the 
curve, the English rule; and on the upper arm, the cession of Delaware to 
William Penn. 






























APPENDIX. 


XXI ll 

long cherished the design of providing a home in America for the 
oppressed members of his own creed in Europe. For the promotion 
of this design he had, in 1626,* sanctioned the organization of the 
Swedish Company; but the Thirty Years 1 War, then convulsing the 
Continent of Europe, suspended, for a while, the operations of that 
body. In 1630* Gustavus Adolphus left Sweden to engage in the 
German War; and in 1632* the brave king fell at the battle of Ltit- 
zen. His death, however, did not cause the abandonment of his 
project of colonization. Through the influence of Oxenstiern, High- 
Chancellor of Sweden, a colony of Swedes and Finns was sent out 
under Peter Minuit, former Governor of New Amsterdam. In 
1638* they purchased from the Indians lands along the Delaware 
Bay and River, nearly as far as the falls of Trenton. At the mouth 
of a creek that flows into Delaware River they built a fort, and 
named both creek and fort Christiana , in honor of their young 
queen, calling the adjacent country New Sweden. During the sum¬ 
mer of 1641, Minuit died at Christiana, “regretted by the Swedes, 
whom he had served most faithfully, and whose enterprise he had 
made successful, where one of less experience w’ould probably have 
failed. Ilallaendare, a Swede, succeeded him in the governorship.” 

Hallaendare retired from his post as Governor early in 1643 , and 
John Printz , a cavalry lieutenant in the Swedish service, who was 
sent out as Governor, removed his headquarters to Tinicum Isl¬ 
and, a few miles helow Philadelphia , and there erected a fort. The 
Dutch of New Amsterdam, who considered the Swedes as intruders 
upon their territory, resolved to avail themselves of the first favor¬ 
able occasion to expel them, and, as a preliminary move, in 1651,* 
Stuyvesant built Fort Casimir (now New Castle), five miles south 
of Fort Christiana. In 1653, Printz returned to Sweden, and was 
succeeded by Pisingh, who, resenting this establishment of the 
Dutch in his vicinity, captured Fort Casimir on Trinity Sunday, 
1654 * and changed its name to Fort Trinity. The next year, 1655* 
the Dutch from New Netherlands, led by Governor Stuyvesant, 
attached and reduced the Swedish forts, and sent back to Europe all 
who refused allegiance to the Dutch Republic. Thus ended the 
transient connection of Sweden with the colonial history of the 
United States. 

From 1655* the Delaware settlements continued under the con¬ 
trol of the authorities of New Netherlands until 1664,* when the 
Duke of York came into possession of all the lands the Dutch had 
occupied, and the English laws were established on both sides of the 
Delaware River. In 1681, William Penn obtained from King 
Charles II. a grant of Pennsylvania, and, being desirous of owning 
the land on the west bank of the Delaware to the sea, he secured its 
cession in 1682*from the Duke of York. This tract, now constituting 
the State of Delaware, Penn called “the Territories,” or the three 
lower counties on the Delaware. They were governed as a part of 
Pennsylvania until 1691, when, during the absence of Penn in Eng- 


XXIV 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


land, they rebelled against the authority of the deputy and Council 
in charge, and, seceding from Pennsylvania, set up a distinct gov¬ 
ernment. Penn, on being appealed to, “sorrowfully” gave his 
assent to the separation, and appointed Markham deputy-governor. 
In 1692, when Penn was deprived of his proprietary rights , Governor 
Fletcher, of New York, who was ordered to assume the government 
of both provinces, reunited Delaware to Pennsylvania, and then 
annexed them both to New York. In 1694* Penn was reinstated, 
and in 1701 he gave his colony a new “Charter of Liberties,” which 
allowed them greater privileges. But the “ three lower counties,” 
still desirous of independence, again demanded a separation. In 
1703* therefore, Penn acceded to their request and allowed Dela¬ 
ware to establish a separate Legislature, but they continued under 
the jurisdiction of the Governor of Pennsylvania until the American 
Revolution. 

In September, 1776, an independent State Constitution was 
adopted by a convention of the people. Delaware was zealous in 
opposing the arbitrary measures of the British Government, and in 
giving support to the cause of freedom. Her troops were among 
the most efficient in the Continental army. Delaware was the first 
of the colonies that adopted the Constitution of the United States, 
the instrument being unanimously ratified by a popular convention 
December 7, 1787* a few months after it had been signed by the 
framers. 

IX. NORTH CAROLINA. 

North and South Carolina were known under the general title of 
Carolina until 1729.* 

The first attemDtsat colonization in the territory of North Caro¬ 
lina were made by Sir Waiter Raleigh, under a patent granted him 
by Queen Elizabeth ; in 1585 * he sent out a band of emigrants under 
Sir Richard Grenville, and in 1587 * another under John White; these 
settlements were made at Roanoke Island, and both proved unsuc¬ 
cessful. In 1630* Sir Robert Heath, Attorney- General of Charles I., 
obtained a patent for a domain south of Virginia, six degrees of lati¬ 
tude in width ; but, as his endeavors to colonize it were ineffectual, 
it was declared forfeited in 1663,* on account of non-occupancy. The 
first permanent settlement in this region was made in 1651* on Chow¬ 
an River , near Albemarle Sound, by a few emigrants from Vir¬ 
ginia. In 1661 a party of New-Englanders settled on Cape Fear 
River, near the present site of Wilmington ; but, on account of the 
barrenness of the soil and the hostility of the Indians, this station 
was subsequently abandoned. 

In 1663* Charles II. granted the lands forfeited by Heath to eight 
courtiers , who named the territory Carolina, in honor of the king 
(Latin, Carolus). The eight grantees were the Earl of Clarendon, the 
Duke of Albemarle, Lord Craven, the Earl of Shaftesbury, Sir John 
Colleton, Sir William Berkeley (Governor of Virginia ), Sir John 


APPENDIX. . 


XXV 


Berkeley, and Sir George Carteret; the two last mentioned were 
Proprietors of New Jersey. 

In 166 J/,* * a second colony of Virginians settled on the Chowan 
River. Governor Berkeley, of Virginia, was commissioned to ex¬ 
tend his authority over this settlement, but he formed it into a 
separate government, and gave it the name of Albemarle County 


YEAR-SQUARE 1663. J 


HI 

S|l 

lie 

III 

III 


*1663, Kinq CTh AS IT. 

Crants A Charter 
_ to Rhode lsL.a 1 
PftpViDE/fCEJpL/ftiT/TIDKs 




- 1669 . - 
LOCKES 
-CRAHD- 
MODEL" 


In 1630 Sir Robert Heath. Attorney-General 

of Charles obtained a patent for a domain south 
of Virginia, six degrees of latitude in width , but 
it was declared forfeited in 1663, on account of 
non-occupancy. 


1711, Oct. id. 

Indian massa¬ 
cre in North 
Carolina; 130 
victims. 


Colony,\ in honor of one of the proprietors; the first Governor 
was William Drummond, who was subsequently executed in Vir¬ 
ginia for the part he had taken in Bacon’s Rebellion.* Laws were 
enacted which secured the rights of the colonists, and insured free¬ 
dom of religious worship to all sects. 


f On the first stem of the initial N. are noted the early settlements; on 
the slant, the Carolina grant; on the second stem, the formation of the Al¬ 
bemarle County Colony. Points on the initial C. refer to the Clarendon 
County Colony. 

\ Want of space has prevented the mention of the Albemarle County 
Colony on the year 1664 of the Chart. 

* See the second paragraph on page iv. of the Appendix. 





















XXV] 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


In 1665 * a party of emigrants from Barbadoes settled on Cape 
Fear River , near the deserted New England settlement of 1661; 
they formed the Clarendon County Colony. 

In 1669 * the Proprietors of Carolina caused a plan of government 
to be drawn up for their new dominions; Lord Shaftesbury, with 
the aid of the philosopher Locke, planned an elaborate design for a 
constitution known as Locke's Grand Model; but its monarchical 
tendency displeased the people, and titles of nobility were found 
unsuitable to settlers in a new and uncultivated region; although 
nominally in force for almost twenty-five years, it was never put 
into complete operation, and was finally abandoned. In 1677 the 
people, excited by the rapacity and corruption of their rulers, broke 
out into a revolt. They seized the Governor and his Council, im¬ 
prisoned them, and then took the administration of affairs into their 
own hands; this mode of government continued for some years. In 
1683 Seth Sothel was appointed Governor; he ruled six years, but 
with such injustice and tyranny that the colonists deposed him and 
expelled him from the province. 

In 1711 * an Indian massacre afflicted the colony; the Tusca- 
roras, a powerful tribe, determined upon a war of extermination, 
attacked the whites, and one hundred and thirty fell victims to their 
cruelty in one day, October 2. Aid came from the neighboring col¬ 
onies, and hostilities ceased for a while,, but, the Indians renewing 
their ravages in 1712, they were finally subdued and driven north¬ 
ward in 1713.* 

In 1729 George II. purchased from the proprietors the whole 
of Carolina; it was then divided permanently into two royal prov¬ 
inces, North and South Carolina. In 1769 the Assembly of North 
Carolina, protesting against the right of England to tax the col¬ 
onies without representation, was dissolved by Governor Try on. 
An insurrection of the Regulators, a class of poor people who re¬ 
fused to pay taxes, took place during Tryon’s administration; it 
was suppressed by the militia, and the leaders executed. An asso¬ 
ciation of public men, formed in Mecklenburg County, w r ent so far 
as to renounce allegiance to the king, and declare their independ¬ 
ence (May, 1775) in a body of resolutions known as the Mecklen¬ 
burg Declaration. In July, 1775, Martin, the royal Governor, was 
forced to retire on board a vessel-of-war. In 1780 North Carolina 
became the theatre of military operations. The partisan warfare 
carried on between the patriots and royalists was bitter and contin¬ 
ual ; the most noted engagement was that of King’s Mountain, which 
occurred October 7. The battle of Guildford Court-House, between 
General Greene and Lord Cornwallis, w r as fought March 15, 1781. 
North Carolina w as the twelfth of the colonies to adopt the Consti- 
tion of the United States, ratifying it (November 21, 1789) after 
the government went into operation. President Andrevy Johnson 
was born in North Carolina. 


APPENDIX. * 


xxvii 


X. NEW JERSEY. 

The territory of New Jersey was originally included in the Prov¬ 
ince of New Netherlands (16 H to 166f). The Dutch colonization 
within its borders, however, was limited to two settlements during 
that period. The first was made by a party from New Amsterdam 
in 1618 * at Bergen , on the west side of Hudson River ; the second 
by Cornelius May, who with a company of Dutch settlers built 
(1623*) Fort Nassau , on the east side of the Delaware River , a tew 
miles below the present site of Philadelphia. 


YEAR-SQUARE 1664. f 







This Same Year New Amsterdam 
Surrenders to the English a« Henceforth Called NewYqrk 



Ill 

ssSS 


1738^-r 


I WO.C 

^lEW dERSEV^ 
is Granted a Separate Governor 
Appointed by the Ring. 



And Removed to 
Nassau Hall.Princeton in 1757, 


In 1664* Charles IE, ignoring the claims of the Dutch, granted 
all the territory between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers to 
his brother, the Duke of York, and sent a force under Colonel 


f Points on the first stem of the initial N. refer to the Dutch rule; on 
the slant is noted the cession of the Duke of York; on the second stem, the 
Quaker purchase of East and West Jersey ; and, on the initial J., the union 
of East and West Jersey into a royal province. 




















xxviii LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 

Nichols to take possession of it. Before the conquest of New Neth¬ 
erlands had been achieved, however, the Duke of York ceded the 
Jersey lands, extending from the Hudson to the Delaware, to two 
court favorites, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, already 
proprietors in Carolina. This tract was named New Jersey, in honor 
of Sir George Carteret, who had been Governor of the Island of Jer¬ 
sey in the English Channel. The new proprietors formed a liberal 
constitution for the colonv, and in 1665 * sent out Philip Carteret , 
brother of Sir George, as Governor. He was accompanied by thirty 
emigrants. The site selected for their settlement was Elizabethtown , 
so called in compliment to Lady Elizabeth Carteret, wife of Sir 
George. 

In 1674* Lord Berkeley sold his share {the western portion ) of 
the Jersey lands to two Quakers , Fenwick and Byllinge, Carteret 
retaining the eastern portion. The province was then divided into 
East and West Jersey. Fenwick came over with a company of 
Quakers, who settled at Salem, on Delaware Bay. Byllinge, be¬ 
coming involved in financial difficulties, yielded his interest in the 
purchase to William Penn and two trustees for the benefit of his 
creditors. In 1676 more than four hundred Quakers sailed from 
England and settled at Burlington. In 1678 Andros, who governed 
New York as deputy of the duke, claimed jurisdiction over New 
Jersey. Governor Philip Carteret, resisting his authority, was taken 
prisoner by Andros and sent to New York. In 1681, however, the 
duke resigned all claim to New Jersey, and the rights of the pro¬ 
prietors were restored. In 1681 the first assembly met in West 
Jersey and enacted an excellent code of laws. In 1682* the Car¬ 
teret heirs sold East Jersey to William Penn and eleven associates, 
who made Robert Barclay, a Scotchman, the first Governor. Under 
his patronage many Scotch Presbyterians settled in the colony. 

The number of proprietors and the frequent transfers of shares 
soon created difficulties in regard to land titles, and in 1702* the 
proprietors, wearied with these disputes, surrendered all their 
claims to the Crown. East and West Jersey were then united by 
Queen Anne into one royal province, since known as New Jersey. 
It remained under the Governor of New York t until 1738, but con- 

f The first royal Governor of New Jersey was Henry Hyde, Lord Corn- 
bury (1702 to 1708), already Governor of New York, ile was a cousin of 
Queen Anne, and grandson of Hyde, Lord Clarendon. “ His administration 
both in New York and New Jersey was only distinguished by his arrogant 
attempts to overawe and dictate to the Colonial Assemblies, and their firm 
and resolute resistance to his assumptions of arbitrary power.” So obnoxious 
did he make himself to the colonists, that they appealed to Queen Anne 
for protection against his tyranny. Accordingly, Cornbury was deposed in 
1708. He did not, however, immediately return to England, for, being 
arrested for debt, he was cast into jail, where he remained till 1709, when 
by the death of his father he succeeded to the earldom of Clarendon. By 
the privilege of his rank he obtained his release. 



APPENDIX. 


XXIX 


tinued to have a separate Legislature. At the earnest petition of 
the people, who suffered much from the despotism of the New York 
Governors, New Jersey was granted in 1738 * a separate Governor 
appointed by the king. It remained an independent province until 
the Revolution. In 171/5* the first college in New Jersey was 
founded at Elizabethtown. It was removed to Nassau Hall, Prince¬ 
ton, in 1757* A State Constitution was adopted July 2, 1776. 

During the struggle for independence, New Jersey was fre¬ 
quently the theatre of military operations. The battles of Trenton, 
Princeton, Monmouth, and others, were fought on her soil. She 
was the third colony to ratify the Constitution of the United States 
(December 18, 1787). 

XI. SOUTH CAROLINA. 

The first attempt to colonize the region of South Carolina was 
made in 1562,* under the patronage of Coligny, Iiigh-Admiral of 
France, by John Ribault with a band of Huguenots. They founded 
a settlement at Port Royal, on the coast, but it was subsequently 
abandoned. The first permanent settlement was made one hundred 
and eight years later (1670*) by English emigrants under William 
Sayle; these formed the Carteret County Colony, so named in 
honor of Sir George Carteret. They first settled at Port Royal , but 
before the close of the year they removed to the Ashley River and 
founded Old Charleston. In 1680 * the colony removed to the junc¬ 
tion of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers and laid the foundation of the 
present city of Charleston. 

Attempts at an aristocratic government, under Locke's “Grand 
Model,” t were successfully resisted by the people. Like most of the 
other colonies, South Carolina was ruled by a Governor appointed 
by the proprietors and a Legislative Assembly elected by the people. 
Between 1686 and 1690 there was a great influx of French, Irish, 
Swiss, and German immigrants, who formed substantial settlements 
in the colony. Disputes between the colonists and the proprietors 
were frequent; and. the excitement of the people rose to a climax in 
1686,* when, unable to endure Governor Colleton's tyranny, they 
broke out into open rebellion and impeached and banished him in 
1690. In 1695* rice, one of the chief staples of Carolina, was first 
cultivated, a bag of seed-rice having been brought to the colony by 
a ship from Madagascar. 

In 1702 * England and France being at hostilities in the War of 
the Spanish Succession, Governor Moore headed an expedition against 
the Spaniards at St. Augustine, Florida; it proved a failure, how¬ 
ever. In 1705 * Moore, aided by the Creeks, made a descent upon 
the Spanish settlements in the country of the Appalachees, and 
drove out the Indians. In retaliation, some Spanish and French 


f See the second paragraph on page xxvi. of the Appendix. 




XXX 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


vessels attempted in 1706 * to capture Charleston , hut they were re¬ 
pulsed with heavy loss. In a general Indian war, led by the Yemas- 
sees, the Indians were totally defeated by Governor Craven in 1715.* 
The expenses of these wars were great, and the taxes bore heavily 
upon the colonists; the proprietors refused to bear their share of 
the burden, which so incensed the people that in 1719 * they re¬ 
volted ,, threw off their allegiance , and appointed Colonel Moore Gov¬ 
ernor of the colony. In 1729,* to settle the difficulties, which had 


YEAR-SQUARE 1670. \ 



In 1710 the people throw off allegiance to the proprietors of 
Corolina and appoint Colonel Moore Governor of the colony. In 
1720 George II. buys the claims of the proprietors for $80,000, 

| and North and South, Carolina form separate royal provinces. 


been brought before the British Government, George II. purchased 
the claims of the proprietors for %80,000 , and formed North and 
South Carolina into separate royal provinces; they so remained 
until the Revolution. 

South Carolina was one of the foremost among the colonies in 
protesting against the unjust impositions of the English Govern¬ 
ment. In 1775 the people rose up against the royal Governor, who 


\ On the initial S. is noted the formation of the Carteret County Colony; 
on C., their removal to the site of the present city of Charleston ; within the 
C. are topics relating to the future history of South Carolina. 















APPENDIX. 


xxxi 


was forced to flee to a British war-vessel for refuge; the adminis¬ 
tration of public affairs was then assumed by a Provincial Council. 
During the War of the Revolution South Carolina was the scene of 
many severe struggles—the battles of Fort Moultrie, Charleston, 
Camden, Eutaw Springs, Cowpens, and others being fought on her soil. 

South Carolina was the eighth among the colonies to adopt the 
Constitution, which was ratified by her on May 23, 1788. 

XII. PENNSYLVANIA. 

The first settlement on Pennsylvania soil was made in 1643 by a 
colony of Swedes under Governor Printz , from New Sweden (now 
Delaware); they established themselves on Tinicum Island, a few 
miles below Philadelphia , where they built a fort; they made little 
progress, however, in the occupation of the territory, and in 1655 * 
Governor Stuyvesant, of New Amsterdam, advancing upon them 
with a large force, compelled their submission to Dutch authority. 
In 1674 * t wo English Quakers , Fenwick and Byllinge, bought from 
Lord Berkeley his share of the Jersey lands , which was the western 
portion. Byllinge, becoming embarrassed, subsequently surrendered 
his title to William Penn and two of his creditors. From this cir¬ 
cumstance Penn conceived the great plan of colonization which he 
afterward executed. In 1681 he obtained from Charles II. the 
grant of a large tract of land west of the Delaware Diver, which the 
king named Pennsylvania , in honor of Penn. This domain was 
granted him in payment of a debt of $80,000 due to his father, Ad¬ 
miral Penn, from the Crown. William Penn belonged to the per¬ 
secuted sect of Quakers, and his chief object was to provide an 
asylum where his brethren might enjoy the religious freedom and 
political immunities denied them in their native country. In the 
fall of 1681 a large company of Quakers was sent out by Penn, 
under the leadership of William Markham, to colonize the new ter¬ 
ritory. In February, 1682,* Penn, with eleven others, bought the 
flourishing colony of East Jersey from the Carteret heirs. Later in 
the year he purchased the Delaware lands, afterward called “the 
Territories,” from the Duke of York, who had been the pupil of his 
father the admiral, and was his own intimate friend. 

In August, 1682, Penn set sail from England with a hand of emi¬ 
grants and landed at New Castle, where he was received by the set¬ 
tlers—Swedes and Quakers—with every demonstration of respect 
and enthusiasm. Soon after hi9 arrival he made a treaty of friend¬ 
ship with the Indians, under the great elm-tree at Shackamaxon, 
now Kensington; his words of love and peace were received with 
perfect trust by the Indians, who answered, “We will live in love 
with William Penn and his children as long as the sun and moon 
shall endure.” This treaty remained unbroken while the Quakers 
governed the colony. In 1683* Penn laid the foundation of Phila¬ 
delphia (the City of Brotherly Love) on lands which he had pur- 


xxxii LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


chased from the Swedes. Here, in March, he was met by repre¬ 
sentatives from the various counties, and gave them a “ Charter of 
Liberties,” signed by his own hand, which secured to the people 
great privileges and entire religious freedom. The colony was 
ruled by a Governor appointed by Penn and a Legislative Assembly 
elected by the people. In 1684, affairs of the province calling Penn 
to England, he left a deputy and Council in charge. 


YEAR-SQUARE 1682. f 



1674,Quakers Buy 1 
jjWjERSEY|H«i* Berkeley 
a 1682. PeM Burs 
EjiE.Jersey From 

aCARTERETS HEIRS 
Pa Delaware Lands 
IFromDukeofYork^ 


, WM.PENN.BOM I644M& 

\^ > LAWo»mW££ 


LaSalle descends the Mississippi to 

THE SEA.PLANTS THE ARMS°iffeANCE gj 
3 NEAR ITS MOUTH,CLAIMS THETERRITORYW 
& FOR HIS FATHERLAND AND NAMES IT\<3 
P L LOUISIANA, IN HONOR OFLOUISXIV. 


WmUL Deprives >enn of ' 
His Proprietary Rights &' 
Unites Pennsylvania al)ELK- 

WARE TO NEWYORK IN I692.BUT 

Restores them m ibsl 




%SIST*£ 


D.OFPRINeERUPERT 

of Bavaria,Aged 62YRS 






In 1643 the Swedes under 
Gov. Printz make a settlement 
in Pennsylvania , on Tinicum 
Island , below Philadelphia. 


Boundary line between Penn¬ 
sylvania and Maryland dis¬ 
puted by Lord Baltimore. It 
is finally settled in 1767 by 
the Mason and Dixon lines. 


The three lower counties on the Delaware, offended at some of 
the proceedings of the Council, set up a distinct government in 1691. 
Penn reluctantly consented to their separation, and appointed Mark¬ 
ham Deputy-Governor. After the accession of William and Mary 
(1689), Penn’s loyalty was strongly suspected, his devotedness to the 
deposed King James II. being well known; he was several times 
tried and acquitted, but finally in October, 1692* he was deprived of 
his proprietary rights by William III., who placed Pennsylvania and 


\ On the stem of the initial P. is represented William Penn making his 
celebrated treaty with the Indians; on the curve and within it are historical 
points relating to the colony. 












APPENDIX. 


xxxm 


Delaware under the jurisdiction of New York. Governor Fletcher 
then reunited the seceded counties with the parent colony.f In 
1694,* after an honorable acquittal, Penn's rights were all restored. 
In 1699 he revisited his province, and found it rent by dissensions; 
the people refused to pay the small rents which Penn asked as a 
remuneration for his great expenditures, and demanded greater po¬ 
litical privileges. In order to remove all cause of complaint, Penn 
returned to England in 1701, and obtained for them a more liberal 
charter, which gave them the power of proposing laws, a right 
which they had not enjoyed before. Delaware being still dissatis¬ 
fied, Penn acceded in 1703* to its demand for a separate Legislature; 
but both colonies remained under the same Governor until the Revo¬ 
lution. 

After the death of Penn, in 1718, his sons became proprietors of 
the colony which he had founded, and Pennsylvania remained a 
proprietary province until 1776, when the people purchased the 
claims of Penn’s descendants for $580,000. The boundary-line be¬ 
tween Pennsylvania and Maryland, which had been disputed by the 
proprietaries, was finally settled in 1767 by the Mason and Dixon 
lines. During the French and Indian War Pennsylvania was the 
theatre of notable events; here Braddock’s defeat took place near 
Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburg), and here Washington won his first 
laurels. In Philadelphia the first Continental Congress was held 
September 5,1774; here, too, the old Liberty-Bell rang out the joyous 
tidings of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776. Pennsyl¬ 
vania took an active part in the Revolution ; Germantown, Brandy¬ 
wine, Valley Forge, and other places bear memories that are sacred 
to the people of the United States. She was the second among the 
colonies to ratify the Federal Constitution (December 13, 1787). 
The State has given one President to the Union. 

XIII. GEORGIA. 

Georgia was the last settled of the thirteen original colonies. It 
was included in the Carolina grant conferred on Lord Clarendon in 
1663,* but no attempt at settlement was made within its limits until 
1732* when George II. granted the country between the Savannah 
and the Altamaha Rivers , “ in trust for the poor,” to twenty-one 
trustees , the most prominent of whom was James Oglethorpe. The 
colony was named in the charter Georgia, in honor of the king. 
Oglethorpe was a great philanthropist, and was besides possessed of 
influence and wealth. As a member of Parliament, he had made 
efforts for years to ameliorate the condition of the poor in England, 
especially of those imprisoned for debt. His endeavors were at last 
crowned with success. Through his influence numbers of poor debt¬ 
ors were released and detailed with him to form a colony in Georgia. 


f See the first paragraph on page xxiv. of the Appendix. 



XXXIV 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


In 1733 * Oglethorpe landed with one hundred and twenty of 
these emigrants and founded Savannah, at the mouth of the Savan¬ 
nah River. A treaty was made with the Indian chiefs, and satis¬ 
factory compensation allowed them for their lands. In 1734 six 
hundred new settlers arrived, and other companies soon followed. 
The Government laid some severe restrictions upon the colonists. 
The condition on which the lands were distributed was military 

YEAR-SQUARE 17334 


ELECTION. 

■Rivalry 0f> 

STA/f. Leczinsky 
&FRED.^UGUS. lt 

S, or Sfl xoKV. 


I74O.0CLETHDRPE INVADES FLORIDA. 
I742.SPAN1ARDS FROM HAVANA INVADE GEORGIA. 

1752.Georgia.a Royal Province, 


duty. Slavery was declared unlawful, and the use of rum was pro¬ 
hibited in the colony. Many left, in consequence, for South Caro¬ 
lina. The land policy was changed soon afterward, and a large 
flow of immigration followed, especially from Germany and Scot¬ 
land. 

The Spaniards laid claim to Georgia as a part of Florida. Ogle- 


t The portrait within the curve of G. represents Oglethorpe in 1785. 
The inscription on the old engraving from which it is copied states that 
the sketch was made at the sale of Dr. Johnson’s library, February 18, 
1785, “ where the general was reading without spectacles a book which he 
had purchased.” 


Polish 








APPENDIX. 


xxxv 


thorpe, therefore, to protect his colony from hostile incursions, 
erected forts, and then returned to England to secure troops. In 
1739 * England declared war against Spain, and early in 1740 * 
General Oglethorpe, under orders from Parliament, invaded Florida 
at the head of a large force of whites and friendly Indians. He laid 
siege to St. Augustine ; but, the fort proving too strong for him, the 
expedition returned without having accomplished anything. In 
174-2,* in retaliation, three thousand Spaniards from Havana, with 
a fleet of thirty-six vessels, invaded Georgia. Oglethorpe had only 
a small force at his command ; but, after having gained by his energy 
and skill some advantages, he conceived an adroit stratagem, by 
means of which he expelled the invaders and saved his colony from 
ruin. In 1743 Oglethorpe returned to England, leaving Georgia 
under the government of a President and Council. The discontent 
of the people and their complaints against the trustees induced the 
latter finally to surrender their charter to the Crown, and in 1752* 
Georgia became d royal province. The restrictions which had op¬ 
pressed the colonists were removed, and in 1755 a General Assem¬ 
bly was established. 

Georgia united with her sister colonies from the first in the 
struggle for independence. Her ground was a battle-field, and her 
inhabitants were often compelled to fly to other States for safety. 
In 1778 * Savannah was besieged and captured, and the following 
year is memorable for the battles of Kettle Creek, Brier Creek, and 
others. Georgia was the fourth among the colonies to ratify the 
Constitution ot the United States (January 2,^1788). 


















. 

. 





































INDEX 


Reference numbers, having three figures and less, relate to the page in the 
Manual; those having four figures allude to the year-square on the Charts. 


Abbott, John S. C., death of, 496. 

Abd-el-Kader, surrender of, 320. 

Abercrombie, (Sir) Ralph, 275. 

Abert, Col. John J., death of, 437. 

Abolition of serfdom in Russia, 389. 

Abolition of slavery in the British colo¬ 
nies, 326. 

Abolition of slavery in the District of 
Columbia, 356 ; 421, 1862. 

Abolition of the slave-trade in the U. S., 
286, 1809 ; 421, 423, 1863 ; 462. 

Abolition of transit postage, 488. 

Abt, Franz, at the Boston Jubilee, 481 ; 
death of, 521, 1885. 

Abyssinian War, the, 473. 

Academy, U. S. Military, 275, 1802 ; U. S. 
Naval, 340, 1845. 

Acadia, 96. 

Acadia (or Nova Scotia), invasion of, 176. 

Acquia Creek, 406. 

Acts of Congress. (See United States, 
Acts of Congress.) 

Adams, John, U. S. minister at the 
Hague, 242,1782 ; first U. S. minister to 
Great Britain, 244, 1785 ; elected Vice- 
President of U. S., 247, 250 ; elected 
President of the U. S. ; sketch of, 254, 
1797 ; death of, 316, 1826. 

Adams, John Quincy, appointed Secre¬ 
tary of State, 308, 311 ; elected Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S. ; sketch of, 314, 
1825. 

Addison and the Spectator, 155, 1711; 
death of, 159, 1719. 

Adolphus Frederic (King of Sweden), 
accession of, 172, 1751; death of, 187, 
1771, 

Adrian VI., 61, 1522. 

iEneas Sylvius. (See Pius II.) 

Afghan War, 498. 

Afghanistan, invasion of, by the Brit¬ 
ish, 332, 

Agassiz, Louis J. R., death of, 487. 

Agincourt, battle of, 33, 1415. 

Agriculture, Department of, estab¬ 
lished, 421. 

Agustin I. (Emperor of Mexico), ac¬ 
cession of, 312, 1822 ; abdication of, 
313, 1823 ; execution of, 314. 

Aids to teachers, 50, 79, 267, 535. • 

Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of, 171, 1748; 
European Congress at, 309. 

25 


Akenside, death of, 187, 1770. 

Alabama , The, destruction of, 451. 

Alabama admitted into the Union, 310, 
1819 ; secedes from the Union, 375; 
readmitted into the Union, 472. 

Alabama claims, the, 481, 1872. 

Alarcon, expedition of, to the Gila Riv¬ 
er, 64, 1540. 

Alaska ceded to the U. S., 469, 1867. 

Albany, origin of the name of, 123. 

Albany, Duke of, regency of, in Scot¬ 
land, 32, 1406. 

Albany, Duke of, marriage of, 511 ; 
death of. 516, 1884. 

Albemarle, Lord, defeat of, 156. 

Albemarle County Colony, formation 
of, 124, 1663. 

Albemarle Sound, 403. 

Alberoni, death of, 174. 

Albert II. (King of Hungary), corona¬ 
tion of. 34, 1438. 

Albert (King of Saxony), accession of, 
487, 1873. 

Albert, Prince (of Saxe-Coburg) (Prince 
Consort), marriage of, 333, 1840 ; and 
the International Exhibition, 359,1851; 
death of, 390, 1861. 

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, visit 
of, to America, 373, 1860; marriage 

' of, 437 ; offspring of, 437. 

Albuquerque, 58, 1511. 

Alden, Rear-Admiral James, death of 
496. 

Alembert, d\ death of, 244, 1783. 

Alexander I. (Prince of Bulgaria), ac¬ 
cession of ; line of, 503 ; abdication 
of, 524. 

Alexander I. ("Emperor of Russia), ac¬ 
cession of, 275,1801; prepares for war 
with France, 290, 1811 ; and the Holy 
Alliance, 306 ; death of, 315. 

Alexander II. (Emperor of Russia), ac¬ 
cession of, 366, 1855 ; assassination of, 
509, 1881. 

Alexander III. (Emperor of Russia), ac¬ 
cession of ; line of, 509, 1881. 

Alexander V., 32, 1409. 

Alexander VI., 39, 1492. 

Alexander VII., 121, 1655. 

Alexander VIII., 133, 1689. 

Alexander (Prince of Orange), death of, 
516. 






xxxviii LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Alexandra (Princess of Wales), 437. 

Alexis I. (Emperor of Russia), accession 
of, 117, 1645 ; death of, 129. 

Alfonso V. (the Wise), (King of Aragon), 
33, 1416 ; death of, 36, 1458. 

Alfonso V. (King of Portugal), accession 
of, 34,1438 ; death of, 37, 1481. 

Alfonso VI. (King of Portugal), acces¬ 
sion of, 121, 1656; deposition of, 126, 
1668 ; death of, 131, 1683. 

Alfonso XII. (King of Spain), death of, 
521. 

Alfonso XIII., birth of, 524, 1886. 

Alfonso (Prince of Asturias) proclaimed 
King of Spain, 488, 1874. 

Alfonso (Prince of Portugal), death of, 
38, 1490. 

Alfred, Prince (Duke of Edinburgh), and 
the Greek throne, 422 ; marriage of, 
489. 

Algiers and the United States, treaty be¬ 
tween, 253, 1795 ; war and treaty be¬ 
tween, 304, 1815. 

Algiers annexed to France, 320. 

Alice Maude (Princess of Great Britain), 
marriage of, 422 ; death of, 500. 

Allen, Ethan, at Ticonderoga, 194. 

Allston, Washington, death of, 338.1843. 

Alma, battle of, 365. 

Almagro and Pizarro, 62. 

Almanza, battle of, 153, 1707. 

Alonza de Ojeda, voyage of, to South 
America, 57, 1510. 

Alva, Duke of, death of, 72, 1582. 

Amadeus (of Savoy) (King of Spain), 
accession of, 479, 1870 ; abdication of, 
487. 

Amboy (now Perth Amboy), 205. 

Ambrister, death of, 309. 

Amelia, Princess (of Bavaria), marriage 
of, 281, 1806 ; line of, 487. 

America, discovery of, and expeditions 
to, 39-42, 57, 58, 62 ; English claims to 
the discovery of, 40 ; origin of name 
of, 57, 1507 ; Cabrillo in. 66, 1542 ; the 
Huguenots in, 67, 1562 ; 68, 1564 : 
Francis Drake in. 69-74, 1572 ; Don A. 
de Espejo in, 72 ; Raleigh and the 
colonization of, 73-77, 1584-’87; first 
English birth in, 75, 1587 ; voyage of 
De Champlain to 77, 1599 ; George 
Weymouth in, 96 ; first English set¬ 
tlement in, 97 ; Argali in, 100, 1613 ; 
exportation of cattle to, 100, 1611; 
search for a northwest passage, 100 ; 
first Colonial Assembly in, 103, 1618; 
introduction of slavery into, 103,1619 ; 
landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in, 
104; early religious movement in, 
110 ; suffering of emigrants in, 112 ; 
Peter Minuit in, 114 ; Quakers in, 127, 
1674; arrival of Penn in, 130, 1681 ; 
the French in, 131 ; King William’s 
War in, 133,134,1689 ; 138,1697 ; Queen 
Anne’s War in, 150,1702; 151,1704; 153, 
1707; first newspaper in, 151,1704; first 
post-office in, 154, 1710 ; result of the 
peace of Utrecht in, 156, 1713 ; exter¬ 


mination of the Natchez Indians, 163, 
1730; the Spanish Intercolonial War 
in, 165, 1739 ; King George’s War in, 
169, 1744; the Ohio Company in, 171, 
1749; origin of the Franco-Indian 
War in, 176,1756 ; arrival of Lord Lou¬ 
doun in, 177 ; English disasters and 
victories in, 178, 179, 1758-’59 ; end of 
the French War in, 182.1763; Pontiac’s 
conspiracy in, 183, 1763 ; the Grenville 
act, 184 ; the stamp act, 184 ; British 
taxes in, 186, 1767 ; 187 ; The Boston 
Port Bill , etc., 189, 1774 ; origin of the 
minute-men in, 190; Declaration of 
Independence, 200, 1776 ; French alli¬ 
ance with, 213, 1778 ; arrival of the 
French fleet, in, 218, 1778; discovery 
of coal in, 249 ; effect of the Anglo- 
French War in, 251 ; effect in, of the 
Napoleonic wars, 280, 283; the first 
steamboat in, 283, 1807 ; the first 
American express, 311, 1821 ; discov¬ 
ery of gold in, 350, 1848 ; shadows of 
the civil war in, 373 ; formation of 
the Confederate States of, 376; the 
Sioux War in, 490. 

American Centennial Exposition, the, 
490, 1876. 

American civil war, the, beginning of, 
378 ; fall of Fort Sumter, 379 ; first 
battle of, 381 ; the struggle in Mis¬ 
souri. 382 ; division of the country dur¬ 
ing, 382, 392 ; movements to capture 
Washington and Richmond, 383 ; bat¬ 
tles at Big Bethel, Bull Run, and Ball’s 
Bluff, 385 ; blockade of the Southern 
coast, 387 : the Trent affair, 387 ; fall 
of Forts Henry and Donelson, 391 ; 
battles of Pea Ridge and Shiloh. 392, 
393; capture of New Madrid, Island 
No. 10, and New Orleans, 394, 395 ; 
naval engagements during, 395, 401- 
405, 434, 450 ; the fall of Memphis, 396, 
397 ; invasion of Kentucky, 397 ; bat¬ 
tles of Iuka and Corinth, the failure 
at Vicksburg, 399 ; Johnston’s retreat, 
405 ; the Army of the Potomac on the 
march, 407 ; battle of Winchester, 407; 
McClellan’s Peninsular campaign, 
408-415 ; battle of Seven Pines or Fair 
Oaks, 411 ; Jackson’s raid in “ The 
Valley,” 411-413 ; Washington in dan¬ 
ger, Jackson’s retreat, 412, 413 ; sec¬ 
ond battle of Bull Run, 417 ; battle of 
South Mountain, 417 ; surrender of 
Harper’s Ferry, 418 ; battle of Sharps- 
burg, 419 ; battle of Fredericksburg, 
420 ; battle of Chancellorsville, 424 ; 
battle of Gettysburg, 426; fall of 
Vicksburg and Port Hudson, 428, 429 ; 
Morgan’s raid, 430 ; battle of Chicka- 
mauga, 431'; battles of Lookout Mount¬ 
ain and Missionary Ridge, 432 ; sur¬ 
render of Cumberland Gap, and siege 
of Knoxville, 433 ; Red River Expe¬ 
dition, 439 ; Grant’s overland cam¬ 
paign, 441; Washington in danger, 
444 ; Sheridan in the-Shenandoah Val- 





INDEX. 


xxxix 


ley, 445, 455 ; Sherman’s march to At¬ 
lanta, 446 ; destruction of the Con¬ 
federate army in Tennessee, 449; 
Sherman’s march to the sea ; 449 ; 
fall of Wilmington, 455 ; Lee at Fort 
Stedman, 458 ; surrender of the Con¬ 
federate armies, 459-462; result of 
the, 462 ; proclamations of amnesty, 
463, 470, 473. 

American independence, recognition 
of, by France, 213. 

American War of Independence, the, 
outbreak of, 187, 1770 ; battle of Bun¬ 
ker Hill, 194, 1775 ; siege and evacua¬ 
tion of Boston, 198 ; attack on Charles¬ 
ton, 199; battle of Long Island, 201 ; 
the campaign in Pennsylvania, 206 ; 
“ Tryon’s first raid into Connecticut,” 
206 ; battle of Brandywine, 207 ; the 
campaign in Northern New York, 209 ; 
battle of Bennington, 211 ; Indian 
atrocity during, 211 ; battles of Still¬ 
water, 212; adoption of the national 
banner, 213, 1777; French alliance, 
213, 1778 ; battle of Monmouth, 215, 
1778; massacres at Wyoming and 
Cherry Valley, 217, 1778 ; Clark’s ex¬ 
pedition, 217, 278 ; failure of French 
expedition to Rhode Island, 218 ; bat¬ 
tle of Quaker Hill, 219, 1778 ; capture 
of Savannah, 220 ; campaign at the 
South, 221 ; military operations at 
the North, 223 ; Rhode Island evacu¬ 
ated by the British, 226 ; campaign of 
the British in the South, 227 ; battles 
of Rocky Mount, Hanging Rock, San¬ 
der’s Creek, Fishing Creek, and King’s 
Mountain, 229-231 ; arrival of the 
French fleet, 232 ; the British army at 
the North, 232 ; the And r6-Arnold con¬ 
spiracy, 233, 1780 ; troubles in the 
American camp, 234 ; campaign in 
the Carolinas, 236; end of, 240-242; 
the Continental army during, 243, 
1783 ; 244. 

Ames, Fisher, death of, 286, 1807. 

Amherst, Gen., 181. 

Amnesty, proclamation to the South, 
462, 1865 ; 470, 1867 ; 473, 1868. 

Ampudia, Gen., 345. 

Amsterdam, the International Exposi¬ 
tion in, 513. 

Ancyra. (See Angora.) 

Andersen, Hans Christian, death of, 490. 

Anderson, Gen. Robert, at Fort Sumter, 
379 ; death of, 480. 

Andr6, Maj., capture and death of, 
233, 1780. 

Andros, Sir Edmund, appointed Gov¬ 
ernor of New York, 12<, 1674 : minis¬ 
tration of, 132 ; imprisonment of, 135. 

Anglo-French War in America, 169,1744. 

Angora, battle of, 31, 1402. 

Angouleme, Count d’, 59, 1515. 

Anjou, Duke of (King of Poland), 70, 
1573; 72. 

Anjou, Duke of, accession of, to the 
Spanish throne, 139, 1700. 


Annapolis, origin of name of, 137, 1694. 

Anne (Queen of England), accession of, 
150,1702. 

Anne (Empress of Russia), accession 
of, 163, 1730 ; death of, 166. 

Anne de Beaujeu, 37. 

Anne of Austria, death of, 125. 

Anne of Cleves, death of, 67, 1557. 

Anson, Commodore, voyage of, around 
the world, 170, 1744. 

Anthony Clement (King of Saxony), 
accession of, 317, 1827 ; death of, 328, 
1836. 

Antietam Creek, 419. 

Anti-Polygamy Bill, the, 510. 

Antoinette, Marie. (See Marie Antoi¬ 
nette.) 

Antonelli, Cardinal, death of, 494, 1876. 

Antonio de Bourbon, marriage of, 524. 

Aosta, Duke of (Amadeus of Savoy), 479, 
1870. 

Apache Indians invade New Mexico, 
519, 522. 

Apalachee Indians, defeat of, 152. 

Arabia, conquest of, 64, 1538. 

Aragon, line and union of, 32. 

Arblay, D’. (See D’Arblay.) 

Arbuthnot, death of, 309. 

Argali in America, xxii; 100, 1613 ; 101. 

Arctic expeditions, 341, 1845 ; 358,1851 ; 
514 1884. 

Ariosto, death of, 63, 1533. 

Arista, Gen. M., defeat of, 343. 

Arizona made a Territory, 436, 1863. 

Arkansas, admitted into the - Union, 
328, 1836 ; readmitted into the Union, 
472. 

Arkwright, Richard, the inventor, 186, 
1769. 

Arlington, Lord, 127. 

Arlington Heights, 384. 

Armagnacs, the, and the Burgundians, 
32, 1410. 

“Armed neutrality,” the, 233. 

Armenia, invasion of, 497. 

Armstrong, Col. John, 177. 

Armstrong, Gen., plan to invade Cana¬ 
da, 297. 

Army of the Cumberland, the, 431. 

Army of occupation, the, 344. 

Army of the Ohio, the, 433. 

Army of the Potomac, the, 406 ; before 
Petersburg, 444. 

Arnold, Benedict, and the “ Green 
Mountain Boys,” 194 ; in Canada, 197; 
210 ; 217; conspiracy and escape of, 
233 ; 235 ; in Virginia, 236 ; 241. 

Arthur, Chester A., elected Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S., 506 ; succeeds Presi¬ 
dent Garfield; sketch of, 507, 1881; 
death of, 524, 1886. 

Ashantee War, the. 487. 

Ashe, Col., defeat of, 222. 

Astor, John J., 342. 

Astor, William B., death of, 489. 

Astor Library opened, 363, 1854. 

Asturias, 474. 

I Atchison, David R., 360. 



xl 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL . 


Atkinson, Edward, 507. 

Atlanta, evacuation of, 448. 

Atlantic, the, first steam-passage across, 
310,1819; first regular passages across, 
331, 1838. 

Atlantic cable, the, 369, 1857 ; 370, 1858 ; 
465, 1866. 

Auber, death of, 481. 

Audubon, John James, death of, 359, 
1851. 

Augusta, battle near, 221. 

Augusta Victoria, Princess, marriage 
of, 509. 

Augustenburg, Prince, claims of, to the 
Danish throne, 438. 

Augustus I. (King of Poland) (Frederic), 
deposition of, 152 ; restoration of, 154, 
1709 ; death of, 263. 

Augustus II (King of Poland) (Fred¬ 
eric), 263. 

Austerlitz, battle of, 280, 1805. 

Australia, first English colony in, 246, 
1748. 

Austria, Archduke of, assumes the title 
of Charles III., King of Spain, 151, 
1703. 

Austria, invasion of, by Napoleon, 260, 
280, 288 ; form of government of, 541. 

Austria and Sardinia, object and result 
of the war between, 372, 1859 ; 374. 

Austrian Empire, beginning of the, 278, 
282, 1806. 

Austrian Exposition, the, 487. 

Austro-Turkish War, the, 158, 1716 ; 159, 
1718. 

Averysborough, N. C., 457. 

Axel Oxenstiern. (See Oxenstiern.) 

Ayacucho, battle of, 314, 1824. 

Ayllon, de, Lucas Vasquez, expeditions 
of, 60, 1520. 

Azores, discovery of the, 34. 

Bach, S., death of, 172, 1750. 

Bache, A. D., death of, 470. 

Bache, Gen. Hartman, death of, 482. 

Bacon, Francis, death of, 107, 1626. 

Bacon, Nathaniel, rebellion and death 
of, 129, 1676. 

Baffin, the navigator, 103, 1616. 

Bainbridge, Capt., 277, 1803. 

Bainbridge, Commodore, 293. 

Bajazet. Sultan of Turkey, defeat of, 
31, 1402. 

Balaklava, battle of, 365. 

Balboa, Vasco Nunez, 58,1513. 

Ball, Mary, 164, 1732. 

Ball’s Bluff, battle at, 385. 

Baltimore (1st), Lord, death of, 110,1632. 

Baltimore, Lord, in Maryland, 120 ; de¬ 
prived of his proprietary rights, 135, 
1691; death of, 157, 1715. 

Baltimore, foundation of the city of, 
162, 1729 ; attempt to capture, 301. 

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, first loco¬ 
motive on the, 321, 1831. 

Bank of England, incorporation of the, 

Bank of the United States, chartered, 


249, 1791; rechartered, 307, 1816 ; ex¬ 
piration of charter of, 328, 1836 ; bill 
to recharter, vetoed, 322, 1832. 

Bankrupt law of United States, 336 ; re¬ 
peal of, 498, 1878. 

Banks, Gen., in the Shenandoah Valley, 
412 ; defeat of, 439. 

Barbary pirates, the, 273. 

Barbauld, Letitia, death of, 316, 1825. 

Barnard, Gen. John G., death of,,511. 

Barnes, Surg.-Gen. Joseph K., death 
of, 512. 

Barneveldt. 95. 

Barron, Commodore, 310. 

Barthelemy, death of, 253, 1795. 

Bartholomew Diaz. (See Diaz.) 

Barton, Col., 206. 

Batavian Republic, the, founded, 253; 
changed to the Kingdom of Holland, 

282. 

Battenberg family, the, 516. 

Battle of the Nations, 299. 

Battle of the Spurs, 59, 1513. 

Baum, Col., defeat of, 211. 

Bavaria, the Duchy of, 280, 1805 ; form 
of government of, 543. 

Bayard, at the battle of the Spurs, 59 ; 
death of, 62, 1524. 

Bayard, Thomas F., appointed Secre¬ 
tary of State, 517. 

Bayle, Pierre, death of, 153, 1706. 

Beaconsfield, Earl of. (See Disraeli, B.) 

Beatrice, Princess, marriage of, 520. 

Beattie, death of, 277, 1803. 

Beauchamp, Lord, imprisonment of, 
100, 1611. 

Beaufort, 404. 

Beauharnais, Alexandre, 488. 

Beauharnais, Amelie, 322. • 

Beauharnais, Eugene, marriage of, 281, 
1806 ; death of, 314, 1824. 

Beauharnais, Hortense, 282. 

Beauharnais, Stephanie Louise Adri¬ 
enne, lineal descent of, 374. 

Beaumont, Francis, death of, 102, 1615. 

Beauregard, Gen., at Fort Sumter, 379. 

Beethoven, L. von, death of, 317, 1827. 

Behring, explorations of, 162, 1728'; 
death of, 168, 1741. 

Belcher, Sir Edward, 366. 

Belgium united to the Netherlands, 303, 
1814; secures its independence, 320, 
321,1830 ; form of government of, 540. 

Belgrade, siege of, 36, 1556 ; capture of, 
159, 1717. 

Bell, G. A., inventor of the telephone, 
491. 

Bellini, Vincenzo, death of, 328, 1835. 

Benedict XIV., 166, 1740. 

Bennett, James Gordon, 491. 

Bennington (Vt.), battle of, 211. 

Benton, Thomas H., 371, 1858. 

Bentonville (N. C.), 457. 

Bergen, settlement of, 103, 1617. 

Berkeley, Lord John, 124, 1664 ; 127, 
1674. / f 

Berkeley, Sir William, and N. Bacon, 
129, 1676. 





INDEX. 


xli 


Berlin Decree, the, 281, 283. 

Berlin Treaty, the, 499. 

Bernard, Count of Armagnacs, 32. 

Berri, Duke de, assassination of, 311, 
1820. 

Berwick, Duke of, James Fitz-James, 
153, 1707 ; death of, 104, 1734. 

Bible, Latin, early edition of, 35; the 
first printed, 36, 1460. 

“ Bickerstaff, Isaac,” 154, 1709. 

Biddle, Capt., 304. 

Bienville, 159, 17l8. 

Big Bethel, battle at. 385. 

Big Black River Bridge, 429. 

Bingham, Capt., 289, 1811. 

Binney, Horace, death of, 490. 

Black, Jeremiah S., appointed Secretary 
of State, 368 ; death of, 512. 

Black Hawk, 323, 1832. 

Black Hole of Calcutta, the, 178. 

Blaine, J. G., appointed Secretary of 
State, 506. 

Blair, Rev. James, 137, 1693. 

Blair, Montgomery, death of, 512. 

Blake, Adm., Robert, 119, 1652; death 
of, 121, 1657. 

Blakeley, Com., 302. 

Blanc, Louis, death of, 511. 

Blenheim, battle of, 151, 1704. 

Block, Adrian, discoveries of, 102, 1614 ; 
in Long Island Sound, 102, 1615. 

Blucher, entry of, into Paris, 306, 1815. 

Blunt, Sir John, 160. 

Bobadilla (Viceroy of Hispaniola), 42. 

Boileau-Despreaux, death of, 156. 

Bolivar, Gen. Simon, 310 1819; the 
statue of, 518. 

Bonaparte. (See also Napoleon.) 

Bonaparte, Caroline, death of, 332,1839. 

Bonaparte, Jerome, made King of West¬ 
phalia, 284, 1807. 

Bonaparte, Joseph, proclaimed King of 
Naples, 282,1806 ; made King of Spain, 
286, 1807 ; death of, 339, 1844. 

Bonaparte, Louis, made King of Hol¬ 
land, 282, 1806; deposition of, 289, 
1810 ; death of, 346, 1846. 

Bonaparte, Lucien, death of, 333, 1840. 

Bonaparte, Napoleon Eugene, death of, 
503, 1819. 

Bonaparte, Mme., marriage of, 284; 
death of, 502. 

Booneville, city of, 383. 

Boonsboro, 418. 

Booth, John Wilkes, 460. 

Bordeaux, Duke of (Henri V.), 320, 513. 

Bordeaux, entry of Wellington into, 299. 

Bossuet, death of, 152, 1704. 

Boston founded by the Puritans, 109, 
1630 ; inoculation introduced into, 161 ; 
arrival of British troops in, 186, 1768 ; 
siege and evacuation of, 198; lighted 
by gas, 312, 1821; the World’s Peace 
Jubilee at, 481,1872 ; great fire of, 482, 
1872. 

Boston Massacre, the, 187, 1770. 

Boston News Letter, the, 151, 1704. 

Boston Port Bill, the, 189. 1774. 


Boston Tea Party, the, 188, 1773. 
Boswell, death of, 253, 1795. 

Bourbon, De, Constable, death of, 62, 
1527. 


Bourbon dynasty, the, and its founder, 
263. 


Bourbon family compact, the, 182,1761; 
267. 


Bourbon, the house of, first King of, 76, 
1589 ; 282. 

Bourdaloue, death of. 152, 1704. 

Boyd, Col., death of, 222. 

Boylston, Dr., of Massachusetts, 161, 
1721. 

Boyne, battle of the, 134, 1690. 

Bracito, 347. 

Braddock, Gen., defeat and death of, 
175, 1755. 

Brady, J. T., Judge, death of, 476. 

Braganza, Duke of (John IX.), 115,1640. 

Bragg, Braxton, successful retreat of, 
399; at the battle of Murfrees- 
borough, 400. 

Brahe, Tycho, death of, 95, 1601. 

Brande, William T., death of, 468. 

Brandywine, battle of, 207. 

Brazil, discovery of, 42, 1500 ; flight of 
the Lisbon court to, 285, 1807; re¬ 
united to Portugal, 306, 1815; be¬ 
comes an empire, 312, 1822; form of 
government of, 544. 

Breckenbridge, John C., elected Vice- 
President of U. S., 367; death of, 
490. 


Bremer, Fredrika, death of, 464. 

Brewster, Sir Edward, death of, 474, 
1868. 

Bridge, Suspension-, at the Niagara, 
385, 1855. 

Brier Creek, 222, 1779. 

Bright, Jesse D., 360. 

Brindley, James, death of, 188, 1772. 

British Orders in Council, the, 282,1806 ; 
285, 1807. 

Brock, 291. 

Bronte, Charlotte (Currer Bell), death 
of, 366, 1855. 

Brook, Col., succeeds Ross, 301. 

Brooke, Lord, 109, 1631 ; 112. 

Brooklyn Bridge, opening of the, 511, 
1883. 

Brougham, Lord, death of, 474. 

Brown, B. Gratz, 484. 

Brown, John, 371. 

Brown, Gen., at Sackett’s Harbor, 297 ; 
in Canada, 299. 

Browning, Mrs. Elizabeth Barrett, death 
of, 390. 

Browillow, W. G., death of, 496. 

Brownson, Orestes A., death of, 493, 
1876. 

Bruce, Lady Augusta, 510. 

Bruinsburg (Miss.), 427. 

Brunei, birth of, 187. 

Brunswick (Ga.), 404. 

Bruy ere, La. death of, 138, 1696. 

Buchanan, James, appointed Secretary 
of State, 340 ; at the Ostend Confer- 





xlii LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


ence, 364, 1854; elected President of 
the U. S.; sketch of, 367, 1857 ; death 
of, 473. 

Buckland, F. T., death of, 504. 

Buckle, H. T., death of, 422. 

Buell, Gen., at Louisville, 390 ; in Ken¬ 
tucky, 398 ; relieved of command, 400. 

Buena Vista, battle of, 348, 1847. 

Buffon, death of, 246. 

Bull Run, battles at, 385, 417. 

Bull, Ole, death of, 504, 1880. 

Bulgaria, election of [the first King of, 
503. 

Bulwer, Rt. Hon. Sir E. Lytton, death 
of, 488. 

Bulwer, Sir H. Lytton, 354. 

Bunker Hill, battle of, 194, 1775 ; cente¬ 
nary celebration of, 489, 1875. 

Burgoyne, Gen., arrival of, in Canada, 
210 ; defeat and surrender of, 212, 
1777. 

Burke, Edmund, death of, 256, 1797. 

Burlingame, Hon. Anson, 472. 

Burney, Miss. (See D’Arblay.) 

Burning of the Gaspee, 188, i772. 

Burns, Robert, death of, 254, 1796. 

Burnside, Gen. Ambrose E., expeditions 
of, on the Atlantic coast, 403 ; super¬ 
sedes McClellan, 420 ; in East Tennes¬ 
see, 433 ; death of, 508. 

Burr, Aaron, elected Vice-President of 
the U. S., 273 ; duel of, with Alexan¬ 
der Hamilton, 278, 1804. 

Burrows, Lieut., 298. 

Butler, Col. John, 217. 

Butler, Gen., position of, at the begin¬ 
ning of the civil war, 384 ; at Hatteras 
Inlet, 387 ; in New Orleans, 395 ; and 
the movement to capture Richmond, 
441. 

Butler, Samuel, death of, 130, 1680. 

Byllinge, 127. 

Byng, Sir George. 154, 1708. 

Byrd, William, 165, 1737. 

Byron, Adm., notes on, 219. 

Byron, Lord, death of, 314, 1824. 

Byzantine Empire, fall of the, 35. 

Cabot, John, voyage of, 40, 1497. 

Cabot, Sebastian, Voyages and discov¬ 
eries of, 40, 1497 : 41, 1498 ; 56. 

Cabral (Pedro), Alvarez de, discovers 
Brazil, 42. 

Cabrillo, explorations of, 66, 1542. 

Cabul, 332. 

Cadiz, Francis Drake at, 75, 1588. 

Cahokia, 218. 

Cairo, 383. 

Calais taken, 67,1558. 

Calderon de la Barca, 113, 1636. 

Calendar, alteration in the, 72, 1582. 

Calhoun, John C., elected Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S., 315,. 319 ; appointed 
Secretary of State, 336 ; death of, 
357, 1850. 

California, Francis Drake takes posses¬ 
sion of, 71,1579 ; (Upper) ceded to the 
U. S., 350 ; discovery of gold in, 350, 


1848 ; admitted into the Union, 357, 
1850. 

Calixtus IH., 35, 1455. 

Calmar, the Union of, 32; dissolution 
of, 35, 1448 ; final dissolution of, 61, 89. 

Calvert. (See Baltimore, Lord.) 

Calvert, Leonard ; voyage of, to Amer¬ 
ica, 111, 1634. 

Calvert, Gov. Philip, and the rebellion 
in Maryland, 117, 121. 

Calvin, death of, 68,1564. 

Cambaceres, death of, 314, 1824. 

Cambridge (Mass.), origin of name of, 
114. 

Camden, village of, 228. 

Camoens, death of, 72, 1579. 

Campbell, Lieut.-Col., 220. 

Campo Formio, Treaty of, 255,1797 ; 274. 

Canada, Lord Roberval in, 65, 1542 ; 
first voyage to, 96, 1603 ; first French 
settlement in, 96 ; abortive attempts 
to conquer, 134 ; attempt to expel the 
French from, 179 ; surrender of, to 
the English, 181,1760 ; invasion of, 196, 
1775 ; arrival of Gen. Burgoyne in, 
209 ; invasions of, by the Americans, 
291, 292 ; rebellion in, 330, 331, 1838; 
the Fenians in, 466 ; formation of the 
Dominion of, 470, 1867; the Marquis 
of Lome in, 499 ; the Governors of, 
513. 

Canada and the U. S., fisheries treaty 
between, 497, 1878. 

Canadian Pacific Railroad, the, 520,1885. 

Canary Islands, the, 293. 

Canby, Gen., supersedes Banks, 439 ; 
and the surrender of the Confederate 
forces, 462 ; murder of, 48, 1873. 

Canonicus (Indian chief). 111, 1635. 

Canova, death of, 312, 1822. 

Cape Cod, 95, 1602. 

Cape Fear River, first settlement of, 
122, 1661 ; 124, 1665. 

Cape La Hogue, battle off, 136. 

Cape of Good Hope (Tormentoso), dis¬ 
covery of, 38. 

Capistran, John, 36 ; 1456. 

Carleton, William, death of, 477. 

Carlisle, John G., 517. 

Carlisle (Pa.), 425. 

Carlists, the, 487. 

Carlyle, Thomas, death of, 510. 

Carnifex Ferry, 382. 

Carolina, origin of the name of, 68, 122 ; 
Locke’s Grand Model in, 126, 1663. 

Carolinas, the, bought by George II., 
162, 1729. 

Caroline (Queen of England), death of, 
312. 

Carracci, Agostino, death of, 95, 1602. 

Carracci, Annibale, death of, 99. 1609. 

Carracci, Ludovico, death of, 104, 1619. 

Carrick’s Ford, 382. 

Carroll, Charles, death of, 323, 1832. 

Carteret, Sir George, 124, 1664 ; and the 
Quakers. 128. « 

Carteret, Philip, 125. 

Carteret County Colony, 126, 1670. 



INDEX. 


xliii 


Carthage (Mo.), 383. 

Carthagena. 166. 

Cartier in Canada, 65., 1541 ; explora¬ 
tions of, 63, 64, 1534 ; 65, 1535 ; and 
Lord Roberval, 65, 1541. 

Cary, Alice, death of, 480. 

Cary, Phcebe, death of, 480. 

Casas, Las, death of, 69, 1666. 

Casco Bay, 134. 

Cass, Lewis, appointed Secretary of 
State, 368 ; death of, 467. 

Castelar, Emilio, 487. 

Castella, Juan Nova de. (See Nova.) 

Castile and Aragon, union of, 37, 1479. 

Castine, village of, 224. 

Castlereagh, Lord, birth of, 187. 

Catharine of Braganza, death of, 152, 
1705. 

Catherine I. (Empress of Russia), acces¬ 
sion of, 161, 1725. 

Catherine II. (Empress of Russia) ac¬ 
cession of, 182,1762 ; and the “ armed 
neutrality,” 234. 

Catherine of Valois, marriage of, 33, 
1420. 

Catholic Emancipation Bill, the, 319, 
1829. 

Catholic hierarchy in Scotland, restora¬ 
tion of, 500. 

Cavour, Count, death of, 390. 

Cawnpore, massacre at, 369. 

Caxton, William, and the art of print¬ 
ing, 37, 1476. 

Cedar Mountain (Va.), 416. 

Celebrated men of the 15th century, 52 ; 
of the 16th, 87; of the 17th, 140; of 
the 18th, 265 ; of the 19th, 533. 

Census of the United States. (See U. S. 
Census.) 

Centennial Exposition, the (American), 
490, 1876. 

Central Park (N. Y.), the Egyptian obe¬ 
lisk in, 503, 1880. 

Centreville, 385. 

Cerro Gordo, battle of, 348, 1847. 

Cervantes, death of, 103, 1616. 

Cetewayo (King of Zululand), capture 
of, 502. 

Chad’s Ford, battle at, 207. 

Chambers, Robert, death of, 481. 

Chambersburg (Pa.), 425. 

Chambord, Comte de, 320 ; 513, 1883. 

Champion Hill, 429. 

Champlain, Samuel de, voyages of, to 
Mexico, 77, 1599 ; to Canada, 95,1603 ; 
96,1604 ; at Quebec, 98, 1608. 

Champlain, Lake, origin of the name 
of, 98. 

Champollion, J. F., 317, 1828. 

Chancellorsville, battle of, 424. 

Chantilly (Va.), 417. 

Chapultepec, 349, 1847. 

Charlemagne. 282. 

Charles I. (King of England), accession 
of, 106, 1625 ; defeat and betrayal 
of. 117, 1645-’46; execution of, 118, 
1649. 

Charles II. (King of England) and the 


Commonwealth, 118 ; coronation of, 
119, 1651 ; 121, 1660 ; grants of, 122, 
1662 ; 123, 1664 ; 127, 1673. 

Charles VI. (King of France), 32 ; death 
of, 33, 1422. 

Charles VII. (King of France), corona¬ 
tion of, 34 ; death of, 36. 

Charles VIII. (King of France), acces¬ 
sion of, 37, 1483. 

Charles IX. (King of France), accession 
of, 67, 1560 ; death of, 70. 

Charles X. (King of France), accession 
of, 314, 1824 ; abdication of, 320. 

Charles V. (Emperor of Germany), 60, 
1519 ; attempts to subdue Florida, 63, 
1528 ; and the League of Smalcald, 63, 
1531 ; and the Smalcald princes, 66, 
1546; and the electorate of Saxony, 
66, 1548 ; abdication of, 67, 1556 ; and 
the Netherlands, 67 ; death of, 67,1558. 

Charles VI. (Emperor of Germany), ac¬ 
cession of, 154, 1711 ; and the Prag¬ 
matic Sanction, 161 ; 1723 ; treaty of, 
with England, 164,1731 ; death of, 166, 
1740. 

Charles VII. (Emperor of Germany), ac¬ 
cession of, 168, 1742 ; death of, 170. 

Charles I. (King of Roumania), acces¬ 
sion of, 508. 

Charles I. (King of Spain), accession of, 
59, 1516 ; elected Emperor of Ger¬ 
many, 60, 1519. 

Charles II. (King of Spain), accession 
of, 125, 1665 ; death of, 139, 1700. 

Charles III. (King of Spain), 151, 1703 ; 
accession of, 181, 1759 ; death of, 246. 

Charles IV. (King of Spain), accession 
of, 246, 1748 ; abdication of, 286. 

Charles VIII. (Canutson) (King of Swe¬ 
den), 35, 1448 ; death of, 36, 1470. 

Charles IX. (King of Sweden), accession 
of. 96, 1604 ; death of, 100. 

Charles X. (King of Sweden), accession 
of, 120, 1654 ; death of, 121. 

Charles XI. (King of Sweden), accession 
of, 121, 1660 ; death of, 139. 

Charles XII. (King of Sweden), acces¬ 
sion of, 139, 1697 ; and the Northern 
Alliance, 139, 1699; defeat of, 154, 
1709 ; death of, 159, 1718. 

Charles XIII. (King of Sweden), acces¬ 
sion of, 288, 1809 ; death of, 310, 1818. 

Charles XIV. (King of Sweden), acces¬ 
sion of, 310, 1818 ; death of, 339. 

Charles XV. (King of Sweden), acces¬ 
sion of, 372, 1859 ; death of, 483. 

Charles I. (King of Wlirtemberg), ac¬ 
cession of, 453, 1864. 

Charles (Duke of Braganza), 524. 

Charles of Hohenzollern, Prince, death 
of, 520. 

Charles the Bold, accession of, 36,1467 ; 
death of, 37, 1477. 

Charles Albert (Elector of Bavaria), 168. 

Charles Albert (King of Sardinia), ac¬ 
cession of, 321, 1831. 

Charles Augustus, Prince, death of, 289, 
1810. 



xliv LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Charles Edward (the Young Pretender), 
170, 1745 ; 171, 1746. 

Charles Emanuel (King of Sardinia), ac¬ 
cession of, 163, 1730 ; death of, 189. 

Charles IY. (King of Sardinia), corona¬ 
tion of, 254, 1796 ; abdication of, 276, 
1802. 

Charles Felix (King of Sardinia), acces¬ 
sion of, 312, 1821 ; death of, 321, 1831. 

Charleston (S. C.), foundation of, 130, 
1680 ; attempt to capture, 152, 1706 ; 
attack on, 199 ; siege and surrender 
of, 227 ; bombardment of, 435 ; earth¬ 
quakes in, 522, 1886. 

Charlestown founded, 108, 1629 ; burn¬ 
ing of, 194. 

Charlotte, Princess of Great Britain, 
death of, 309. 

Charter Oak, the, 132, 1687 ; 133. 

Chartists, the, 332. 

Chartres, Duke of, 520. 

Charts, mechanism of the, 15-18. 

Chase, Salmon P., death of, 487, 1873. 

Chateaubriand, birth of, 187. 

Chatham, Earl of, 185, 1766 ; and the 
American War of Independence, 190 ; 
death of, 221, 1778. 

Chattanooga, Tenn., 392, 398. 

Chauncey, Com., 296. 

Chemung, battle of, 225, 1779. 

Chen Lan Pin (Chinese ambassador), 
498. 

Cheraw, Sherman in, 456. 

Cherokees, the, in Carolina, defeat of, 
182, 1761. 

Cherry Valley, massacre at, 217, 1778. 

Cherubini, death of, 337, 1842. 

Chesapeake Bay, 41, 1498 ; trading-post 
at, 109, 1631. 

Chesterfield, Lord, death of, 189, 1773. 

Chicago, the great fire of, 480, 1871. 

Chickahominy River, the, 410. 

Chickamauga, battle of, 431. 

Chihuahua (Mexico), 346. 

Childress, Sarah, 339. 

Chili becomes a republic, 309, 1818. 

China, famine in, 499. 

China and England, origin of the Opium 
War between, 332, 333 ; end of the 
Opium War, 337 ; war between, 369. 

China and the United States, treaties 
between, 338, 1844 ; 472, 1868 ; 504. 

Chinese embassy in the United States, 
the first, 498. 

Chinese question, the, in the United 
States, 501, 1879 ; 504, 1880 ; 510, 1882. 

Choate, Rufus, death of, 372, 1859. 

Chopin, death of, 354, 1849. 

Chowan River, first settlement near, 
119, 1651. 

Christian, Letitia, 335. 

Christian I. (King of Denmark), death 
of, 37, 1481. 

Christian II. (King of Denmark), 59, 
1513 ; proclaimed King of Sweden, 61, 
1520 ; 89 ; deposition of, 61, 1523. 

Christian III. (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 64, 1534. 


Christian IV. (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 76, 1588 ; death of, 118. 

Christian V. (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 126, 1670 ; death of, 139, 171. 

Christian VI. (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 163, 1730. 

Christian VII. (King of Denmark), ac¬ 
cession of, 185, 1766 ; deposition of, 
244, 1784 ; death of, 286. 

Christian VIII. (King of Denmark), ac¬ 
cession of, 332, 1839 ; death of, 351. 

Christian IX. (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 437, 1863. 

Christian I.,Duke of Oldenburg, 35,1448. 

Christian, Prince, marriage of, 468. 

Christina (Queen of Spain), regency of, 
521. 


Christina (Queen of Sweden), accession 
of, 110, 1632 ; abdication of, 120, 1653. 

Christopher (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 35, 1439 ; elected King of Swe¬ 
den, 35, 1440 ; death of, 35, 1448. 

Churchill, John. (See Marlborough.) 

Chrysler’s Field, battle of, 297. 

Churubusco (Mexico), 349, 1847. 

Cibber, Colley, death of, 178, 1757. 

Cimarosa, death of, 275, 1801. 

Cincinnati founded, 246, 1748 ; in dan¬ 
ger, 398. 

Cisalpine Republic, the, 255, 1797. 

Civil-Service Reform Bill, 511. 

Civil war in America. (See American 
civil war.) 

Civil war in England, 116, 1642. 

Civil war in Maryland, 120, 1655. 

Clarendon, Lord, 122, 1663. 

Clarendon County Colony, formation 
of, 124, 1683. 

Clark, Col. George Rogers, expedition 
of, 217, 278. 

Clark, Capt. William, explorations of, 
278. 


Clay, Henry, and the Missouri Com¬ 
promise, 311, 1821; appointed Secre¬ 
tary of State, 315 ; the Omnibus Bill, 
356, 1850 ; death of, 359, 1852. 

Clayborne, William, and the Indians, 
109, 1631. 

Clayborne’s rebellion in Maryland, 117, 
1645. \ 

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, the, 354. W 

Clement VII., 61, 1523. \ 

Clement VIII., 77, 1592. 

Clement IX., 125, 1667. 

Clement X., 126, 1670. 

Clement XI., 139, 1700. 

Clement XH., 163, 1730. 

Clement XIII., 179, 1758. 

Clement XIV., 186, 1769. 

Cleopatra’s Needle, 503, 1880. 

Cleveland, Grover, elected President of 
the U. S., sketch of, 516,1885. 

Clinton, George, elected Vice-President 
of the U. S., 279, 288 ; death of, 293, 
1812. 

Clinton, Sir Henry, attack on Charles¬ 
ton by, 198 ; defeat of, 216. 

Clive, Lord Robert, in India, 172, 1751 ; 




INDEX. 


xlv 


178, 1757 ; sketch of, 173 ; death of, 
192, 1774. 

Clyde, Lord Colin Campbell, death of, 
438. 

Coal, discovery of, in Pennsj'lvania, 249. 

Cochrane, Admiral, 300. 

Cockburn, Admiral, 298. 

Cockburn, Sir Alexander J. E., 504. 

Coddington and the purchase of Rhode 
Island, 113, 1636. 

Codrington, Sir Edward, 317. 

Coeur, Jean, 172. 

Colbert, death of, 131,1683. 

Cold Harbor, battle of, 443. 

Coleridge, S. T., death of, 327, 1834. 

Colfax, Schuyler, elected Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S., 476 ; death of, 519. 

Coligny and the Huguenot settlements, 
67, 68, 1562, 1564. 

Colleton, Governor, deposition of, 132, 
1686. 

Colley, Gen., in the Transvaal, 509. 

Colombia, the Republic of, 310, 1819. 

Colorado made a Territory, 376 ; ad¬ 
mitted into the Union, 491, 1876 ; out¬ 
break of the Ute Indians of, 501, 1879. 

Columbia, S. C., evacuation of, 456. 

Columbia River, discovery of, 249. 

Columbus, Christopher, voyages and 
discoveries of, 29 ; 39-42, 1492-’93, 
1498 ; 55, 1502 ; birth of, 34, 1435 ; ancl 
John H., 37, 1484 ; imprisonment of, 
42, 1500 ; death of, 56, 1506. 

Columbus (Ky.), 391. 

Commonwealth, in Eng., proclamation 
of the, 118, 1649. 

Confederate States of America, forma¬ 
tion of the, 375. 

Congo, Free State of the, 519, 520. 

Congo River, exploration of the, 491. 

Congress, the first Continental, 190,195 ; 
destruction of the library of, 358,1851. 

Congress of Vienna, 303. 

Connaught, Duke of, marriage of, 503. 

Connecticut, history of the Colony of, 
xv, xvii; foundation of the collegiate 
school in, 149, 1701 ; Gen. Tryon in, 
224 ; Governor Fletcher in, 137, 1693. 

Connecticut and New Haven Colonies, 
union of, 124, 1665. 

Connecticut and Saybrooke Colonies, 
union of, 117, 1644. 

Connecticut charter, concealment and 
restoration of, 132, 1687. 

Connecticut Colony, formation of the, 
113, 1633 ; charter of, 122, 1662. 

Connecticut River, discovery of, 102, 
1614; opening of a trading-post on 
the, 110. 

Connecticut Valley, perilous journey 
through, 112. 

Conner, Commodore, 345, 348. 

Conscience, H., death of, 513. 

Conscription riot in New York, 430. 

Constantine XIII., death of, 35. 

Constantine, Grand-Duke, 315. 

Constantinople taken by the Turks, 35, 
1453. 


Continental army in 1775, 196 : in 1783, 
243, 244. 

Continental system, the, 281. 

Contreras, battle of, 349, 1847. 

Convention of Pilnitz, 249. 

Conway, Gen., 209. 

Cook, Capt., 220, 1778. 

Coomassie, destruction of, 487. 

Cooper, James Fenimore, death of, 359, 
1851. 

Cooper, Peter, death of, 512, 1883. 

Copenhagen, bombardment of, 285. 

Copernicus, death of, 66, 1543. 

Cordova, Francisco Ferdinand, 59. 

Cordova, Gonsalvo de. (See Gonsalvo.) 

Corinth (Miss.), concentration of Confed¬ 
erate forces at, 392; evacuation of, 
395 ; battle of, 399. 

Corn laws, repeal of, 346. 

Corneille, Pierre, death of, 132, 1684. 

Cornwallis, Lord, in the South, 227, 228 ; 
at King’s Mountain, 231; surrender 
of, 240, 1781. 

Cornwallis’s surrender, centenary cele¬ 
bration of, 508, 1881. 

Coronado, exploration of, 64, 1540. 

Correggio, death of, 64, 1534. 

Corsica, ceded to the French, 187. 

Cortes, Hernando, arrival of, in San 
Domingo, 56, 1504 ; in Cuba, 58, 1511; 
at Tabasco, Mexico, 59, 1518-’19. 

Cortes Assembly, the, 293. 

Cortoreal, Caspar, voyages of, 55, 1501. 

Corvinus, Matthias, 35, 36. 

Cotton, cultivation of, in Virginia, 104, 
1621. 

Cotton-gin, invention of the, 250, 1793. 

Cottyunk, discovery of, 95. 

Council of Basle, the, 34. 

Council of Constance, the. 33, 1414. 

Council of Florence, the, 34, 1439. 

Council of New England, the, 104, 1620 ; 
105, 1622 ; 109,1630 ; and Endicott, 107, 
1628. 

Council of Trent, the, 66, 1545. 

Cousin, Victor, death of, 471, 1867. 

Cowpens, battle of, 237. 

Cowper, William, death of, 260, 1800. 

Cracow declared a free city, 305. 

Crawford, Thomas, death of, 369,1857. 

Crawford, William H., elected Vice- 
President of the U. S., 288. 

Crazy Horse (Indian chief), 491. 

Cr6billon, death of, 182, 1762. 

Credit Mobilier, the, 485, 1873. 

Creek War, the, 298, 299, 1814. 

Crimean War, the origin of, 363, 1853 ; 
progress of, 364, 366. 

Crittenden, John J., death of, 437. 

Croghan, Maj., 295. 

Cromwell, Oliver, proclaimed Lord Pro¬ 
tector, 119, 1653 ; death of, 121, 1658. 

Cromwell, Richard, proclaimed Lord 
Protector, 121, 1658. 

Cross Keys, 413. 

Croton Aqueduct, 337. 

Crozat, Anthony, in Louisiana, 155,1712; 
resignation of, 158, 1717. 




xlvi LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Crystal Palace, the (N. Y.), 362. 

Cuba, discovery of, 39, 1492; Spanish 
colony founded in, 58, 1511 ; invasion 
of, 354,1850 ; 357,1851; the “ Tripartite 
Treaty,” 359, 1852. 

Culloden, battle of, 171,1746. 

Culpeper, Lord, 127 ; appointed Gov¬ 
ernor of Virginia, 129, 1677. 

Cumberland Gap (Mo.), 391. 

Cushing, Caleb, 338 ; death of. 502. 

Cushing, Lieut., 451. 

Cushman, Charlotte, death of, 493. 

Custer, Gen. G. A., massacre of, 490, 
1876. 

Custis, Col., and family, 384. 

Custis, George Washington Parke, 384. 

Custis, Mrs. Martha, 247. 

Cuvier, George, birth of, 187 ; death of, 
324, 1832, 

Cyprus, Island of, 499. 

Dade, Maj., 327. 

Daguerre’s photography, 332, 1839. 

Dahlgren, Lieut., death of, 439. 

Dahlgren, Rear-Adm. J. A., death of, 
478, 1870. 

Dakota made a Territory, 376, 1861. 

D’Alembert. (See Alembert, d’.) 

Dallas, George M., elected Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S., 340. 

Dallas, battle of, 447. 

Dalton (Ga.), 433. 

Dana, Richard A., death of, 502. 

Danish navy, capture of the, by the 
British, 285. 

D’Arblay, Madame, death of, 333,1840. 

Dare, Mrs., 75. 

Darien, Ga., 404. 

Darien, Isthmus of, Spanish colony 
planted on the, 58, 1510; Balboa on 
the, 58, 1513 ; Drake on the, 70, 1572. 

Darwin, Charles, death of, 511. 

D’Aubigne, Merle, death of, 483. 

David, death of, 316, 1825. 

Davis the Navigator, 73, 1585. 

Davis, Rear-Adm. Charles Henry, at 
Memphis, 396 ; death of, 496. 

Davis, David, 507. 

Davis, Jefferson, elected President of 
the Confederate States, 376 ; flight 
and capture of, 459. 

Davis Strait, discovei’y of, 73, 1585. 

Davy, Sir Humphry, 319, 1829. 

Deane, Silas, 213. 

Dearborn, Gen. Henry, in the Anglo- 
American War, 291, 296 ; resigns his 
commission, 297. 

De Berri. (See Berri.) 

De Bourbon. (See Bourbon.) 

Decatur, Com. Stephen, 277, 1804 ; in 
the Anglo-American War, 293 ; in the 
U. S. war with Algiers, 304, 1815 ; 
death of, 310. 

De Chastes, 96. 

Declaration of American Independence, 
the, 200, 1776. 

Deerfield (Mass.), destruction of, 151, 
1703. 


D’Estaing, Count, arrival in America 
of, 218, 1778 ; defeat of, 223; execu¬ 
tion of, 252, 1794. 

De Foe, Daniel, 159, 1719 ; death of, 164, 
1731. 

De Gourges in Florida, 70. 

De Haven, Lieut., 358. 

De Kalb, Baron, sketch of, 215, 230. 

Delacroix, F. N. E., death of, 438. 

Delaware. Lord, appointed Governor 
of Virginia, 98 ; arrival in America 
of, 100, 1610 ; death of, 103, 1618. 

Delaware, history of the colony of, 
xxii-xxiv ; 114, 1638 ; separated from 
Pennsylvania, 150, 1703. 

Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, 
the, 316, 1827. 

De Lesseps, Ferdinand, and the Suez 
Canal, 476 ; and the Panama Canal, 
509. 

De Long, G. W., death of, 508. 

Denmark, accession of the Glucksburg 
line to the throne of, 437; form of 
government of, 542. 

Dent, Julia. 475. 

Denys (Honfleur), explorations of, 57, 
1506. 

Department of the Cumberland, the, 400. 

Department of the Mississippi, the, 392, 
397. 

Department of the Missouri, the, 382, 
391. 

Department of the Ohio, the, 382, 391. 

Department of the Tennessee, the, 397, 
427. 

Department of the West, the, 382. 

Depew, Chauncey M., 523. 

De Ruyter, 119, 1652. 

Descartes, death of, 119, 1650. 

De Soto, Fernando, expedition of, to 
Florida, 64, 1539 ; explorations of, 65, 
1541; death of, 1542. 

De Stael, Madame, death of, 309, 1817. 

Destouches, Adm., 236. 

De Ternay, death of, 236. 

Detroit founded, 149, 1701; fall of, 294. 

Dettingen, battle of, 169, 1743. 

Devereux, Robert (Earl of Essex), 95, 
1601. 

De Witt, John, 119, 1652 ; assassination 
of, 127, 1672. 

Diaz, Bartholomew, 38, 1486. 

D’Iberville in Mississippi, 139, 155, 1699, 
1712 ; death of, 152, 1706. 

Dickens, Charles, death of, 479, 1870. 

Dickerson College, 425. 

Diderot, death of, 244, 1784. 

Dieskau, Gen., 176. 

Diet of Ratisbon, 66, 1546. 

Diet of Spires, 63, 1529. 

Diet of Worms, 61, 1521. 

Disraeli, B., created Earl of Beacons- 
field, 493 ; death of, 510. 

Disraeli, Isaac, death of, 351, 1845. 

Dix, John A., death of, 502. 

Dom Miguel proclaimed King of Portu¬ 
gal, 316, 317, 1828; expelled from 
Portugal, 326, 1834. 




INDEX ,; 


xlvii 


Don Carlos, coronation of, 164, 1735 ; 
accession to the throne of Spain, 181. 

Don Carlos expelled from Spain, 326, 
1834 ; and his claims to the Spanish 
throne, 389. 

Don Carlos Buell, Gen., 382. 

Don Carlos de Bourbon, death of, 389. 

Doniphan, Col., in the United States 
war with Mexico, 347. 

Donizetti, death of, 351, 1848. 

Don John of Austria, at the battle of 
Lepanto, 70, 1571; death of, 71, 1578. 

Don Juan. (See Juan, Don.) 

Donop, Count, defeat and death of, 208. 

Dore, Paul Gustave, death of, 513, 1883. 

Doria, Andreas, death of. 67, 1560. 

Dorr Rebellion, the, 336, 1842. 

Dost, Mohammed, death of, 438. 

Douglas, Earl of, capture of, 31. 

Douglas, Stephen A., 364 ; death cf, 388. 

Dover (N. H.), Indian ware in, 134. 

Downie, Com., 300. 

Drake, Sir Francis, career and voyages 
of, 69-74,1567, 1577,1587 ; death of, 77, 
1596. 

Dudley, Robert. (See Leicester, Earl 
of.) 

Dufferin, Lord, 499, 513. 

Dumas, Alexandre, death of, 479. 

Dunbar, battle of, 118, 1650. 

Dunkirk (France), surrender of, 121, 
1658. 

Dunmore, Governor, 197. 

Dunois, 59. 

Dupanloup, Mgr., death of, 500. 

Dupont, Com., at Port Royal Harbor, 
387 ; 404. 

Dupont, Rear-Adm. Samuel F., death 
of, 463. 

Durazzo, Charles, 33. 

Diirer, Albert, death of, 63, 1528. 

Dustin, Hannah, 138. 

Dutch East India Company, the, 95, 
1602 ; formation of, 99, 1614. 

Dutch Republic, rise of the, 72; inde¬ 
pendence of, 99,1609 ; at the death of 
William IH., 262. 

Dutch West India Company, the, 101, 
1614 ; 104, 1621; in Connecticut, 110. 

Draper, Henry, death of, 511. 

Draper, J. W., death of, 511. 

Drexel, Francis A., death of, 519. 

Drummond, Gen., besieges Fort Erie, 
300. 

Dryden, death of, 139, 1700.. 

Early, Gen., in Virginia and Pennsyl¬ 
vania, 444. 

Earthquakes in Charleston, 522, 1886; 
513, 1883 ; in Spain, 516, 1884. 

East India Company, the, incorporation 
of, 153, 1708 ; extinction of, 371, 1858. 

Eastern Archipelago, discovery in the, 
61. 

Eastern Empire, the, fall of, 30; ex¬ 
tinction of, 35, 1453. 

Eastern Roumelia, revolt in, 520. 

Eastlake, Sir Charles L., death of, 464. 


Eaton, Capt., 278, 279. 

Ecuador, the Republic of, 310. 

Edict of Nantes, the, 77, 1598 ; revoca¬ 
tion of, 132, 1685. 

Edinburgh, Duke of. (See Alfred, 
Prince.) 

“Edinburgh Review,” publication of 
the, 276, 1802. 

Edison, Thomas A., inventions of, 502, 
1879. 

Educational Bureau established in the 
U. S., 469, 1867. 

Edward (Duarte), King of Portugal, 
death of, 34, 1438. 

Edward IV. (King of Eng.), proclama¬ 
tion of, 36 : death of, 37. 

Edward V. (King of Eng.), accession of, 
37, 1483. 

Edward VI. (King of Eng.), accession of, 

66, 1547 ; death of, 66. 

Effingham, Charles, Lord Howard of. 

(See Howard.) 

Egmont, Count, execution of, 70, 1568. 

Egypt, conquest of, 59, 1517 ; Napoleon 
in, 257, 1798; cholera in, 512; the 
Soudan rebellion in, 516, 519, 1884. 

Elba, Island of, 303, 1814. 

Eliot, George, death of, 504, 1880. 

Elizabeth (Queen of Eng.), accession of, 

67, 1558 ; death of, 96. 

Elizabeth (Empress of Russia), acces¬ 
sion of, 168, 1741 ; death of, 182, 1761. 

Elizabeth, Princess, marriage of, 516. 

Elizabeth City, 403. 

Elizabethtown, 125. 

Emanuel the Great, accession of, to the 
throne of Portugal, 40, 1495; death 
of, 61. 

Emerson, Ralph W., death of, 511, 1882. 

Emmet, Robert, execution of, 277. 

Encyclopaedia Britannica, publication 
of, 187, 1771. 

Endicott, John, voyage of, to America, 
107, 1628. 

Endicott, William C., 518. 

Enghein, Duke d\ birth and death of, 
188,1772 ; 279. 

England. (See also Great Britain.) 

England, Wars of the Roses in, 35,1455 ; 
suppression of monasteries in, 64, 
15:38 ; civil war in, 116, 1642 ; restora¬ 
tion of monarchy in, 121,1660 ; revolu¬ 
tion in, 133; joins the “Grand Alli¬ 
ance,” 150 ; inoculation introduced 
into, 161, 1721 ; abolition of slavery in 
the British colonies, 326; the Chart¬ 
ists in, 332. 

England and Abyssinia, war between, 
473. 

England and Afghanistan, war be¬ 
tween, 332 ; second war between, 498. 

England and the Boers, war between, 
508. 

England and China, origin of the Opium 
War between, 332, 333 ; end of the 
Opium War. 337 ; war between, 369. 

England and France, war between, 169, 
1744. 



xlviii LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


England and France in America, war 
between, 133. 

England and Holland, war between, 125, 
1667; 127, 1674. 

England and Ireland, union of, 274. 

England and Russia, origin of the 
Crimean War, 363, 1853. 

England and Scotland, union of, 153, 
1707. 

England and Spain, wars between, 121, 
1655; 182, 1761. 

England and the United States, treaty 
of peace between, 242, 1783; treaty 
between, 252,1795 ; war between, 291- 
304, 1812, 1814; the Webster-Ashbur¬ 
ton Treaty, 336, 1842; the Oregon 
Treaty, 342, 1846 ; the Clayton-Bulwer 
Treaty, 354 ; second Treaty of Wash¬ 
ington, 479, 1871. 

England and Zululand, war between, 

502, 1879. 

English and Dutch, war between, 119, 
1652. 

Epes Sargent, death of, 504, 1880. 

Erasmus, death of, 64, 1536. 

Eric (King of Denmark), accession of, 
32, 1417 ; deposition of, 35, 1439. 

Eric XIV. (King of Sweden), accession 
of, 67, 1560 ; deposition of, 70, 1569. 

Erie Canal, the, completion of, 315,1825. 

Espartero (.grandee of Spain), death of, 

503. 

Espejo, Don Antonio de, exploration 
of, 72, 1582. 

Essex, Earl of, death of, 95, 1601. 

Eton College, 35. 

Etruria, the Kingdom of, 275 ; 525,526. 

Eugene, Prince, 153, 1708; 154, 1709; 
158, 1716; 159, 1717; death of, 165, 
1736. 

Eugenius IV., 34, 1426. 

Eulalia, Infanta, marriage of, 524. 

Euler, Leonard, death of, 244, 1783. 

Europe, the Seven Years’ War in, 177- 
179, 1758. 

European rulers of the 19th century, 529. 

European sovereigns of the 15th cent¬ 
ury, 51; of the 16th, 88; of the 17th, 
142 ; of the 18th, 261. 

Eutaw Springs, result of the battle of, 
241. 

Evarts, William M., appointed Secre¬ 
tary of State, 495. 

Evans, Marian, death of, 504. 

Everett, Edward, appointed Secretary 
of State, 356 ; and the sale of Mount 
Vernon, 370 ; death of, 463. 

Ewell, Gen. R. S., death of, 482. 

Exercises, 19-25, 81-83, 537-539. 

Exposition of the Industries of all Na¬ 
tions, 487. 

Eyck, Van, Hubert, 34,1425. 

Eyck, Van, John, 34, 1425. 

Faber, Cecilia Bohl de, death of, 497. 

Fabius Maximus, 202. 

Fairfax, Anne, 168, 1743. 

Fairhaven (Mass.), 219. 


Fair Oaks, 411. 

Falconer, death of, 187. 1769. 

Falls of St. Anthony, 130, 1680. 

Falmouth (Va.), 420. 

Family compact, the, 182, 1761. 

Famous men of the 15th century, 52 ; 
of the 16th, 87; of the 17th, 140 ; of 
the 18th, 264 ; of the 19th, 533. 

Farragut, Adm. D. G., at Vicksburg, 
396; at New Orleans, 404; at Mobile 
Bay, 450 ; death of, 478, 1870. 

Favre, Jules C. G., death of, 504. 

Fayetteville (N. C.), 457. 

Feejee Islands, 489. 

Fenelon (Archp.), 156, 157, 1715. 

Fenian Brotherhood, the, in America, 
466. 

Fenwicke, 127. 

Feodor II., accession of, to the throne 
of Russia, 129, 1676. 

Feodora, Princess, marriage of, 317, 
1828. 

Feodorovitz, Michael, 101. 

Ferdinand I. (the Just) (King of Ara¬ 
gon), 32, 1412. 

Ferdinand I. (Emperor of Austria), ac¬ 
cession of, 328, 1835 ; abdication of, 
351 ; death of, 490. 

Ferdinand I. (Emperor of Germany), 
coronation of, 67, 1558 ; death of, 68. 

Ferdinand II. (Emperor of Germany), 
accession of, 103, 1619 ; death of, 114. 

Ferdinand IH. (Emperor of Germany), 
accession of, 114, 1637 ; death of, 121. 

Ferdinand I. (or IV.) (King of Naples), 
deposition of, 282 ; restoration of, 306 ; 
death of, 316. 

Ferdinand H. (King of Naples), corona¬ 
tion of, 321 ; death of, 372. 

Ferdinand VI. (King of Spain), accession 
of, 171, 1746. 

Ferdinand VII. (King of Spain), acces¬ 
sion of, 286, 1807 ; restoration of, 303, 
1814 ; 313, 1823 ; death of, 325, 1833. 

Ferdinand and Isabella, 56. 

Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 521. 

Ferdinand, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, 325, 
521. 

Ferdinand the Catholic, 37, 1479 ; joins 
the Holy ^League, 58, 1511 ; death of, 
59, 1516. 

Ferdinand Philippe (Duke of Orleans), 
death of, 337. 

Fernandina, 404. 

Ferry, Hon. Thomas W., 484. 

Field, Cyrus W., 465. 

Field of the Cloth of Gold, 60, 1520. 

Fielding, death of, 175, 1754. 

Fillmore, Millard, elected Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S., 353 ; becomes Presi¬ 
dent ; sketch of, 355, 1850 ; death of, 
488. 


First Continental army, the. (See Con¬ 
tinental.) 

First newspaper in America, the, 151, 
1704. 


First voyage round the World, the, 61, 
1522. 



INDEX. 


xlix 


Fish, Hamilton, elected Secretary of 
State, 476, 484. 

Fish-culture in the United States, 484. 

Fisheries dispute between the United 
States and Great Britain, 359. 

Fisher’s Hill, battle of, 445. 

Fishing Creek, Sumter’s defeat at, 230. 

Five Forks, battle of, 459. 

Fletcher, death of, 106, 1625. 

Fletcher (Governor of New York), fu¬ 
tile attempt of, to command the Con¬ 
necticut militia, 137, 1693. 

Fleury, Cardinal, death of, 169,1743. 

Flodden Field, battle of, 59, 1513. 

Florida, discovery of, 58, 1512; the 
founding of St. Augustine in, 69,1565 ; 
destruction of Spanish garrisons in, 
70; Gen. Oglethorpe in, 166, 1740; 
ceded to England, 183, 1763 ; restored 
to Spain, 243, 1783 ; the Seminoles 
and the Spaniards in, 308, 309, 1818; 
ceded to the United States, 310, 1819 ; 
the Seminole War in, 308, 1818; 327, 
1835 ; 332, 1839 ; 336, 1842 ; admitted 
into the Union, 339, 1845 ; invasion of,' 
438 ; readmitted into the Union, 472 ; 
and the presidential election of 1876, 
493. 

Flotow, F. von, death of, 513. 

Floyd, Gen. J. B., at Carnifex Ferry, 
382 ; death of, 436. 

Folger, Charles J., death of, 516. 

Folsom, Frances, 517. 

Fontaine, La, death of, 138, 1695. 

Fontenoy, battle of, 170, 1745. 

Foote, Rear-Adm. A. H., at the surren¬ 
der of Island No. 10, 394 ; retires from 
the navy, 396 ; death of, 437. 

Forrest, Edwin, death of, 482. 

Forrest, Gen. N. B., death of, 491. 

Forsyth, John, 324, 330. 

Fort Amsterdam built, 107. 

Fort Brown, 343. 

Fort Casimer built, 119, 1651 ; capture 
of, 120, 1654. 

Fort Christiana, 114. 

Fort Dearborn, massacre at, 292. 

Fort Defiance, Gen. Winchester at, 294. 

Fort Donelson, capture of, 392. 

Fort Du Quesne, origin of the name of, 
174, 1754. 

Fort Edward, 211. 

Fort Erie, siege of, 300. 

Fort Fisher, capture of, 455. 

Fort Frederick built, 164, 1731. 

Fort Frontenac, 179, 1758. 

Fort Gaines, surrender of, 450. 

Fort George (Canada), surrender of, 296. 

Fort Good Hope, 110. 1633. 

Fort Griswold, capture of, 241. 

Fort Henry, capture of, 391. 

Fort Jackson, surrender of, 395. 

Fort Le Boeuf, George Washington at, 
174 ; destruction of, 183. 

Fort Lee, evacuation of, 203. 

Fort McAllister, capture of, 449. 

Fort Mackinaw captured by the Brit¬ 
ish, 291. 


Fort Macon, capture of, 404. 

Fort Mercer, capture of, 208. 

Fort Meigs, siege and battle of, 295. 

Fort Mifflin, capture of, 208. 

Fort Mimms, capture of, 298, 1813. 

Fort Morgan, surrender of, 450. 

Fort Moultrie, origin of the name of, 
199. 

Fort Nassau, 102, 1615 ; built, 105, 1623. 

Fort Necessity, 175, 1754. 

Fort Niagara built, 162, 1728. 

Fort Niagara, 174. 

Fort Orange (now Albany), origin of the 
name of, 106, 1623. 

Fort Oswego, capture of, 177, 1756. 

Fort Pillow, 395 ; massacre at, 439. 

Fort Pitt, origin of the name of, 179, 
1758. 

Fort Presque Isle, 172, 174, 1753 ; de¬ 
struction of, 183. 

Fort Pulaski, surrender of, 404. 

Fort Rosalie, 155, 1712 ; Indian massa¬ 
cre at, 162, 1729 ; 163, 1730. 

Fort San Juan de Ulloa, 348. 

Fort St. Philip, surrender of, 395. 

Fort Schuyler, siege of, 210, 212. 

Fort Steadman, capture of, 458. 

Fort Stephenson, battle of, 295. 

Fort Sumter, fall of, 379 ; attempts to 
recapture, 435. 

Fort Venango, 174 ; massacre at, 184. 

Fort Vincennes, capture of, 218. 

Fort Wagner, evacuation of, 435. 

Fort Washington, 202. 

Fort William Henry, origin of the name 
of, 176 ; 178, 1757. 

Fortress Monroe, 401. 

Foster, Lafayette S., 461. 

Foster, Maj.-Gen., 432. 

Fox, Charles James, death of, 283, 1806. 

France, civil war in, 1410 ; origin of the 
fall of the monarchy in, 214 ; a re¬ 
public, 250, 1792 ; Reign of Terror in, 
251, 1793 ; restoration of the Bourbons 
to the throne of, 251 ; the Directory, 
253, 1795 ; 259 ; annexation of Pied¬ 
mont to, 276 ; annexation of Holland 
to, 289, 1810 ; incorporation of the Pa¬ 
pal States with, 289,1810 ; Reign of the 
Hundred Days in, 305 ; causes of the 
Three Days’ Revolution in, 320, 1830 ; 
third revolution in, 350, 1848; estab¬ 
lishment of the Second Empire of, 
359, 1852 ; the cholera in, 516, 1884 ; 
form of government of, 541. 

France and Austria, Treaty of Campo 
Formio bet ween, 255, 1797 ; 274. 

France and England, war between, 169, 
1744. 

France and Mexico, war between, 422. 

France and Russia, war between, 293. 

France and the United States, settle¬ 
ment of the spoliation claim, 325, 
1834. 

Francis I. (Emperor of Austria) and the 
Holy Alliance, 306 ; death of, 328. 

Francis I. (King of France), accession 
of, 59, 1515 ; 60; and the discoveries 



1 


LINTON’S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


in the New World, 61 ; taken prison¬ 
er, 62, 1525 ; death of, 66. 

Francis II. (King of France), accession 
and death of, 67, 1559. 

Francis I. (Emperor of Germany), ac¬ 
cession of, 170, 1745 ; death of, 185. 

Francis II. (Emperor of Germany), ac¬ 
cession of, 249, 1792; becomes Em¬ 
peror of Austria, 278. 1804. 

Francis I. (King of Naples), accession I 
of, 316 ; death of, 321. 

Francis II. (King of Naples), accession 
of, 372 ; deposition of, 374. 

Francis V., death of, 490. 

Francis, Sir Philip, death of, 310, 1818. 

Francis, Wakefield, death of, 388. 

Francis de Assis, 474. 

Francis Joseph (Emperor of Austria), 
accession of, 351, 1848. 

Franco-Prussian War, origin and result 
of the, 478, 1870. 

Frankfort (Ky.), 398. 

Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, invents the 
lightning-rod, 173, 1752 ; in France, 
213; appointed minister to France, 
217 ; death of, 248, 1790. 

Franklin, Lady Jane, death of, 490. 

Franklin, Sir John, last expedition of, 
341, 1845 ; search for, by the Grinnell 
Expedition, 358, 1851 ; 366, 1855. 

Franklin, battle of, 448. 

Frederic I. (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 61, 1523 ; death of, 64. 

Frederic II. (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 67, 1559 ; death of, 76. 

Frederic III. (King of Denmark), ac¬ 
cession of, 118, 1648. 

Frederic IV. (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 139, 1699 ; death of, 163. 

Frederic V. (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 171, 1746 ; death of, 185 ; line 
of, 437. 

Frederic VI. (King of Denmark), acces¬ 
sion of, 286, 1807 ; 332, 1839. 

Frederic VII. (King of Denmark), ac¬ 
cession of, 351, 1848 ; line and death 
of, 437, 1863. 

Frederic IV. (Emperor of Germany), 35, 
1440. 

Frederic Augustus I. and II. (Kings of 
Poland. (See Augustus.) 

Frederic I. (King of Prussia), accession 
of, 149 ; death of, 157. 

Frederic II. (the Great) (King of Prus¬ 
sia), accession of, 116, 1740 ; invades 
Silesia, 167, 1740 ; 169, 1744; death of, 
245, 1786. 

Frederic I. (King of Wurtemberg), cor¬ 
onation of, 280, 1805 ; death of, 307, 
1816. 

Frederic (Prince of Denmark), mar¬ 
riage of, 477. 

Frederic of Hesse-Cassel, death of, 172, 
1751. 

Frederic (Prince of Wales), death of, 
173. 

Frederic Augustus I. (King of Saxonv), 
accession of, 283, 1806 ; made Grand- 


Duke of Warsaw, 285 ; death of, 317, 
1827. 

Frederic Augustus (King of Saxony), 
accession of, 328, 1836 ; death of, 365. 

Frederic Carl, Prince (the Red Prince, 

520. 

Frederic Henry (Prince of Orange), 106, 
1625 ; death of, 118. 

Frederic William I. (King of Prussia), 
accession of, 157,1713. 

Frederic William H. (King of Prussia), 
accession of, 245, 1786 ; death of, 256. 

Frederic William HI. (King of Prussia!, 
accession of, 256, 1797 ; and the Holy 
Alliance, 306 ; and the formation of 
the Zollverein, 319 ; death of, 333,1610. 

Frederic William IV. (King of Prussia), 
accession of, 333, 1840 ; death of, 388. 

Frederic William (Crown Prince of 
Prussia), marriage of, 371, 1858. 

Fredei’ick (Md.), 418. 

Freedmen’s Bureau, the, 465. 

Fremont, Capt., in California, 344, 382 ; 
resigns his commission, 415. 

Frelinghuysen, F. T., appointed Secre¬ 
tary of State, 507 ; death of, 519. 

French, the, in Northern Italy, 58. 

French and Indian War in America, ori¬ 
gin of, 176, 1756 ; result of, 182, 1763. 

French Revolution, origin and outbreak 
of the, 248. 

Frenchtown, battle of, 294. 

French War in America, result of the 
182. 

Freneau, Philip, death of, 323, 1832. 

Frisco, John William, 262. 

Frobisher, Martin, voyages and dis¬ 
coveries of, 70, 1576. 

Froissart (French chronicler), work of, 
31, 1401 ; death of, 32, 1410. 

Frontenac, Count de, 127. 

Front Royal, 412. 

Frye, Col., 175. 

Fullerton, Lady Georgiana, death of, 

521. 

Fulton, Robert, 283 ; death of, 305, 1815. 

Fust, John, 35, 1442. 

Gadsden, James, death of, 371, 1858. 

“Gadsden Purchase,” the, 362, 1853. 

Gage, Gen., relinquishes his command, 
195. 

Gainsborough, death of, 246, 1748. 

Galileo, death of, 116, 1642. 

Galvani, death of, 257, 1798. 

Galway, Earl of, defeat of, 153, 1707. 

Gama, Vasco de, voyage of, to India, 
41, 1497. 

Gansevoort, Col., 210. 

Gansevoort, Gen., death of, 293, 1812. 

Gardiner, Julia, 335. 

Garesche, Col. Julius P., death of, 437. 

Garfield, J. A., elected President of the 
U. S.; sketch of, 505, 1881 ; death of, 
506, 1881. 

Garibaldi, G., invades the Two Sicilies, 
374, 1860 ; death of, 511. / 

Garland, Augustus H., 518. 




INDEX. 


li 


Garrett, J. W., death of, 516, 1884. 

Garrick, David, death of, 227, 1779. 

Garrison, William L., death of, 502. 

Gaskell, Mrs. E. C., death of, 464. 

Gaston, John, 165, 1736. 

Gaston, Louis (Prince of Orleans), mar¬ 
riage of, 454. 

Gates, Gen., defeat of, 229. 

Genet, M., French ambassador to the 
U. S., 250. 

George, Prince of Denmark, death of, 
154, 1708. 

George I. (King of Eng.), accession of, 
157. 

George II. (King of Eng.), accession of, 
162, 1726; purchase of the Carolinas 
by, 162, 1729 ; and his son ; rupture 
between, 165, 1737; and the War of 
the Austrian Succession, 168, 1743; 
169, 1742. 

George III. (King of Eng.), accession 
of, 181, 1760; marriage of, 182, 1761; 
and the American Revolution, 191; 
declared insane, 290. 

George IV. (King of Eng.), accession of, 
311, 1820 ; death of, 320. 

George I. (Kang of Greece), accession 
of, 437, 1863. 

Georgia, History of the colony of, 
xxxiii-xxxv. 

Georgia made a royal province, 173, 
1752; secedes from the Union, 375; 
Sherman’s march through, 449; re¬ 
admitted into the Union, 472; Inter¬ 
national Cotton Exposition in, 507, 
1881. 

Georgia colony founded, 164, 1733. 

Gerard, August M., 217. 

German Confederation, the, 305. 

German Empire, end of the first, 278, 
282,1806 ; establishment of the second, 
480, 1871; form of government of, 543. 

Germany, formation of the Zollverein 
in, 319. 

Geronimo (Indian chief), 519, 522. 

Gerry, Elbridge, elected Vice-President 
of the U. S., 293. 

Gettysburg, scene of the battle of, 426. 

Gibbon, Edward, death of, 252, 1794. 

Gibbons, Rev. James, created a cardi- 
Ti£tl 522 

Gibbs, Gen., death of, 304. 

Gibraltar surrendered to the English, 
152, 1704 ; siege of, 227. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, voyages and 
death of, 71, 1578 ; 73, 1583. 

“Gil Bias de Santillane,” publication 
of, 157, 1715. *“\ 

Gillmore, Gen., 435. 

Gilmore, Patrick S., 481. 

Gladstone ministry, resignation of the, 
520. 

Glasgow, University of, 35, 1454. 

Glendower, Owen, 31. 

Gluck, death of, 246, 1786. 

Godfrey, Michael, 135. 

Goethe, death of, 324. 

Golden Fleece, Order of the, 34, 1430. 


Goldsboro’ (N. C.), 457. 

Goldsborough, Com. L. M., expeditions 
of, on the. Atlantic coast, 403. 

Goldsmith, Oliver, death of, 192. 

Gonsalvo de Cordova, 59, 1515. 

Goodrich, S. G., death of, 374, 1860. 

Goodyear, Charles, 332, 1839. 

Gordon, Gen., death of, 519. 

Gordon, Lieut., death of, 184. 

Gordon, Lord George, and the “No 
Popery Riots,” 233. 

Gordonsville (Va.), 416. 

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 105,1622 ; 1623 ; 

Gorringe, Com. Henry H., 504. 

Gosnold, Bartholomew, discoveries of, 
95, 1602 ; 97 ; death of, 98. 

Gosport, 224. 

Gottschalk, Louis M., death of, 476. 

Gough, Sir Hugh, 346. 

Gould, Thomas E., death of, 508. 

Graham, Col. James D., 186 : death of, 
463. 

Granada, fall of, 39, 1492. 

“Grand Alliance,” the, 150, 1701. 

Grand Gulf, 428. 

Grant, Gen. U. S., expedition of, to the 
West Indies, 220; on the Mississippi 
during the war, 383 capture of Fort 
Donelson by, 392 ; ordered to Corinth, 
393 ; at Vicksburg, 399, 427 ; created 
lieutenant-general, 440; appointed 
Secretary of War, 470 ; elected Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S. ; sketch of, 475, 
1869 ; second inauguration of, 484, 
1873; opens the World’s Fair, 490; 
death of, 519, 1885. 

Grant of the Carolinas, 122. 

Grasse, Count de, 240 ; death of, 246, 
1748. 

Gray, Capt., discoveries of, 249. 

Gray, Thomas, death of, 188, 1771. 

Great Britain, introduction of the penny 
postage into, 333 ; form of govern¬ 
ment of, 540. 

Great Britain Parliament, the Grenville 
Act, 184, 1764 ; passage and repeal of 
the Stamp Act, 184, 1765 ; 185, 1766 ; 
taxes imposed in America by, 186, 
1767 ; 187 ; the “ Boston Port Bill,” 
etc., 189, 1774 ; Corporation and Tests 
Acts repealed, 317; the Catholic 
Emancipation Bill, 319, 1829 ; the Re¬ 
form Bill, 323 ; repeal of the Corn 
Laws, 346 ; the Ecclesiastical Titles 
Act, 357 ; disestablishment of the 
Irish Church, 476 ; purchase of Suez 
Canal shares, 490. 

Great Eastern, the, 373. 

Greece, early efforts for independence, 
311, 1821 ; emancipated and made a 
monarchy, 317, 1828 ; revolution in, 
422, 1862 ; annexation of the Ionian 
Islands to, 452; form of government 
of, 543. 

Greek and Latin Church, reunion of 
the, 34, 1439. 

Greely, Lieut. A. W., Ax*ctic Expedition 
of, 514, 1884. 




lii 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Greeley, Horace, death of, 48.2, 484. 

Green, J. R., death of, 513. 

Green, Roger, 124. 

Greene, Gen., at Springfield, 232 ; re¬ 
treat of, 237 ; character of, 240. 

Greenland, 70. 

Gregorian Calendar, the, 174,1752 ; 281. 

Gregory XII., 32, 1406. 

Gregory XIII., 70, 1572. 

Gregory XIV., 77, 1589. 

Gregory XV., 104, 1621. 

Gregory XVI., 322, 1831. 

Grenville, Sir Richard, 74. 

Grenville Act, the, 184, 1764. 

Grey, Sir Charles, 219. 

Grey, Lady Jane, execution of, 66, 1554. 

Grierson, Col., 427. 

Grijalva, voyage of, to Mexico, 59, 1517. 

GrinneU, Henry, 358. 

Grinnell Expedition, return of, 358,1851. 

Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of, 350, 
1848 ; 368. 

Guiana, 298. 

Guido, death of, 116, 1642. 

Guilford Court-House, battle of, 238. 

Guise, Duke of, captures Calais, 67, 
1558 ; assassination of, 68, 1563. 

Guise, the House of, and the League of 
Amboise, 67, 1560. 

Guizot, E. P. G., death of, 489. 

Gulf of St. Lawrence, discovery of the, 
55; exploration of, 57; receives its 
name, 64. 

Gunpowder Plot, the, 96, 1605. 

Gustavus I., Vasa (King of Sweden), 61, 
1523 ; 189 ; death of, 67, 1560. 

Gustavus II., Adolphus (King of Swe¬ 
den), accession of, 100, 1611 ; and the 
colonization of America, 107 ; in Ger¬ 
many, 109, 1630 ; death of, 110, 1632. 

Gustavus III. (King of Sweden), acces¬ 
sion of, 187 ; assassination of, 250. 

Gustavus IV. (King of Sweden), acces¬ 
sion of, 250, 1792 ; deposition of, 288, 
1809. 

Gustavus (Prince Royal of Sweden), 
marriage of, 510. 

Gutenberg, John, the inventor of print¬ 
ing, 34, 1436 ; 35, 1444. 

“ Habeas Corpus Act,” the, 129. 

Hahnemann, death of, 338. 

Hale, Nathan, sketch of, 201. 

Halleck, Maj.-Gen. H. W., 282 ; at St. 
Louis, 390 ; enters Corinth, 395 ; ap¬ 
pointed commander-in-chief, 397 ; 
death of, 482. 

Halleck, Fitz-Greene, death of, 470. 

Hamet, 278. 

Hamilton, Alexander, budget of, 248 ; 
death of, 278, 1804. 

Hamlin, Hannibal, elected Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S., 378. 

Hampton, Gen. Wade, 294. 

Hampton Roads (Va.), 401. 

Hancock, Gen. W. S., death of, 524, 
1886. 

Handel, death of, 181, 1759. 


Hanging Rock, battle of, 229. 

Hanover, 331. 

Hanover, the Kingdom of, 526, 527. 

Hanover Court-House, 410. 

Hapsburg, the House of, 57 ; 62, 1526 ; 
125 ; 139, 1700. 

Hardee (N. C.), 457. 

Harlem Heights, 202. 

Harmar, Gen., defeat of, 248, 1790. 

Haro Canal boundary-line, 482. 

Harper’s Ferry, village of, 380. 

Harper’s Ferry, seizure of, 418. 

Harper’s Ferry raid, 371, 1859. 

Harrison, Gen., expedition to recover 
Michigan, 294, 295. 

Harrison, William H., elected President 
of the U. S.; sketch of, 333, 1841. 

Harrisburg (Pa.), 426. 

Hart, Joel T., death of, 496. 

Hartstene, Capt., H. J., 367. 

Harvard, Rev. John, 114. 

Harvard College, foundation of, 114, 
1638. 

Harvey, death of, 121, 1657. 

Hastings. Warren, 188, 1772 ; 245, 1786 ; 
death of, 310, 1818. 

Hatteras Inlet, 387. 

Havana, capture of, 182, 1762. 

Haverhill, attack upon, 138. 

Hawkins, Capt., 69. 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, death of, 452, 
1864. 

Hayes, Rutherford B., and the disputed 
election of 1876, 492 ; elected Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S.; sketch of, 494.1877 ; 
and the Chinese immigrants, 501, 
1879. 

Hayti, discovery of, 39, 1492. 

Heath, Sir Robert, 109, 1630, 1663. 

Hegel, death of, 322, 1831. 

Helena (Princess of Eng.), marriage of, 
468. 

Helvetian Republic proclaimed, 257, 
1798. 

Hendricks, Thomas A., and the dis¬ 
puted election of 1876, 492 ; elected 
Vice-President of the U. S., 517; 
death of, 519. 1885. 

Hennepin, Father, explorations of, 129, 
1680. 

Henry IV. (King of Castile), accession 
of, 35, 1454. 

Henry IV. (King of Eng.), and the Earl 
of Douglas, 31 ; death of, 33. 

Henry V. (King of Eng.), accession of, 
33, 1413 ; marriage and death of, 33, 
1420. 1422. 

Henry VI., proclamation of, 33, 1422 ; 
deposition of, 36. 

Henry VII. (King of Eng.), accession of, 
37, 1485 ; and the discovery of Amer¬ 
ica, 40 ; death of, 57, 1509. 

Henry VIII. (King of Eng.), accession 
of, 57 ; and Ferdinand the Catholic, 
58; and Francis I., 60; death of, 
66 . 

Henry II. (King of France), accession 
of, 66, 1547 ; death of, 67, 1559. 




INDEX. 


liii 


Henry III. (King? of France), accession 
of, 70, 1574 ; assassination of, 76, 1589. 

Henry IV. (King of France), accession 
of, 76, 1589; assassination of, 100, 1610. 

Henry V. (Comte de Chambord), 320 ; 
513, 1883. 

Henry, Cardinal, accession of, 71, 1578 ; 
death of, 72, 1580. 

Henry, Duke of Anjou. (See Anjou.) 

Henry of Battenberg, Prince, marriage 
of, 520. 

Henry, Prince, 33 ; 34, 1420, 1432, 1438. 

Henry, Joseph, death of, 498, 1878. 

Henry, Patrick, on the Stamp Act, 185, 
1765. 

Herculaneum, the ruins of, 155, 1711. 

Herder, death of, 277, 1803. 

Herkimer, Gen., death of, 210. 

Herndon, Ellen Lewis, 507. 

Herndon, Capt. W. L., 507. 

Herrera (President of Mexico). 341. 

Herschel, William, death of, 312, 1822. 

Hesse-Darmstadt, Princess, marriage 
of, 516. 

Hill, A. P., at Harper’s Ferry, 418. 

Hill, Sir Rowland, and the penny post, 
333 ; death of, 503. 

Hillard, George S., death of, 502. 

Hillsborough, 238. 

Hobbes, death of, 129, 1679. 

Hobkirk’s Hill, battle of, 238. 

Hoes, Hannah, 330. 

Hoffman, C. F., death of, 515, 1884. 

Hohenlohe-Langenburg (Prince of), 
marriage of, 317, 1828. 

Holbein, Hans, 62, 1526 ; death of, 66, 
1554. 

Holland, J. G., death of, 508. 

Holland annexed to France, 289, 1810 ; 
united to the Netherlands, 303, 1814 ; 
the first Kingdom of, 525, 526; form 
of government of, 540. 

Holland and England, war between, 
125, 1667 ; 127, 1674. 

Holly Springs, 400. 

Holstein, the Duchy of, revolt of, 351. 

Holy Alliance, the, 306. 

Hong-Kong ceded to the British, 337. 

Hood, Gen. John B.. supersedes John¬ 
ston, 447 ; total defeat of, 448 ; death 
of, 502. 

Hooker, Gen. Joseph, supersedes Burn¬ 
side, 423; resigns his commission, 
425 ; death of, 502. 

Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 1633 ; and the 
formation of the Connecticut Colony, 
113, 1636. 

Horn, Count, execution of, 70, 1568. 

Hotspur, Henry, death of, 31, 1403. 

Houston (of Ga.), letter of, 228. 

Houston, Gen. Sam, in Texas, 327; 
death of, 436. 

Howard, death of, 249, 1790. 

Howard, Adm. Charles Lord, and the 
Spanish Armada, 75 ; death of, 106. 

Howard, Gen. Oliver O.. 465. 

Howe, Elias, invents the sewing-ma¬ 
chine, 349, 1847; death of, 470. 


Howe, Adin., 219. 

Howe, Gen. Robert, defeat of, 220. 

Howe, Gen., arrival of, in America, 194 ; 
defeat of, near Paoli, 208. 

Howe, Lord, occupies New York, 202 ; 
death of, 178, 1758. 

Hubertsburg, Treaty of, 184, 1763. 

Hudson, Henry, voyages and fate of, 
98, 100 ; 1608, 1609. 

Hudson River, discovery of the, 98, 
1609 ; Dutch traders on the, 100, 1610. 

Huger, Gen., defeat of, 227. 

Hughes, Archbp., death of, 452, 1864. 

Hugo, Victor, death of, 520, 1885. 

Huguenots, the, in Brazil, 67, 68, 1555 ; 
massacre of, 68, 1565 ; war of, against 
France, 107, 1627. 

Hull, Capt. Isaac, 292. 

Hull, Gen., retreat and surender of, 291. 

Humbert (King of Italy), accession and 
marriage of, 499, 500, 1878. 

Humboldt, Alexander von, birth of, 
187 ; death of, 372, 1859. 

Hume, David, death of, 204, 1776. 

Hummel, death of, 331, 1837. 

Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, 1422. 

Humphreys, Gen. A. A., death of, 512. 

Hundred Years’ War, end of the, 35, 
1453. 

Hungary, invasion of, 62, 1526 ; subjec¬ 
tion of, 353 ; restoration of the Con¬ 
stitution of, 471. 

Hunnyades, Corvinus, 36, 1456. 

Hunt,*R. A., 518. 

Huntsville, 397, 404. 

Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne, 116. 

Hutchinson, Thomas, 188. 

Huss, John, 33, 1415. 

Hussite War, the, 33, 1419. 

Huygens, death of, 138, 1695. 

Hyde, Lady Anne, 133. 

Idaho made a Territory, 436, 1863 ; In¬ 
dian War in, 496, 1877. 

Ignatius of Loyola, 65, 1540. 

Illinois, first mission in, 127 ; admitted 
into the Union, 309, 1818. 

India, Anglo-French War in, 173 ; foun¬ 
dation of the British Empire in, 178, 
1757 ; Sepoy rebellion in, 369 ; end of 
the East India Company, 371, 1858. 

Indian hostilities in the West, 290, 1811. 

Indian Territory organized, 325, 1834. 

Indian War, 490, 1876 ; in Idaho, 496. 
1877 ; in New England, 128, 1675 ; in 
Ohio, 249,1791 ; in the Northwest, 248, 
1790 ; 251 ; 1794 ; in the South, 298 ; 
in Virginia, 117. 

Indiana admitted into the Union, 307, 
1816. 

Indians suing for peace, 184. 

Ingersoll, J. R., death of, 473. 

Ingraham, Capt., 361. 

Inkermann, battle of, 365. 

Innocent VH., 32, 1404. 

Innocent VIII., 37, 14S4. 

Innocent IX., 77, 1591. 

Innocent X., 117, 1644. 



liv LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Innocent XI., 129. 1676. 

Innocent XII., 135, 1691. 

Innocent XIII., 161, 1721. 

Innspruck, 66, 1552. 

International African Association, the, 
519. 

International Cotton Exposition (Ga.), 
507, 1881. 

International Exhibition of Great Brit¬ 
ain, the, 359, 1851. 

International Exhibition of Paris, the 
(second), 471, 1867 f (third). 499, 1878. 

International Exposition in Amster¬ 
dam, the, 513. 

International Exposition (London), the, 
422. 

International Geographical Congress, 
the, 514. 

International Postal Union, 488. 

Ionian Islands annexed to Greece, 452. 

Iowa admitted into the Union, 346, 1846. 

Ireland, subjugation of, 119, 1652; 

union of, with Great Britain, 274. 

Ireton in Ireland, 119, 1652. 

Irish Church, disestablishment of the, 
476 

Irish rebellion of 1798, the, 257, 277. 

Iron crown of Lombardy, the, 279. 

Irving, Washington, death of, 371, 1859. 

Isabella the Catholic (Queen of Castile), 
marriage of, 36, 1474 ; death of, 56, 
1504. 

Isabella II. (Queen of Spain), accession 
of, 325, 1833 ; deposition of, 474, 1868. 

Isabella (Princess of Brazil), marriage 
of, 454. 

Isabelle Marie (Princess of Portugal), 
death of, 494. 

Ischia, Island of, 513. 

Island No. 10, 394. 

Island of Aquiday, 113. 

Island of Rhodes, surrender of the, 61, 
1522. 

Ismai'1 Pasha, ministration of, 471. 

Isthmus of Darien. (See Darien.) 

Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the, 362. 

Italy, revolution in, 372, 374 ; unifica¬ 
tion of, 388 ; the first Kingdom of, 
525, 526 ; form of government of, 543. 

Italy (Southern), earthquakes in, 513. 

Iturbide, Col. Don Agustin (see also 
Agustin I.), 311, 1821. 

Iuka, 398 ; battle of, 399. 

Ivan V. and Peter I., accession of, 131, 
1682. 

Ivan VI. (Emperor of Russia), accession 
of, 166,1740 ; deposition and death of, 
168. 

Jack, Capt., execution of, 485. 

Jackson, Gen. Andrew, ends the Indian 
War, 299,1814 ; in Florida, 302 ; at the 
battle of New Orleans, 304,1815 ; ends 
the Seminole War, 309, 1818; elected 
President of the United States ; sketch 
of, 318, 1829; and the United States 
Bank, 322, 1832 ; second inauguration 
of, 324, 1833 ; specie circular, and last 


annual message of, 328, 1836 ; death 
of, 489, 1875. 

Jackson, T. J. (Stonewall), in the Shen¬ 
andoah Valley, 411-413 ; successful 
retreat of, 413 ; death of, 424, 436. 

Jackson (Miss.), 429. 

Jackson (Tenn.), 399. 

Jamaica, Island of, 226 ; taken by the 
English, 121, 1655. 

James, G. P. R., death of, 374, 1860. 

James I. (King of England), accession 
of, 96, 1603 ; and the colonization of 
America, 97, 1606 ; death of, 106 ; and 
the claims of the Dutch Republic, 109. 

James II. (King of England), accession 
of, 132, 1685 ; attempt of, to invade 
England, 136 ; death of, 149, 1701. 

James III. (King of England), the Pre¬ 
tender, 149, 1701; marriage of, 159, 
1719. 

James I. (King of Scotland), capture 
and imprisonment of, 32 ; release of, 
33, 1424 ; murder of, 34, 1437. 

James II. (King of Scotland), accession 
of, 34, 1437 ; death of, 36, 1460. 

James III. (King of Scotland), acces¬ 
sion of, 36, 1460 ; murder of, 38, 1488. 

James IV. (King of Scotland), accession 
of, 38, 1488 ; death of, 59, 1513. 

James V. (King of Scotland), accession 
of, 59. 1513 ; death of, 66, 1542. 

James VI. (King of Scotland), accession 
of, 70, 1567 ; accession of, to the Eng¬ 
lish throne, 96, 1603. 

James River, 408. 

Jameson, Mrs., death of, 374, 1860. 

Jamestown, 100; cultivation of cotton 
in, 104 ; burning of, 129. 

Jasper, Sergt., heroism of, 199; death 
of, 223, 1779. 

Java, Island of, 512, 513. 

Jay, Chief-Justice, mission of, 252. 

Jeannette Expedition, the, 508. 

Jefferson, Thomas, and the Declaration 
of Independence, 200; appointed Sec¬ 
retary of State, 247; elected Vice- 
President of the U. S., 254; elected 
President of the U. S.; sketch of, 272, 
1801; second inauguration of, 279, 
1805 ; death of, 316, 1826. 

Jenner, Dr., 254 ; death of, 313, 1823. 

Jerome (of Prague), 33,1416. 

Jerseys, the, made a royal province, 
150, 1702. 

Jesuits, the, in America, 100. 

Jesuits, the, Order of the, foundation 
of, 65, 1540; their college in Canada, 
112, 1635 ; abolition of, 189 ; restored, 
303. 

Joan of Arc, capture and death of, 34, 
1429. 

Joanna II. (Queen of Naples), accession 
of, 33, 1414. 

Joanna, Infanta, sovereign of Castile, 
56, 1504. 

John II. (King of Aragon) v death of, 37. 

John II. (King of Castile), accession of, 
32,1406 ; death of, 35, 1454. 






INDEX. 


lv 


John I. (King of Denmark), accession 
of, 37, 1481 ; coronation of, 41, 1497; 
death of, 59. 

John VI. (Palaeologus), (Emperor of 
Constantinople, 34, 1425; return of, 
from the Council of Florence, 35,1440. 

John I. (Kang of Portugal), death of, 34, 
1433. 

John n. (the Perfect), (King of Portu¬ 
gal), accession of, 37, 1481 ; death of, 
40, 1495. 

John III. (King of Portugal), accession 
of, 61,1521; becomes King of Sweden, 
70, 1569. 

John IV. (King of Portugal), accession 
of, 115, 1640 ; death of, 121. 

John V. (King of Portugal), accession 
of, 153, 1706 ; death of, 172, 1750. 

John VI. (King of Portugal), 245, 250, 
262, 1792 ; 285, 1807 ; 306, 1815 ; acces¬ 
sion of, 307, 1816 ; return of, to Lis¬ 
bon, 312. 

John XXIII., Pope, 32, 1410. 

John (Kang of Saxony), accession of, 
365, 1854 ; death of, 487. 

John, Duke of Bedford, 33, 1422. 

John of Brazil, Prince. (See John VI., 
King of Portugal.) 

John the Fearless (Duke of Burgundy), 
accession of, 31, 1404 ; assassination 
of, 33, 1419. 

John of Gaunt, 474. 

John Charles (King of Sweden), acces¬ 
sion of, 289. 

Johnson, Andrew, elected Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S., 457 ; inaugurated 
President of the U. S. ; sketch of, 460, 
1865; and the union of the Confed¬ 
erate States, 464 ; impeachment of, 
472. 

Johnson, Brig.-Gen. Edward, 411. 

Johnson, Governor, deposition of, 159, 
1719. 

Johnson, Louisa, 314. 

Johnson, Reverdy, death of, 493, 1876. 

Johnson^ R. M., elected Vice-Pi’esident 
of the U. S., 330. 

Johnson, Samuel, death of, 244, 1784. 

Johnson, Sir William, 180. 

Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney, 391 ; 
death of, 394. 

Johnston, Gen. J. E., sketch of, 384 ; 
successful retreat of, from Manassas 
Junction, 405; retires from active 
service, 411 ; assumes command of 
the Departmentof Mississippi, 428 ; in 
Georgia, 447 ; surrender of, 461, 1865. 

Joliet, 127. 

Jones, Capt. Jacob, 292. 

Jones, John Paul, 225, 1779. 

Jones, Sir William, death of, 252. 

Jonson, Ben, death of, 114, 1637. 

Joseph I. (Emperor of Germany), ac¬ 
cession of, 152, 1705 ; death of, 154. 

Joseph II. (Emperor of Germany), ac¬ 
cession of, 185, 1765 ; death of, 249. 

Joseph I., Emanuel (Kang of Portugal), 
accession of, 172, 1750 ; death of, 213. 


Joseph (Indian chief), surrender of, 496, 
1877. 

Joseph, King of the Romans, 184, 1764. 

Josephine, Empress, 288, 1809 ; death 
of, 303, 1814. 

Juan, Don, 390. 

Juan de Nova Castella. (See Nova.) 

Juarez, President of Mexico, 471. 

Julia, Princess of Battenberg, 503. 

Julian calendar, 72, 1582 ; 281. 

Julius II., accession of, 56, 1503. 

Julius II., Pope, and the Holy League, 
58, 1510. 

Julius IH., 66, 1550. 

{ Junius, 186, 1769 ; 310, 1818. 

Kalb, de, Baron, death of, 230, 1780. 

Kane, Dr. Elisha Kent, 366, 1855; death 
of, 369, 1857. 

Kansas, result of the Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill in, 365, 1855 ; 366, 1856 ; the Le- 
compton Constitution in, 370, 1858 ; 
admitted into the Union, 375, 1861. 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill, the, 364, 1854. 

Kansas question, the, 366, 1856. 

Kaskaskia, capture of. 218. 

Kaulbaelx, Wilhelm von, death of, 489. 

Kaunitz, Count, death of, 252. 

Kearny, Laurence, death of, 473. 

Kearny, Gen. Stephen W., in the U. S. 
war with Mexico, 344, 346. 

Keenan, Col., famous charge of, 424. 

Kellett, Capt., 366. 

Kellogg, Governor, 485, 488. 

Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, 447. 

Kennebec River, discovery of the. 96. 

Kent, the Duchess of, death of, 390. 

Kent, Duke of, marriage of, 309, 1818. 

Kent Island, 109, 1631 ; 117. 

Kentucky admitted into the Union, 249, 
1792. 

Kepler, death of, 109, 1630. 

Kettle Creek, battle of, 222, 1779. 

Key, Francis S., 301. 

Key to emblems, the, 86. 

| Khartoum, fall of, 519. 

Khyber Pass, 332. 

Kieft, Sir William, 114. 

King, William Rufus, 355, 360 ; death of, 
363, 1853. 

King’s College, 35. 

King’s Mountain, result of the battle of, 
231. 

King William’s War, 133, 134. 1689 ; 138, 
1697. 

Kiss, August, death of, 464. 

Klopstock, death of, 277, 1803. 

Knights of Malta, the, 257. 

Knights of St. John, the, 61, 1522 ; 63, 
1530. 

Knoxville (Tenn.), 398. 

Knyphausen, Gen., 226, 232. 

Koi'twright, Miss, 307. 

Kosciusko, sketch of, 215; taken pris¬ 
oner in Poland, 252 ; death of, 309, 
1817. 

Kossuth, Louis, 353 ; visit of, to Ameri- 
ca, 358, 1851. 







Ivi LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Koszta, Martin, 361, 1853. 

Krakatoa, disappearance of the island 
of, 513, 1883. 

Labrador, discovery of, 40, 1497. 

Laconia, province of, 105. 

Lacordaire, death of, 390. 

Lafayette, Marquis de, character of, 
207 ; extract from letter of, 235 ; tour 
of, through the U. S., 313,1824; career 
and death of, 326, 1834. 

La Fontaine. (See Fontaine.) 

La Harpe, death of, 277, 1803. 

Lake Erie, battle on, 295, 1813. 

Lake George, battle of, 176, 1755. 

Lamar, L. Q. C., 518. 

Lamartine, Alphonse M. L., death of, 
477. 

Lamb, Charles, death of, 327, 1834. 

Lamoriciere, Gen., 320 ; death of, 464. 

Lancaster and York, Houses of, 35. 

Landon, L. E. (Mrs. Maclean), death of, 
332, 1838. 

Landor, Walter Savage, death of, 454. 

Landseer, Sir Edwin, death of, 488, 
1873. 

Lane, Ralph, 73. 

Lansdowne, Marquis of, 513, 1883. 

La P6rouse. (See Perouse.) 

Laplace, death of, 317, 1827. 

La Rochelle, surrender of, 108, 1628. 

La Salle, explorations and death of, 129, 
131, 1682 ; 133, 1687. 

Las Casas. (See Casas.) 

Laud, William, execution of, 117, 1645. 

Laurens, Henry, capture of, 234. 

Law, John, in Louisiana, 155, 1712 ; 158, 
1716-’17 ; death of, 160. 

Lawrence, Abbott, death of, 366, 1855. 

Lawrence, Capt. J., death of, 298, 
1813. 

Lawrence, Thomas, birth of, 187. 

Law’s bubble, 160, 1720. 

Lawton (Capt.), and the Apache cam¬ 
paign, 522. 

League of Amboise, the, 67, 1560. 

League of Cambrai, 57,1508. 

League of Smalcald, 63, 1531. 

Lecompton Constitution, the, 370, 1858. 

Ledyard, Col., death of, 241. 

Lee, Arthur, 213. 

Lee, Gen. Charles, sketch of, 198 ; cap¬ 
ture of, 203 ; release of, 206. 

Lee, Maj. Henry, first appearance of, 
207 ; at Paulus Hook, 225, 1779. 

Lee, Richard Henry, 200. 

Lee, Gen. Robert E., joins the Confed¬ 
erate army, 380, 384 ; in action, 382 ;> 
assumes command of the Confederate 
forces, 411 ; invasion of Maryland by, 
417; at Chancellorsville, 424 ; atCham- 
bersburg, 425; at Gettysburg, 426; 
and Grant’s overland campaign, 441; 
appointed commander of the Confed¬ 
erate forces, 454 ; surrender of, 459, 
1865 ; death of, 478,1870. 

Legar4, Hugh, 336. 

Leibnitz, death of, 158, 1716. 


Leicester, Earl of, in Holland, 74, 1586 
99 ; death of, 76, 1588. 

Leipsic, 299. 

Leisler, Jacob, execution of, 134, 1691. 

Lely, Sir Peter, death of, 130, 1680. 

Lempriere, death of, 314, 1824. 

Leo X., 59, 1513. 

Leo XI., 96, 1605. 

Leo XII., 313, 1823. 

Leo XIII., 500, 1878 ; 512. 

Leonardson, Samuel, 138. 

Leopold. (See Albany, Duke of.) 

Leopold I. (King of the Belgians), ac¬ 
cession of, 322, 1831 ; death of; fine 
of, 463. 

Leopold H. (Kang of the Belgians), ac¬ 
cession of, 463, 1865 ; sovereign of the 
Congo Free State, 519. 

Leopold I. (Emperor of Germany), ac¬ 
cession of, 121, 1658 ; death of, 152. 

Leopold II. (Emperor of Germany), ac¬ 
cession of, 249, 1790 ; death of, 249. 

Leopold of Hohenzollern, Prince, 375. 

Leopoldine (Empress of Austria), 322. 

Leopoldine, Princess, 454. 

Lepanto, battle of, 70, 1571. 

Le Sage, 157, 1715. 

Lessing, death of, 242, 1781. 

Leuchtenberg, Duke of, 325. 

Lever, Charles J., death of, 483. 

Lewis, Lawrence, 384. 

Lewis, Capt. Meriwether, explorations 
of, 278. 

Lexington (Ky.), 398. 

Lexington (Mass.), skirmish at, 193,1775; 
centenary celebration of the skirmish 
at, 489, 1875. 

Lexington (Miss.), surrender of, 383. 

Liberty-Bell, the, 200, 1776 ; 1876. 

Liberty Enlightening the World. (See 
Statue of Liberty.) 

Life-Saving Service of U. S. established, 
498. 

Ligny, battle of, 305. 

Lima, foundation of the city of, 64,1535; 
destruction of the city of, 171, 1746. 

Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, defeat of, 227. 

Lincoln, Abraham, elected President of 
the U. S.; sketch of, 377,1860-’61; sec¬ 
ond inauguration of, 457, 1865 ; assas¬ 
sination of, 460, 1865. 

Lingard, birth of, 188, 1771. 

Linnaeus, death of, 221, 1778. 

Lisbon, the great earthquake of, 176. 

Liszt, Abbe, death of, 524, 1886. 

Little Crow, 420. 

“ Little Parliament,” the, 119, 1653. 

Livingston, Edward, appointed Secre¬ 
tary of State, 319, 324. 

Livingstone, Dr. David, death of, 488; 
discovery of, 491. 

Locke, death of, 152, 1704. 

Locke’s Grand Model, 126, 1669. 

Lockwood, Lieut., 515. 

Logan, Gen. John A., assumes com¬ 
mand of the Army of the Tennessee, 
448 ; succeeds McPherson, 448 ; death 
of, 524, 1886. 




INDEX. 


lvii 


Lombardy and Venice, the kingdom of, 
525, 527. 

London, great fire of, 125 ; the plague 
of, 125 ; opening of the International 
Exposition in, 422. 

London Company, the, formation of. 
97, 1606 ; in Virginia, 98-100,1609 ; dis¬ 
solution of, 106, 1624. 

Longfellow, H. W., death of, 510, 1882 ; 
bust of, in Westminster Abbey, 516, 
1884. 

Long Island, settlement of, 107, 1626. 

Long Parliament, dissolution of, 119,1653. 

Longstreet’s attempt to capture Knox¬ 
ville, 433. 

Longueville, Duke of, 59. 

Lookout Mountain, battle of, 432. 

Lope de Vega, death of, 112, 1635. 

Lopez (the filibuster) in Cuba, 354, 1850; 
execution of, 358,1851. 

Lome, Marquis of, marriage of, 481, 
499, 513. 

Lorraine, Claude, death of, 131, 1682. 

Lorraine annexed to France, 186. 

Lost Mountain, battle of, 447. 

Loudoun, Lord, arrival of, in America, 
177. 

Louis I. (King of Bavaria), coronation 
of, 316 ; abdication of, 316. 

Louis II. (King of Bavaria), accession 
of, 453, 1864 ; death of, 524, 1886. 

Louis XL (King of France), accession 
of, 36. 1461 ; unites Burgundy to the 
French crown, 37, 1477 ; death of, 37. 

Louis XII. (King of France), accession 
of, 41, 1498 ; death of, 59. 

Louis XIII. (King of France), accession 
of, 100,1610; death of, 116. 

Louis XIV. (King of France), accession 
of, 116, 1643; at war in America, 133; 
death of, 157, 1715. 

Louis XV. (King of France), accession 
of, 157, 1715; declares war against 
Maria Theresa, 169, 1744. 

Louis XVI. (King of France), accession 
of, 192, 1774; flight of, 249; execution 
of. 251, 1793. 

Louis XVII. (King of France), death of, 
303. 

Louis XVIII., accession of, 303, 1814; 
flight of, to Ghent, 305; restoration 
of, 306; death of, 314. 

Louis II. (King of Hungary), death of, 
62, 1526. 

Louis I. (King of Portugal), accession 
and line of, 388, 1861. 

Louis (King of Spain), accession and 
death of, 161, 1724. 

Louis of Battenberg, Prince, marriage 
of. 516. 

Louis, Duke of Burgundy, 155, 156. 

Louis. Duke of Orleans, assassination 
of, 32, 1407. 

Louis Ferdinand (of Bavaria), Prince, 
marriage of, 513. 

Louis Philippe (King of the French), 
accession of, 320, 1830 ; abdication of, 
350; death of, 357. 


Louisburg, capture of, 170, 1745; recap¬ 
ture of, 171, 179, 1758. 

Louise, Princess of England, marriage 
of. 481. 

Louise, Princess of Hesse-Cassel, 437. 

Louise of Orleans, Princess, 322. 

Louise of Savoy, and the Peace of Cam- 
brai, 63. 

Louise (Princess of Sweden and Nor¬ 
way), marriage of, 477. 

Louise Marguerite, Princess, marriage 
of, 503. 

Louisiana, origin of name of, 131 ; 
handed to the French, 164, 1731; in¬ 
troduction of the sugar-plant into, 
172, 1751 ; ceded to Spain, 182, 1762; 
retroceded to France, 260, 1800; pur¬ 
chase of, by the U. S., 276, 1803 ; ad¬ 
mitted into the Union, 291, 1812; in¬ 
vaded by the British, 302; secedes 
from the Union, 375 ; readmitted into 
the Union, 472 ; political strife in, 485, 
1873; riot in, 488; and the presidential 
election of 1876, 493; withdrawal of 
the U. S. troops from, 496. 

Louisville (Ky.), 398. 

L’Ouverture, Toussaint. (See Tous- 
saint.) 

Louvois, death of, 135. 

Lover, Samuel, death of, 474. 

Lucas Vasquez de Ay lion. (See Ayl- 
lon.) 

Ludwig, Prince, 422. 

Luitpold, Prince, regency of, family of, 
524, 1886. 

Lundy’s Lane, battle of, 300. 

Luneville, Peace of, 274. 

Luther, Martin, 59, 1517 ; at the Diet of 
Worms, 61, 1521 ; death of, 66, 1546. 

Liitzen, 299 ; battle of, 110, 1632. 

Lyndhurst, Lord, death of, 438. 

Lyon, Gen. N., death of, 383. 

Macadam, John L., death of, 328, 1836. 

McArdle, Eliza, 460. 

Macaulay, Lord, death of, 372, 1859. 

McClellan, Gen. G. B., and the Army 
of ,the Potomac. 406, 407 ; the penin¬ 
sular campaign of, 408-415; resigns 
his commission, 419; death of, 519, 
1885. 

McClintock, Capt., 341. 

McCloskey, Cardinal-Archbishop, John, 
489. 1875 ; 519. 

McClure, Capt,, 357. 

McCormick, Cyrus II., death of, 515, 

1884. 

McCrea, Jane, assassination of, 211. 

McCulloch, Gen., death of, 393. 

Macdonalds, massacre of the, 136. 

McDonough, Com., 300. 

McDowell, 411. 

McDowell, Gen. Irwin, death of, 519, 

1885. 

Machiavelli, Nicholas, death of, 63, 
1527. 

Mackenzie, Henry, death of, 322,1831. 

McLane, Louis, 324. 




Iviii LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Macomb, Gen., 300. 

McPherson, Gen., death of, 448. 

Madeira Islands, the, discovery of, 33, 
1420. 

Madison, James, elected Secretary of 
State, 273, 279 ; elected President of 
the U. S.; sketch of, 287, 1809 ; second 
inauguration of, 293, 1813. 

Magellan, discoveries and death of, 60, 
1520; 61, 1521-’22. 

Magenta, 372. 

Magruder, Gen., position of, at the be¬ 
ginning of the civil war, 385. 

Mahomet II., capture of Constantinople 
by, 35, 1453 ; siege of Belgrade by, 36, 
1456. 

Mahon, Lord. (See Stanhope, Earl.) 

Maine, discovery of the coast of, 95, 
1603; attempt to colonize, 97, 1607 ; 
destruction of the Jesuit settlement 
in, 100 ; origin of, 115, 1639 ; annexed 
to Massachusetts, 129, 1677 ; admitted 
into the Union, 310, 1820. 

Maintenon, Madame de, death of, 159, 
1719. 

Malacca, seizure of, by the Portuguese, 
58, 1511 ; capture of, 115. 

Malakoff Tower, storming of, 366. 

Malebranche, death of, 157, 1715. 

Malibran, Madame, death of, 328, 1836. 

Malplaquet, battle of, 154, 1709. 

Malta ceded to the Knights of St. John, 
63, 1530 ; siege of, 69, 1565 ; seized by 
Bonaparte, 257; captured by the Eng¬ 
lish, 260. 

Manassas Junction, 384 ; evacuation of, 
406. 

Mangum, Willie P., 335. 

Manhattan Island, Dutch traders on, 
101, 1614 ; purchase of, 106, 1626. 

Mann, Horace, death of, 372, 1859. 

Manning, Daniel, 518. 

Mantua, surrender of, 255. 

Marcellus II., 67, 1555. 

Marcy, William L., appointed Secretary 
of State, 361. 

Marengo, battle of, 260, 1800. 

Margaret, Queen of Denmark, death of, 
32, 1412. 

Maria da Gloria I. (Queen of Portugal), 
accession of, 213, 1777 ; reigns alone, 
245, 1746; deposition of, 262; death of, 
307. 

Maria da Gloria II. (Queen of Portugal), 
accession of, 316,1826 ; restoration of, 
324, 1833 ; death of, 363. 

Maria Christina (Dowager-Queen of 
Spain), death of, 501. 

Maria-della-Paz, Infanta, marriage of, 
513. 

Maria Francesca. (See Maria I.) 

Maria Isabella, 316. 

Maria Louisa, Archduchess, marriage 
of, 289, 1810. 

Maria Theresa (Empress of Austria), 
161; marriage of, 165, 1736 ; and the 
War of the Austrian Succession, 167- 
170,1740-2,1744 ; engaged in the Third 


Silesian War, 177, 1756 ; before the 
Hungarian Diet, 168, 1741; death of, 
234, 1780. 

Maria Theresa (Empress of Germany), 
accession of, 249. 

Mariana, death of, 106, 1628. 

Marie Amelie of France, Princess, mar¬ 
riage of, 524. 

Marie Antoinette, marriage of, 187,1770; 
execution of, 251, 1793. 

Marie Sophie Am61ie (Queen of Naples), 
372. 

Marie Therese, 521. 

Marie-de-las-Mercedes, 521. 

Marie (Grand-duchess of Russia), mar¬ 
riage of, 489. 

Marion, Francis, 229. 

Marlborough (John Churchill), Duke of, 
on the Continent, 151, 1703 ; 153, 1706 ; 
154, 1709; dismissal of, 155, 1711; death 
of, 161, 1722. 

Marmaduke, Gen., 434. 

Marquette, Father, on the Mississippi, 
127, 1673. 

Marshall (Chief-Justice), death of, 328, 
1835. 

Marshall, John, appointed Secretary of 
State, 255. 

Marston Moor, battle of, 117, 1644. 

Martha’s Vineyard, 95, 1602 ; 219. 

Martin I. (King of Ai*agon), death of, 
32, 1410. 

Martin V., 33, 1417. 

Martin, Henri, death of, 513. 

Martineau, Harriet, death of, 494. 

Mary (Queen of England), accession of, 
marriage of, 66, 1553 ; death of, 67. 

Mary II. (Queen of England), flight of, 
133, 1688; accession of, 133,1689; death 
of, 137, 1694. 

Mary, Queen of Scots, 66, 1542 ; return 
of, to Scotland, 67,1561; abdication of, 
70 ; execution of, 75, 1587. 

Mary of Burgundy, marriage of, 37, 
14 ( 7 . 

Mary of Modena, (Queen of England), 
flight of, 133. 

Mary Anne of Orleans, 156. 

Maryland, history of the colony of, 
xvii.-xx; charter of, and origin of 
name of., 110; settlement in, 111, 1634; 
Ciayborne’s rebellion in, 117, 1645 ; 
passage of the Toleration Act of, 118, 
1649 ; civil war in, 120, 1655 ; made a 
royal province, 135, 1691; removal of 
capital of, 137, 1694 ; ceases to be a 
royal province, 157, 1715 ; the bound¬ 
ary-line of, 186, 1767; ratifies the 
Articles of Confederation, 242 ; inva¬ 
sion of, by the Confederates, 417. 

Mason, Capt. John, 105, 1622 ; 1623. 

Mason, J. M., death of, 480. 

Mason, J. Y., 364. 1854; death of, 371, 
1859. 

Massachusetts, history of the colony of, 
ix.-xiii; first settlement in, 104, 1620 ; 
second settlement in, 107, 1628; emi¬ 
gration from, 112, 1635 ; charter of, 



INDEX. 


lix 


declared void, 131; witchcraft in, 136, 
1692 ; Shays’s rebellion in, 244, 1786; 
246, 1787. 

Massachusetts Bay Colonies, 107, 1628. 

Massachusetts Bay Colony, addition to, 
115, 1641. 

Massachusetts Bay Colonies and Plym¬ 
outh united, 135,' 1692. 

Massachusetts Bay Company, forma¬ 
tion of, 108, 1629. 

Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 70, 1572. 

Massacre of the French by Indians, 162, 
1729. 

Massaniello, assassination of, 118, 1647. 

Massasoit (Indian chief), 128. 

Massillon, death of, 168, 1742. 

Massinger, death of, 115, 1640. 

Matamoras, 343. 

Matthew, Gen., expedition of, to Vir¬ 
ginia, 223. 

Matthias, accession of, to the throne of 
Germany, 100, 1612. 

Matthias Corviuus. (See Corvinus.) 

Maurice, death of, 106. 

Maurice of Nassau, 75, 1587 ; 99. 

Maurice (seventh Elector of Saxony) 
and Charles V., 66, 1552. 

Mauritius River, 102. 

Maury, M. F., death of, 487. 

Maximilian I. (King of Bavaria), coro¬ 
nation of, 280, 1805 ; death of, 316. 

Maximilian II. (King of Bavaria), acces¬ 
sion of, 351, 1848 ; death of, 453. 

Maximilian I. (Emperor of Germany), 
accession of, 40, 1493 ; death of, 60. 

Maximilian II. (Emperor of Germany), 
accession of, 68, 1564 ; death of, 71. 

Maximilian I. (of Mexico), accession of, 
453 ; execution of, 467, 1867. 

Maximilian, Archduke. (See Maximil¬ 
ian I.) 

Maximilian, Emanuel, 153, 1706. 

May, Cornelius, 106. 

Maypu, battle of, 309, 1818. 

Mazarin, 116, 1642. 

Mazzini, G., death of, 483. 

Meade, Gen. George G., supersedes 
Hooker, 425 ; expedition of, against 
the Fenians, 466 ; death of, 482. 

Mecklenburg Declaration, the, 196. 

Medici, Catherine de\ death of, 76, 
1589. 

Medici, Lorenzo de\ death of, 39. 1492. 

Medici family, the, 34, 36, 1428, 1469. 

Mehemet Ah, birth of, 187'. 

Meigs, Col., expedition of, 206. 

Melanchthon at Augsburg, 63, 1530. 

Memphis (Tenn.), 392 ; fall of, 396. 

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix, death of, 
350, 1847. 

Menendez (or Melendez), Pedro, and the 
massacre of the Huguenots, 68, 1565. 

Mercadante, death of, 481. 

Mercedes (Queen of Spain), death of, 
501. 

Mercer, Gen., death of, 204. 

Meridian, 439. 

Merrimac, the, 401, 405. 


Mexico, discovery of, 59, 1517; under 
Montezuma, 60 ; conquest of, 61, 1521; 
secures her independence, 311, 1821 ; 
a republic, 314, 1824 ; revolts in, 341, 
346; and the Gadsden Purchase, 362, 
1853; the Franco-Anglo-Spanish ex¬ 
pedition against, 389 ; withdrawal of 
the French from, 466; republican 
form of government restored in, 
471. 

Mexico and France, war between, 422. 

Mexico and the United States, war be¬ 
tween, 343-350, 1846-’48. 

Meyerbeer, death of, 454, 1864. 

Michael Angelo, death of, 68, 1564. 

Michael, Emperor, death of, 117. 

Michael (Prince of Servia), assassina¬ 
tion of, 474. 

Michaud, Joseph, death of, 332. 

Michelet, Jules, death of, 489. 

Michigan made a Territory, 279, 1805 ; 
admitted into the Union, 329, 1837. 

Middle Military Division, the, 445. 

Middlebrook, 205. 

Mignet, Frangois, death of, 516. 

Milan I. (King of Servia), accession of, 
511. 

Milan Decree the, 286. 

Milborne, execution of, 134. 1691. 

Miles, Gen., and the Apache campaign, 
522. 

Military Academy, West Point, 469. 

Mill, John Stuart, death of, 488. 

Mill Spring (Ky.), 391. 

Mills, Clark, death of, 512, 1883. 

Milroy, Gen., 411. 

Milton, death of, 128, 1674. 

Minnesota, admitted into the Union, 370, 
1858 ; Sioux War in, 420. 

Mint, the, established, 249, 1792. 

Minuit, Peter, Governor of New Nether¬ 
lands, 106, 1626 ; deposition of, 111 ; 
and the founding of New Sweden, 
114 ; death of, 116. 

Missionary Ridge, battle of, 432. 

Mississippi, first European settlement 
in, 139 ; admitted into the Union, 309, 
1817; secedes from the Union, 375; 
Military Division of the, 432; read¬ 
mitted into the Union, 477. 

Mississippi Scheme, the, 160, 1720. 

Missouri admitted into the Union, 311, 
1821. 

Missouri Compromise, the, 311, 1821; 
364. 

Mobile founded by the French, 150, 
1702. 

Mobile, 450 ; surrender of, 462. 

Model for instruction, 44-50. 

Modoc war, the, 484, 1873. 

Mohacz, battle of, 62, 1526. 

Mohammed Dost. (See Dost.) 

Moliere, death of, 127, 1673. 

Molino del Rey, 349, 1847. 

Monck, Viscount, 513. 

Money-order office, the, 451. 

Monitor, the, 401, 405. 

Monk, Gen., 121. 



lx 


LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Monk’s Corners, 227. 

Monmouth Court-House, Washington 
at, 216. 

Monroe, James, appointed Secretary of 
State, 288, 294; elected President of 
the U. S.; sketch of, 307, 1817; second 
inauguration of, 311, 1821; the Mon¬ 
roe doctrine, 312, 1823. 

Monroe, Mrs., in Paris, 326. 

Montagu, Lady, Mary Wortley, sketch 
of life of, 158, 1716 ; 161. 

Montaigne, death of, 77, 1592. 

Montana made a Territory, 452,1864. 

Montcalm, Marquis de,177; death of,180. 

Montalembert, Count de, death of, 479, 
1870. 

Montemolin, Count, death of, 389. 

Monterey, capture of, 345. 

Montesquieu, death of, 176, 1755. 

Montezuma (Emperor of Mexico), 60. 

Montgomery, Gen., in Canada, 197, 1775. 

Montreal, origin of the name of, 64; 
founded, 116,-1642 ; surrender of, 181. 

Montrose, Marquis of, defeat and death 
of, 118, 1650. 

Moore, Gov. James, 150, 1702; expedi¬ 
tion of, against the Indians, 152, 1705. 

Moore, Col., James, 155, 1712 ; elected 
Governor, 159, 1719. 

Mordaunt, Charles. (See Earl of Peter¬ 
borough.) 

More, Hannah, death of, 325, 1833. 

More, Sir Thomas, 64, 1535. 

Moreau, 260. 

Morgan, Gen. Daniel, 236; death of, 
276, 1802. 

Morgan, Gen. J. H., pursuit and capt- 
ure of, 430. 

Mormons, the, in the U. S., 339, 1844. 

Morris, Com. Charles, death of, 367, 
1856. 

Morris, Robert, 235. 

Morse, S. F. B., invention of, 338, 1843 ; 
death of, 482, 1872. 

Morristown, Washington’s forces at, 
205, 226. 

Mortimer, Earl of March, 31, 1403. 

Moscow, Napoleon’s retreat from, 293, 
1812. 

Motley, John L., death of, 496, 1877. 

Mount Vernon, origin of the name of, 
168, 1743 ; sale of, 370, 1858; visit of 
the Prince of Wales to, 373. 

“Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 
the,” 370, 1858. 

Mozart, death of, 249, 1791. 

Mulready, William, death of, 438. 

Munfordville (Ky.), 398. 

Murat, Joachim, made King of Naples, 
286,1808 ; execution of, 306, 1815. 

Murdock, Earl of, 32. 

Murfreesborough (Tenn.), 400. 

Murillo, death of, 131, 1682. 

Myer, Gen. Albert J., death of, 504. 

Nantucket Island, 95, 1602. 

Napier, Sir Charles, 338. 

Napier, Gen. Sir Robert, death of, 374, 


1860 ; note on his expedition to Abys¬ 
sinia, 473. 

Naples, the kingdom of, seizure of, 258, 
263; before and after the Peace of 
Utrecht, 263 ; Joseph Bonaparte pro¬ 
claimed King of, 282, 1806. 

Naples and Sardinia, union of, 374. 

Napoleon I. (Bonaparte), birth of, 187 ; 
in Italy, 253; marriage of, 253, 1796 : 
in Egypt, 257, 1798; in Syria, 259, 
1799; signs the treaty of peace with 
the U. S., 260, 1800 ; crosses the Alps, 
260, 1800; re-establishes the Catholic 
Church, 275 ; institutes the Legion of 
Honor. 276, 1802 ; made President of 
the Italian Republic, 276,1802; elected 
Emperor of the French, 278, 1804 ; 
crowned King of Italy, 279, 1805 ; and 
the Continental System, 281 ; cam¬ 
paign of, in Prussia, 282,1806 ; 284; be¬ 
comes Protector of the Rhine League, 
282, 1806 ; and the Prince Regent of 
Portugal, 285 ; invasion of Austria by, 
280, 288; and Pius VH., 288, 1809 ; sec¬ 
ond marriage of, 289,1810 ; retreat of, 
from Moscow, 293,1812 ; Battle of the 
Nations, 299 ; abdicates and retires to 
Elba, 303, 1814; downfall of, 305, 1815; 
escapes from Elba, 305, 1815 ; impris¬ 
oned at St. Helena, 306; death of, 
312, 1821; remains of, removed to 
Paris, 333, 1840. 

Napoleon II., birth of, 290, 1811; death 
of, 323, 1832 ; 360. 

Napoleon HI. (Louis), becomes Presi¬ 
dent of the French Republic, 351,1848; 
proclaimed Emperor of France, 359, 
1852; in the Austro-Sardinian War, 
372 ; and the war in Mexico, 422 ; fall 
of, 478, 1870 ; death of, 488. 

Narragansett Bay, 122. 

Narvaez, disastrous voyage of, 63, 1528. 

Naseby, battle of, 117, 1645. 

Nashville, evacuation of, 392 ; battle of, 
448. 

Nassau, Duke of, 519. 

Natchez, foundation of the city of, 155, 
1712. 

Natchez Indians, massacre by, and ex¬ 
termination of the, 162, 163, 1729-’30. 

National Currency Bureau established, 
435. 

Naval Academy (Annapolis), 469. 

Naval battles during the American Rev¬ 
olution, 224, 225. 

Navarino, battle of, 316, 1827. 

Navigation Act, the, 119, 1651; second, 
121, 1660. 

Nebraska admitted into the Union, 468, 
1867. 


Nelson, Adm., H., 257, 275; death of, 
280, 1805. 

Netherlands transferred to the House 
of Austria, 37, 1477 ; 67; revolt of the, 
69, 1566 ; union of Holland and Bel¬ 
gium with the, 303, 1814, 

Nevada made a Territory, 376; ad¬ 
mitted into the Union, 452, 1864. 




INDEX. 


lxi 


New Albion, 71, 1579. 

New Amsterdam surrendered to the 
English, 123, 1664. 

New Bedford (Mass.), 219. 

New England, 102 ; war in, 128, 1675. 

New England colonies, charters of, de¬ 
clared void, 132, 1686. 

New England Confederacy, formation 
of the, 116, 1643. 

New France. (See also Canada.) 

New France, 101. 

New Grenada, the Republic of, 310, 
1819 ; 389. 

New Hampshire, history of the colony 
of, xiii.-xv.; 105 ; origin of the name 
of, 108; made a royal province, 130, 
1680 ; separated from Massachusetts, 
167, 1741; history of, 1623. 

New Haven and Connecticut Colonies, 
union of, 124, 1665. 

New Haven Colony, 114,1638; chartered, 
122; founded, 1633. 

New Jersey, history of the colony of, 
xxvii.-xxix.; first settlement in, 103, 
125; second settlement in, 108 ; origin 
of the name of, 124, 1664 ; division of, 
128; secures a Governor, 165,1738; the 
first college in, 170, 1664, 1746; first 
college in, 178, 1757; Washington’s 
campaign in, 204. 

New London, destruction of the city of, 
241. 

New Madrid, capture of, 394. 

New Mexico ceded to the U. S., 350 ; and 
Texas boundary-line, 356 ; organized 
as a Territory, 357, 1850 ; Indian inva¬ 
sion in, 519, 522. 

New Netherlands, history of the colony 
of, vi.-viii. ; (New York), 101, 1614, 
1664; Indian war in, 116, 1643; annexa¬ 
tion of New Sweden to, 120,1655; ceded 
to the Duke of York, 123, 1664 ; ceded 
to the English, 125, 1667. 

New Orleans founded, 159,1781; battleof, 
304, 1815 ; capture of, 395 ; riot in, 488. 

New Orleans Exposition, the, 515, 1884. 

New Somerset (afterward called Maine), 
108. 

New Sweden (afterward called Dela¬ 
ware), 110 ; surrender of, 120, 1655. 

New World, the. (See America.) 

New York. (See also New Netherlands.) 

New York, origin of the name of, 122 ; 
recapture and restoration of, 127, 
1673-’74 ; made a royal province, 132, 
1685 ; negro plot in, 167, 1741; meeting 
of the first Colonial Congress at, 185, 
1765; Washington’s campaign in, 200- 
204 ; evacuation of, 243, 1783 ; great 
fire of, 327, 1835 ; introduction of Cro¬ 
ton water into, 337, 1842 ; the con¬ 
scription riot in, 430 ; the Cuban 
Junta in, 486. 

Newbern, 404. 

Newport, Capt., 97. 

Newport (R. I.) founded, 115, 1639. 

Newspaper postage in U. S., reduction 
of, 514, 1884. 

26 


Newton, Sir Isaac, knighted, 152, 1705 ; 
death of, 162, 1727. 

Ney, Marshal, birth of, 187; execution 
of, 306, 1815. 

Nez-Perc6 Indians, the, 496. 

Niagara, siege of, 180,1759. 

Nicaragua, William Walker in, 365,1855. 

Nicaragua Canal, the, 354. 

Nicholas I. (Emperor of Russia), acces¬ 
sion of, 315, 1825 ; death of, 366. 

Nicholas V., accession of, 35,1447. 

Nichols, Col., 125. 

Niebuhr, C., death of, 306, 1815. 

Niebuhr, B. G., death of, 322, 1831. 

Nile, battle of the, 257. 

Ninety-six, 228 ; evacuation of, 239. 

Noailles, Marshal-Duke of, defeat of, 
169, 1743. 

“ No Popery Riots,” the, 233. 

Norfolk, city of, 224. 

Norfolk (Va.), burning of, 197. 

North Anna River, 442. , 

North Carolina, history of the colony of, 
xxiv.-xxvii.; first settlement in, 119; 
1651 ; second settlement in, 122, 1661 ; 
Indian massacre in, 154, 1663, 1711 ; 
proclamation of independence of, 196; 
adopts the Constitution, 248 ; read¬ 
mitted into the Union, 472. 

North Castle, 202. 

North-German Confederation, the, 471. 

Northwest Passage, discovery of the, 
357, 1850. 

Northwest Territory, organization of 
the, 245, 1787 ; 276. 

Norton, Caroline E. S., death of, 497. 

Nova, Juan de (Castella), and the dis¬ 
covery of St. Helena, 56,1502. 

Novara, battle of, 353. 

Nova Scotia, 154, 1710; ceded to the 
English, 157; expulsion of the Aca- 
dians from, 176, 1755. 

Oak Grove, 414. 

Oates, Titus, 129. 

Obrenovitch, Milan, elected Prince of 
Servia, 474. 

O’Connell, Daniel, 319 ; death of, 350, 
1847. 

O'Conor, Charles, death of, 515, 1884. 

Oglethorpe, Gen. James, in America, 
164, 1733; 166, 1740; 168 ; death of, 244, 
1785. 

Ohio, first settlement in, 246,1788; ad¬ 
mitted into the Union, 276, 1802. 

Ohio Company, the, 171, 1749. 

Ojeda, Alonzo de, expedition of, 41. 

Okeechobee, 332, 1839. 

Old Charleston founded, 126, 1670. 

Olustee (Fla.), 438. 

Omnibus Bill, the, 356, 1850. 

Ontario, Lake, exploration of, 107, 1626. 

Opequan, battle of, 445. 

Opie, Mrs., death of, 363,1853. 

Order of the Golden Fleece, the, 34, 
1430. 

“ Orders in Council,” 282, 1806 ; 825, 
1807. 



Ixii LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Oregon, discovery of the coast of, 249 ; 
admitted into the Union, 371, 1859. 

Oregon Treaty, the, 342, 1846. 

Oriskany, 210. 

Orleans (Louis), Duke of, assassination 
of, 32, 1407. 

Orleans, Princess Frances d\ 520. 

Orleans, Princess Marie d,’ 520. 

Orleans, siege of, 34. 

Oscar I. (King of Sweden and Norway), 
accession of, 339, 1844 ; death of, 372, 
1859. 

Oscar II. (King of Sw r eden and Norway), 
accession of, 483, 1872. 

Ostend Conference, the, 364, 1854. 

Otho (King of Greece), accession of, 
323 ; abdication of, 422, 1862. 

Oudenarde, battle of, 153, 1708. 

Oudinot, Marshal, 353. 

Ouray (Indian chief), 501, 504. 

Oxenstiern, Axel, 100, 1611. 

Pacific Ocean, origin of name of, 60. 

Pacific Railway, completion of, 476, 
1869 ; 485. 

Packenham, Sir Edward, in the Anglo- 
American War, 302, 304. 

Paganini, death of, 333, 1840. 

Painting in oil, invention of, 34, 1425. 

Palseologus. Michael, death of, 34, 1425. 

Palestrina, death of, 77, 1594. 

Paley, William, death of, 280, 1805. 

Palmerston, Lord, death of, 464. 

Palo Alto (Texas), 343. 

Pamlico Sound, 403. 

Pamunkey River, 442. 

Panama Canal, the, 509. 

Panama Railroad, cost and completion 
of the, 365, 1855. 

Panama Railroad Company, charter of, 
renewed, 470. 

Paoli, Pasquale, 187. 

Paredes (President of Mexico), 341, 346. 

Paris, entry of the allied armies into, 
303 ; surrender of, 306, 1815 ; Treaty 
of, 367, 1856 ; Second and Third Inter¬ 
national Exhibitions of, 471,1867 ; 499, 
1878. 

Parker, Adm. Hyde, 220. 

Parnell, Charles S., visit of, to the U. S., 
503,1880. 

Parris, Parson. 136. 

Parthenopean Republic, the, 258. 

Parton, Mrs., death of, 482. 

Pascal, death of, 122, 1662. 

Pascua Florida, 58. (See also Florida.) 

Pass of Sacramento, the, 347, 1847. 

Passarowitz, 159, 1718. 

Paterson and the Bank of England, 135. 

Patterson, Miss E. (See Bonaparte, 
Mme.) 

Patterson, Gen., 345 ; position of, at the 
beginning of the civil war, 384. 

Patterson, Gen. Robert, death of, 508. 

Paul I. (Emperor of Russia), accession 
of, 254, 1796 ; death of, 275. 

Paul II., 36, 1464. 

Paul III., 64, 1534. 


Paul IV., 67, 1555. 

Paul V„ 96, 1605. 

Paulding, J. K., death of, 374, 1860. 

Pauline Elizabeth, Princess, 508. 

Paulus Hook, 205. 

Pavia, battle of, 62, 1525. 

Pea Ridge, battle of, 392. 

Peabody, George, death of, 476. 

Peace of Breda, 125, 1667 ; of Cambrai, 
63, 1529; of Cateau Cambresis, and 
•what it involved, 67, 1559 ; of Paris, 
182,1763 ; of Passarowitz, 159,1718 ; of 
Ryswick, 138,1697 ; of Utrecht, and its 
results, 156, 1713 ; of Westphalia, 99. 

Peace Conference at Paris, the, 367,1856. 

Pecci, Cardinal Joachim (Leo XIII.), 500. 

Pedro I. (Emperor of Brazil), accession 
of, 312, 1822 ; abdication and line of, 
322. 

Pedro II. (Emperor of Brazil), accession 
of, 322,1831 ; 333, 1840. 

Pedro II. (King of Portugal), regency 
of, 126, 1668 ; coronation of, 131,1683 ; 
death of, 153. 

Pedro HI. (King of Portugal), accession 
of, 213, 1777 ; death of, 245,1786. 

Pedro V. (King of Portugal), accession 
of, 363, 1853 ; death of, 388. 

Peel, Sir Robert, death of, 357. 

Pemberton, Gen. John C., death of, 508. 

Peninsular War, origin of the, 285, 286. 

Penn, Adm., captures Jamaica, 121, 
1655. 

Penn, William, and the purchase of the 
Jersey lands, 128; deprived of his 
proprietary rights, 136, 1692 ; rights 
restored, 137, 1694 ; and the people 
of Delaware, 150, 1703 ; death of, 159, 
1718. 

Pennsylvania, history of the colony of, 
xxxi.-xxxiii. ; first settlers in, 116, 
1643 ; origin of name of, 130, 1681 ; the 
boundary-line of, 186, 1767; Wash¬ 
ington’s campaign in, 207 ; mutiny of 
troops in, 235 ; the Whisky Insurrec¬ 
tion in, 251 1794. 

Penobscot River, the, 96, 1605. 

People’s Charter, the, 332. 

Pepperell, Sir William, in America, 170, 
1745. 

Pequod tribe, destruction of the, 113, 
1637. 

Percies, the, of Northumberland, 31. 

Pere la Chaise, death of, 154, 1709. 

Pergolese, death of, 165, 1737. 

Perouse, La, 244, 1785. 

Perry, Com. Matthew C., 363, 372. 

Perry, Oliver Hazard, 295, 1813. 

Perryville (Ky.), 399. 

Peru, 62. 

Peru, Pizarro in, 63, 64, 1531, 1535; be¬ 
comes a republic, 314, 1824. 

Pestalozzi, death of, 317, 1827. 

Peter I., the Great (Emperor of Russia), 
and Ivan V., accession of, 131 ; 151, 
1703 ; death of. 161, 1725. 

Peter II. (Emperor of Russia), accession 
of, 162, 1727 ; death of, 163. 




INDEX. 


lxiii 


Peter III. (Emperor of Russia), acces¬ 
sion and death of, 182, 1762. 

Peterborough, Earl of, 152,1705. 

Petersburg, siege of, 443 ; entry of the 
Union army into, 459. 

Peterwardein, 158, 1716. 

“ Petition of Rights,” the, 108. 

Phelps, Mrs. A. H. L., death of, 516, 
1884. 

Philadelphia, foundation of, 131, 1683 ; 
The Continental Congress in, 190, 1774; 
195, 1775 ; British entry into, 208 ; 
evacuation of, 215, 1778 ; lighted by 
gas, 328, 1835. 

Philip I. (King of Spain), (Philip the Fair 
of Austria), 56, 1504 ; death of, 57, 
1506. 

Philip II. (King of Spain), accession of, 
67, 1556 ; death of, 77. 

Philip III. (King of Spain), accession of, 
77, 1598 ; death of, 104. 

Philip IV. (King of Spain), accession of, 
104. 1621. 

Philip V. (King of Spain), accession of, 
139, 1700 ; abdication of, 161, 1724. 

Philip the Bold, death of, 31, 1404. 

Philip the Good, 33, 1419. 

Philip (Indian chief), death of, 128, 1675. 

Philippa of Lancaster, Lady, 33. 

Philippi, village of, 381. 

Philippine Islands, discovery of, 61. 

Phillips, Gen., death of, 236. 

Phillips, Wendell, death of, 515, 188-1. 

Phipps, Sir William, 134; appointed 
Governor of Massachusetts, 136. 

Photography, invention of, 332, 1839. 

Pichegru, death of, 279. 

Pickering, Timothy, elected Secretary 
of State, 250, 255. 

Pierce, Franklin, elected President of 
the United States; sketch of, 360, 1853; 
death of, 476. 

Pike, Gen., death of, 296, 1813. 

Pilgrim Fathers, the, in Massachusetts, 
104, 1620. 

Pitcairn, Maj., expedition of, t@ Con¬ 
cord, 193. 

Pitcher, Molly, account of, 216. 

Pitt, William, made Premier, 178, 1757 ; 
created Earl of Chatham, 185, 1766 ; 
death of, 283, 1806. 

Pittsburg Landing, battle of, 393. 

Pius II. (/Eneas Sylvius), 36, 1458. 

Pius III., 56, 1503. 

Pius IV., 67, 1559. 

Pius V., 69, 1566. 

Pius VI., 197, 1775 ; journey of. to Vi¬ 
enna, 242, 1782; expulsion of, from 
Rome, 257, 1798 ; 262; death of, 259, 
1799. 

Pius VII., 260, 1800 ; and Napoleon I., 
288, 1809. 

Pius VIII., 319. 1829. 

Pius IX., 346, 1846 ; 353, 357 ; death of, 
500. 

Pizarro, voyage and discovery of, 62, 
1524; and the conquest of Peru, 63, 
64, 1531 ; death of, 1541. 


Plattsburg, battle of, 300. 

Plevna, battle of, 497. 

Plymouth Colony, 104,1620. 

Plymouth Company, formation of the, 
97, 1606 ; dissolution of, 104, 1620. 

Pocahontas saves the life of Captain 
Smith, 98,1608; marriage of, 101,1613; 
at court ; death of, 102, 1616. 

Poets, the Lake School of, 338. 

Point of Rocks, 418. 

Poland, partition of, 188, 251, 1793 ; 253, 
1795 ; made a kingdom, 305 ; under 
Russian rule, 321 ; the second king¬ 
dom of, 525, 528. 

Pole, Cardinal, death of, 67, 1558. 

Polignac, Prince, 320. 

Polk, Gen. Bishop, death of, 447. 

Polk, James K., elected President of the 
U. S.; sketch of, 339, 1845. 

Ponce de Leon, 58, 1512. 

Poniatowski, Count Augustus, elected 
King of Poland, 184, 1764. 

Pontiac, assassination of, 184. 

Pontiac’s conspiracy, 183, 1763. 

Pope, death of, 170, 1744. 

Pope, Gen., campaign of, in Virginia, 
416. 

“ Popish Plot,” the, 129. 

Port Gibson, 428. 

Port Hudson, surrender of, 429. 

Port Republic, 413, 

Port Royal founded, 96, 1605. 

Port Royal (Acadia), capture of, 154,1710. 

Port Royal Island (S. C.), 387. 

Porter, defeat of, 414. 

Porter, Com. David Dixon. 395. 

Porter, Com. William D., death of, 452. 

Porter, Capt., 301. 

Porto Bello, capture of, 166, 1739. 

Portsmouth, N. H., origin of the name 
of, 108, 1629. 

Portsmouth, R. I., settlement of, 113, 
1636. 

Portugal, annexed to Spiin, 72, 1580. 

Portugal, independence of, 115, 1640 ; 
seized by France, 285,1807 ; the quad¬ 
ruple alliance, 326. 

Post-Office. (See United States P. O.) 

Postal-car service, the, 452. 

Postage-due stamps, 501. 

Postage-stamps, first use of, in the U. S., 
349,1847. 

Postal-cards, first use of, 483 ; issuing 
of the two-cent, in the U. S., 502. 

Postal law of the U. S., 358, 1851 ; 435, 
436, 492, 512, 1883 ; 514 ; 518, 519, 1885 ; 
523. 

Postal Union, International, 488. 

Potatoes, introduction of, into England, 
74, 1586. 

Potts, Isaac, 209. 

Poussin, death of, 125, 1665. 

Powers, Abigail, 356. 

Powers, Hiram, death of, 487, 1873. 

Powhatan, 98 ; prepares for war, 101. 

Pragmatic Sanction, the, defined, 167. 

Preble, Com., expedition to the Medi¬ 
terranean, 277, 278, 1803. 




Ixiv LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Prescott, Gen., capture of, 206. 

Prescott, William H., death of, 371, 
1859. 

Preston, W. C., death of, 374, 1860. 
Preston Pans, 170. 

Prevost, Gen., 300. 

Price, Gen., at Lexington, 383 ; at the 
battles of Iuka, Corinth, and Murfrees- 
borough, 399, 400. 

• Prideaux, death of, 180. 

Priestley, Dr., 278, 1804. 

Prim, Gen., 474. 

Prince Edward’s Island, discovery of, 
70. 

Pring, Martin, voyage and discovery of, 
95, 1603 ; 97. 

Printing, invention of, 34, 1436. 

Printz, John, arrival of, in America, 116, 
1643, 1682. 

Prior, Matthew, death of, 161, 1721. 
Providence founded, 112,1636. 
Providence and Rhode Island Planta¬ 
tions united, 116, 1644. 

Province of Laconia, 105. 

Provost, Gen., in South Carolina, 222. 
Prussia becomes a kingdom, 149, 1701 ; 

invasion of, by Napoleon, 282, 284. 
Pulaski, Count, sketch of, 215; death 
of, 223, 1779. 

Pultowa, battle of, 154, 1709. 

Punjaub, the, 354. 

Puritans, the, in Connecticut, 110; 
founding of the New Haven Colony 
by the, 114. 

Pusey, Dr. E. B., death of, 511. 

Putnam, Gen., 201. 

Pyle, Col., 237. 

Quaker Hill, battle of, 219, 1778. 
Quatre-Bras, battle of, 305. 

Quebec founded, 98, 1608 ; first college 
in, 112, 1635 ; siege and surrender of, 
180, 1759. 

Queen Anne’s War, 150,1702 ; 151,1704; 
153, 1707. 

uestions for classes, 44-50, 78-80. 
uincy, Josiah, death of, 452, 1864. 

Racine, death of, 139, 1699. 

Radetsky, Marshal, 353. 

Rae, Dr., 341. 

Rafaelle, death of, 60, 1520. 

Railroad in America, the first, 316, 321. 
Railroad strikes in the U. S., 496, 1877. 
Raleigh, Sir Walter, attempt of, to colo¬ 
nize America, 73-77, 1584-1587 ; aban¬ 
dons America, 77 ; execution of, 103, 
1618. 

Raleigh (N. C.), 457, 461. 

Ramillies, battle of, 153, 1706. 

Ramsay, Allan, death of, 178, 1757. 
Randolph, Edmund, 250. 

Randolph, John, death of, 324, 1833. 
Rapidan River, 406. 

Rappahannock River, 406. 

Rastadt, Treaty of, 157,1714. 

Rawdon, Lord, defeat of, 238. 

Raymond (Miss.), 428. 


Read, Thomas B., death of, 482. 

Reade, Charles, death of, 516, 1884. 

Rebecca, Lady. (See Pocahontas.) 

Redan, storming of the, 366. 

Red River Expedition, the, 439. 

Reed, Gen., 214. 

Reichstadt, Duke of. (See Napoleon 
II.) 

Reign of Terror, the, 251, 1793. 

Rembrandt, death of, 126, 1669. 

Rensselaer County, the anti-rent out¬ 
breaks in, 338, 1844. 

Resaca de la Palma, 343. 

Resolute (British bark), abandonment 
and recovery of, 366, 1856. 

Restoration of monarchy in England, 
121, 1660. 

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, death of, 250, 
1792. 

Rhine League, the, 282. 

Rhode Island, history of the colony of, 
xx.-xxii.; purchase of, 113, 1637; fu¬ 
tile attempt of the Americans to re¬ 
cover, 218 ; evacuation of, by the Brit¬ 
ish, 226 ; adopts the Constitution, 248; 
the Dorr Rebellion in, 336, 1842. 

Ribault and the Huguenots, 68; death 
of, 68. 

Richard IH., usurpation of the English 
throne by, 37,1483 ; death of, 37, 1485. 

Richardson, death of, 182, 1761. 

Richelieu, 106, 1624. 

Richmond (Ky.), 398. 

Richmond (Va.), founded, 165, 1737 ; 
made a town, 168, 1742 ; made a city, 
242, 1782 ; plan to destroy the city of, 
439; entry of the Union army into, 
459. 

Richmond Theatre, burning of the, 290, 
1811. 

Rich Mountain, 382. 

Ripley, George, death of, 504. 

Ripley, Gen., in the Anglo-American 
War, 299. 

Rizzio, David, murder of, 69, 1566. 

Roanoke Island, discovery of, 73 ; capt¬ 
ure of, 403. 

Roanoke mystery, the, 76, 1590. 

Robert III. (King of Scotland), death of, 
32, 1406. 

Roberval, Lord, appointed Viceroy of 
New France, 64, 1540. 

Robespierre, execution of, 252, 1794. 

“RobinsonCrusoe,” publication of, 159, 
1719. 

Rochambeau, Count de, arrival of, in 
America, 232 ; death of, 286, 1807. 

Rockingham, Marquis of, death of, 242, 
1782. 

Rocky Mountain, battle of, 229. 

Rodgers, Capt., 289, 1811. 

Rodgers, Rear-Adm. John, death of, 511. 

Rodney, Sir George, 233. 

Roebling, John A., 511. 

Roebling, Washington A., 511. 

Roget, P. M., death of, 477. 

Rolfe, John, marriage of, 101, 1613. 

Rollin, death of, 168,1741. 





INDEX. 


lxv 


Romanoff dynasty, accession of the, 
101, 1613. 

Rome, storming of, by De Bourbon, 62, 
1527; revolution in, 353, 1849 ; de¬ 
clared the capital of Italy, 478, 1870. 

Rooke, Adm., 136. 

Rooke, Sir George, 152, 1704. 

Roscoe, William, death of, 322, 1831. 

Rosecrans, Gen., at Carnifex Ferry, 382; 
at the battles of luka and Corinth, 
399 ; defeat of, at Chickamauga, 431. 

Ross, Gen., captures Washington, 300 ; 
death of, 301. 

Rosse, Earl o£, death of, 471, 1867. 

Rossini, death of, 474, 1868. 

Rothschild, Baron Lionel de, death of, 
503. 

Rothschild, Sir N. de, 520. 

Rothschild, N. M., death of, 328, 1836. 

Roumania, 389, 468, 508; form of gov¬ 
ernment of, 544. 

Rousseau, death of, 221, 1778. 

Royal family of England, lineal de¬ 
scent of the, 66, 1548. 

Rubens, death of, 115, 1640. 

Rudolph II. (Emperor of Germany), ac¬ 
cession of, 71, 1576 ; death of, 100. 

Rudolph, Lucretia, 505. 

Rudolph (Prince Imperial of Austria), 
line of, 351 ; marriage of, 509. 

Rugby School, 70, 1567. 

Rupert (Emperor of Germany), death } 
of, 32. 

Rupert of Bavaria, Prince, death of, 131, 
1682. 

Russell, Adm., 136. 

Russell, Lord John, death of, 500. 

Russell, Lord William, execution of, 
131, 1683. 

Russia and the Treaty of Paris, 367,1856; 
abolition of serfdom in, 389 ; form of 
government of, 542. 

Russia and France, war between, 293. 

Russo-Turkish wars, 389, 497. 

Rye-House Plot, 131, 1683. 

Sackett's Harbor, 297. 

Sadowa, battle of, 467, 1866. 

St. Augustine, capture of the town of, 
150, 1702 ; siege of, 166. 

St. Clair, Gen., defeat of, 211 ; 249, 
1791. 

St. Cyr, Institution of, 159. 

St. Domingo, revolt in, 252. 

St. Gothard Tunnel, the, 511, 1882. 

St. Helena, discovery of, 56, 1502. 

St. Lawrence River, discovery of the, 
64, 1534. 

St. Leger, Col., defeat of, 210. 

St. Mary’s, the French in, 126, 1668. 

St. Mary’s (Ga.), 404. 

St. Petersburg, foundation of, 151, 1703. 

St. Peter’s Church, 57, 1506 ; consecra¬ 
tion of, 107, 1626. 

St. Pierre and George Washington at 
Fort le Boeuf, 174. 

St. Pius V., 69, 1566. 

Sainte-Beuve, Charles, death of, 477. 


Salem, the settlement of, 107, 1628. 

Salem witchcraft, the, 136, 1692. 

Salic law, the, 325. 

Salisbury Lord, 520. 

Salmeson (President of the Spanish Re¬ 
public, 487. 

Salmon Falls River, 134. 

Salvator Rosa, death of, 127, 1673. 

San Antonio, 346. 

San Antonio, capture of the castle of, 
349. 

Sander’s Creek, 230. 

San Domingo, Cortes in, 58 ; the Repub¬ 
lic of, 486. 

Sandwich Islands, discovery of, 220, 
1778. 

San Francisco, 350. 

San Francisco Bay, discovery of, 71. 

San Gabriel, 347, 1847. 

San Jacinto, battle of, 328. 

San Juan, Island of, 371, 1859 ; 482,1872. 

San Martin, Gen., 309,1818. 

Santa Anna (President of Mexico), 327, 
346, 347, 349 ; death of, 494. 

Santa F6, 72 ; capture of, 345. 

Santiago de Cuba, 58, 1511. 

Saratoga, Gen. Burgoyne at, 212, 1777. 

Sardinia and Austria, war between, 372, 
1859 ; 374. 

Sargent, Epes, death of, 504. 

Savage, Richard, death of, 169, 1743. 
i Savannah, foundation of, 164, 1733; 
capture of, 220 ; unsuccessful assault 
upon, 222, 1779 ; evacuation of, 450. 

Savoy, Duke of. (See Victor Amadeus 
H.) 

Saxony, kingdom of, form of govern¬ 
ment of, 543. 

Saybrooke, founding of colony of, 112, 
1635. 

Saybrooke and Connecticut colonies, 
union of, 117,1644. 

Saybrooke College. 149, 1701 ; 157, 1716. 

Saye-and-Sele, Lord, 109, 1631 ; 112. 

Sayle, William, in South Carolina, 126, 
1670. 

Saxe, Marshal, death of, 172, 1750. 

Schenck, Gen., 411. 

Schiller, death of, 280, 1805. 

Schlegel, August W. von, death of, 328, 
1835. 

Schleswig, Duchy; of, revolt of, 351. 

Schleswig-Holstein, 437. 

Schleswig-Holstein War, origin and re¬ 
sult of, 453. 

Schley, Capt. W. S., and the Greeley 
expedition, 514. 

Schenectady (N. Y.), massacre in, 133, 
1690. 

Schfiffer, Peter, invention of, 35, 1452. 

Schofield, Gen., 432 ; in North Carolina, 
457 ; succeeds Secretary Stanton, 472. 

Schubert, death of, 317, 1828. 

Schuman, Robert, death of, 367, 1856. 

Scotland united with England, 153,1707; 
rebellion in, 170, 1745 ; 171, 1746. 

Scott, Gen. W., in the Anglo-American 
war, 299 ; in the U. S. war with Mexi- 









lxvi ' LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


co, 347, 1847 ; 371; position of, at the 
beginning of the civil war, 384 ; re¬ 
signs his commission, 386 ; death of, 
467, 1866. 

Scott, Sir Walter, birth of, 188, 1771 ; 
created a baronet, 311,1820 ; death of, 
324, 1832. 

Scribe, Eugene, death of, 390. 

Sea of Kamtschatka, 162, 1728. 

Sebastian (King of Portugal), accession 
of, 67, 1557 ; death of, 71. 

Sebastopol, siege of, 365, 366. 

Seminole wars, 308. 309, 1817-T8 ; 327, 
1835 ; 332, 1839 ; 336, 1842. 

Semmes, Capt. Raphael, 451 ; death of, 
496. 

Sergius, Grand Duke, 516. 

Serrano, Gen., 474 ; death of, 521. 

Servia, 474 ; a kingdom, 511; form of 
government of, 544. 

Seven Pines, 411. 

Seven Weeks’ War, origin and result of 
the, 467, 1866 ; 471, 481. 

Seven Years’ War in Europe, the, 177- 
179, 181, 184. 

Sevigne, Mme de., death of, 138,1696. 

Seward, William H., appointed Secre¬ 
tary of State, 378, 458, 461; death of, 
482, 1872. 

Sewing-machine, invention of the, 349, 
1847. 

Seymour, Gen., invades Florida, 438. 

Seymour, Horatio, death of, 524, 1886. 

Shakespeare, death of, 103,1616. 

Sharpsburg, battle of, 419. 

Shays, Daniel, 244, 246, 1786-’87. 

Sheibyville, 400. 

Shelley, Percy B., death of, 312, 1822. 

Shenandoah Valley, 385 ; Jackson’s raid 
in, 411-413 ; Sheridan in, 445, 455. 

Sheridan, Gen. P. H., in the Shenandoah 
Valley, 445, 455 ; famous ride of, 446 ; 
succeeds Gen. Sherman, 512. 

Sheridan, Richard B., death of, 307,1816. 

Sherman, John, elected President of the 
Senate, 517. 

Sherman, Gen. Thomas W., at Port 
Royal Harbor, 387 ; at Vicksburg, 400; 
expedition of, in Mississippi, 438; cam¬ 
paigns of, 446-457 ; retires from active 
service, 512. 

Shields, Gen. James, defeat of, 413 ; 
death of, 502. 

Shiloh, battle of, 393. 

Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, 152, 1705; 153, 
1707. 

Shrewsbury, battle of, 31, 1403. 

Siddons, Mrs., death of, 322, 1831. 

Sidney, Algernon, execution of, 131, 
1683. 

Sidney, Sir Philip, death of, 75, 1586. 

Sieur de Monts, 96, 1604. 

Sigismund (King of Hungary), accession 
of, 32, 33, 1410. 

Sigismund (King of Sweden), accession 
of, 77, 1592 ; deposition of, 96, 1604. 

Sigourney, Mrs. L. H., death of, 463. 

Sikhs, the, 354. 


Silesia, invasion of, by Frederic H., 
167, 1740 ; 169, 1744. 

Silliman, B., 519. 

Sinde, 338. 

Sioux War, 420, 490, 1876. 

Sitting Bull (Indian chief), 491. 

Sixtus IV., 36, 1471. 

Sixtus V.. 74, 1585. 

Skelton, Mrs. Martha (Wayles), 273. 
Slavery. (See abolition of slavery.) 
Slidell, John, death of, 480. 

Sloane, Sir Hans, death of, 174, 1753. 
Sloat, Com., 344. 

Smalcald princes, the, 66, 1546. 

Smellie, William, 187. 

Smet, Peter J. de, death of, 487. 

Smith, Joe, death of, 339, 1844. 

Smith, Gen. E. Kirby, in Kentucky, 398; 
462. 

Smith, Margaret, 352. 

Smith, Robert, appointed Secretary of 
State, 288. 

Smith, Rev. Sydney, death of, 341, 

1845. 

Smith, Sir W. Sidney, death of, 333. 
Smith, Capt., father of the Virginia 
colony, 98, 1607; return of, to Eng¬ 
land, 98 ; explorations of, 102, 1614. 
Smith, Lieut., death of, 402. 

Smithson, James, 342. 

Smithsonian Institution founded, 342, 

1846. 

Smollett, death of. 188,1771. 

Sobieski, John (King of Poland), 131; 

159, 1719 
Solferino, 372. 

Somei’set, Duke of, execution of, 66, 
1552. 

Somerville. Mrs. Mary, death of, 483. 

“ Sons of Liberty,” 187, 1770. 

Sontag, Mme., death of, 365, 1854. 
Sophia Dorothea of Zelle, death of, 161, 
1726 ; 162, 1727. 

Soudan rebellion, the, 516, 519, 1884. 
Soule at the Ostend Conference, 364, 
1854. 

Soult, Marshal, birth of, 187. 

South America, discovery of the coast 
- of, 41, 1498. 

South American republics, the, 312, 
1822. 

South Carolina, history of the colony 
of,xxix.-xxxi.; first settlement in, 126, 
1670 ; rebellion in, 132 ; introduction 
of rice-seed into, 138,1695 ; Indian war 
in, 157, 1715 ; invasion of, 222 ; Clay’s 
Compromise Bill in, 323, 1832 ; 324, 
1833 ; secedes from the Union. 37’4, 
1860 ; readmitted into the Union, 472 ; 
and the presidential election of 1876, 
493; withdrawal of the U. S. troops 
from, 496, 1877. 

South Mountain (Va.), 417. 

South Sea, Balboa’s first glimpse of the, 
58, 1513. 

South Sea Bubble, the, 160,161,1720-’21. 
Southard, Samuel L., 335. 

Southey, Robert, death of, 338, 1843. 





INDEX. 


lxvii 


Southwest Territory, the, 276. 

Souvestre, 15mile, death of, 534. 

Sovereigns of the 15th century, 51 ; of 
the 16th, 88 ; of the 17th, 142 ; of the 
18th, 261 ; of the 19th, 529. 

Spain, War of the Spanish Succession, 
149, 1701 : 150,151,1703 ; “ Constitution 
of the year ’12 ” in, 293 ; the Duke of 
Wellington in, 299; the Salic law in, 
325 ; the Quadruple Alliance in, 326 ; 
revolt in, 474, 1868 ; becomes a repub¬ 
lic, 487,1873; monarchical government 
re-established in, 488, 1874; earth¬ 
quakes in, 516, 1884 ; form of govern¬ 
ment of, 540. 

Spain and England, wars between, 121, 
1655 ; 182, 1761. 

Spain and Mexico, capture of Vera 
Cruz, 389. 

Spain and Portugal, war between, 1665. 

Spain and the United States, treaty 
with, 253. 1795 ; the Virginius affair, 
486. 1873 ; 489. 

Spanish Armada, destruction of the, 
75. 1588. 

Spanish Intercolonial War, the, 165, 
1739 

Sparks, Jared, death of, 467, 1866. 

Special-delivery stamp, 519. 

“Spectator,” publication of the, 155, 
1711 ; end of, 157, 1715. 

Spenser, Edmund, death of, 77, 1598. 

Spinoza, death of, 129, 1677. 

Spohr, death of, 372, 1859. 

Spottsylvania Court-House, battle of, 
442. 

Stamp Act, the, 184, 1765 ; 184, 1766. 

Standish, Capt. Miles, rescue of the 
Wessagusset settlers by, 104,1622. 

Stanhope, Earl, death of, 490. 

Stanislaus Leczinski, accession of, to 
the Polish throne, 152,1704; 263; death 
of, 186, 1766. 

Stanley, Arthur P., death of, 510. 

Stanley, H. M., sketch of, 491; and the 
Congo Free State, 520. 

Stanton, Edwin M.,appointed Secretary 
of War, 458, 461 ; suspended from 
office, 470, 472, 1867 ; death of, 476. 

Star-Chamber, abolition of the, 115,1641. 

Star-Route trial, the, 510. 

“ Star-Spangled Banner,” the, 301. 

Stark, Gen., 211. 

State and Territory defined, 357. 

Statue of Liberty, the (Bartholdi’s), pres¬ 
entation of, to the United States, 515; 
arrival of, in New York, 518 ; unveil¬ 
ing of, 523, 1886. 

Statue of Liberty (Crawford’s), 436,1863. 

Steamboat, the first, 283, 1807. 

Steele (pseudonym of “Isaac Bicker 
1K4 264 

Sten Sture the Elder, 36, 1470. 

Stephanie (Queen of Pedro V.), 375. 

Stephanie, Princess, marriage of, 510. 

Stephens, Alexander H., elected Vice- 
President of the Confederate States, 
376 ; death of, 512, 1883. 


Sterne, Laurence, death of, 186, 1768. 
Steuben, Baron, account of, 214 ; death 
of, 252, 1794. 

Stewart, Rear-Admiral Charles, death 
of, 476, 1869. 

Stewart, Dugdale, death of, 317, 1828. 
Stewart, Capt., 304. 

Stewart, Col., at Eutaw Springs, 239. 
Stillwater, battles of, 212. 

Stockton, Com., in California, 344. 
Stone, Gen., defeat of, 386. 

Stony Point, 224, 225,1779. 

Strafford, Earl of, 109, 1630 ; execution 
of, 115, 1641. 

Straits of Magellan, discovery of the, 
60, 1520. 

Strauss, Johann, at the Boston Jubilee, 
481. 

Strickler, Gen., 301. 

Stringham, Com., at Hatteras Inlet, 387. 
Stuart, Lady Arabella, imprisonment 
of, 100, 1611. 

Stuart, Gilbert, death of, 317, 1828. 
Stuart, Gen., in Pennsylvania, 419. 
Sture, Svante, 56, 1503 ; 89. 

Stuyvesant, Gov., administration of, 117, 
1647 ; and the surrender of New Swe¬ 
den, 120. 

Suez Canal, the, 476,1869 ; English pur¬ 
chase of shares in, 490. 

Suffolk, 224. 

Sullivan, Gen., on Rhode Island, 218 ; 
expedition of, against the Indians, 
225 1779. 

Sully, death of, 115, 1641. 

Sully, Thomas, death of, 482, 1872. 
Sumner, Charles, death of, 488. 

Sumner, Gen. Edwin Vose, death of, 
436. 

Sumter in the South, 229, 230. 

Sunbury, 221, 1779. 

Svante Sture. (See Sture.) 
Swaanendael, settlement of, 109,1631. 
Sweden, form of government of, 540. 
Swedenborg, death of, 188,1772. 
Swedish Company, the, 107,1626. 

Swift, Dean, death of, 170, 1745. 

Swiss Confederacy, abolition of the, 
257, 1798. 

Switzerland, the St. Gothard Tunnel in, 
511, 1882. 

Symbols used on the charts, 9-14. 
Symmes, Anna, 334. 

Syria, Napoleon in, 259, 1799. 

Talbot, Richard (Tyreonnell), 135. 
Talfourd, death of, 365, 1854. 
Talleyrand, death of, 332, 1838. 

Tallien, birth of, 187. 

Tamerlane, the Tartar, captures Ba)a- 
zet, 31, 1402 ; death of, 32, 1405. 

Taney, R. B., death of, 452,1864. 

Tariff Bill, the, 317,1828, 

Tarleton in the South, 227, 228, 230, 237. 
Tasso, death of, 77, 1595. 

“ Tatler,” publication of the, 154, 1709. 
Taylor, Bayard, death of, 498. 

Taylor, Jeremy, death of. 125, 1667. 





Ixviii LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Taylor, Gen. Richard, 462; death of, 
502. 

Taylor, Zachary, in the Seminole War, 
332, 1839 ; in the U. S. war witli Mexi¬ 
co, 343, 347 ; elected President of the 
U. S.; sketch of, a52, 1849. 

Teachers 1 aids, 19-25, 44-49, 78-83, 266, 
535 539. 

Tecumseh, 290, 291, 1811 ; death of, 296, 
1813. 

Telephone, invention of the, 491, 1876. 

Tennessee admitted into the Union, 253, 
1796; invasion of, 448; readmitted 
into the Union, 465. 

“ Territories,” the (State of Delaware), 
130. 

Territory and State defined, 357. 

Terry, Major-Gen., 455. 

Teutonic Knights, the, 32, 1404. 

Texas, revolt in, 327, 1835 ; secures its 
independence, 328,330,1837 ; admitted 
into the Union, 341, 1845; and New 
Mexico boundary-line, 356 ; secedes 
from the Union, 375 ; readmitted into 
the Union, 477. 

Thackeray, W. M., death of, 438. 

Thalberg, death of, 481. 

Thames, battle of the, 295, 1813. 

Thames Tunnel, the, completion of, 338, 
1843. 

Thanksgiving-day, origin of, 105, 1622. 

Theresa, Maria. "(See Maria Theresa.) 

Theodore (Emperor of Abyssinia), 473. 

Thiers, L. A., death of, 497. 

Thirty Years 1 War, commencement of 
the, 103, 1618. 

Thomas a Kempis, death of, 36, 1470. 

Thomas, Gen. G. H. (the Rock of Chicka- 
mauga), at Mill Spring, 391 ; bravery 
of, 431; in Tennessee, 448 ; death of, 
478. 

Thomas, Dr., murder of, 485. 

Thomson, death of, 171, 1748. 

Thornton, Capt., 343. 

Thorwaldsen, death of, 339, 1844. 

Ticonderoga, capture of, 194. 

Tilden, Samuel J., and the disputed elec¬ 
tion of 1876, 492 ; death of, 524, 1886. 

Tinicum Island, 116, 1643. 

Tintoretto, death of, 77. 

Tippecanoe, battle of, 290, 1811. 

Titian, death of, 71, 1576. 

Tobacco, introduction of, into England, 
74, 1586; cultivation of, in Virginia, 
103, 1616. 

Todd, Mrs. Dorothy (Payne), 287. 

Toleration Act, passage of the, 118,1649. 

Tompkins, Daniel D., elected Vice-Presi¬ 
dent of the U. S., 308, 311, 

Tongue, Dr., 129. 

Topete, Admiral, 474. 

Toussaint, l’Ouverture, 252. 

Tourville, defeat of, 136. 

Trafalgar, battle of, 280. 

Transvaal, the, war in, 508. 

Treaty, the, of Aix-la-Chapelle, 170,1745; 
of Amiens, 276, 277 ; of Berlin, 499; 
of Guadalupe Plidalgo, 350, 1848 ; 362 ; 


of Hubertsburg, 184, 1763 ; of Paris, 
367, 1856 ; of Rastadt, 157, 1714; of 
Ryswick, 136, 138, 1697; of San Ste- 
fano, 497; of Tilsit, 284 ; of Vienna, 
164 ; of Washington, 497 ; of West¬ 
phalia, 72. 

“ Trent affair,” the, 387. 

Trenton, Washington at, 204. 

Trinidad, Island of, discovery of, 41. 

“ Tripartite Treaty,” the, 359, 1852. 

Tripoli, bombardment of, 278, 1804. 

Trollope, Anthony, death of, 511. 

Troyes, Treaty of, 33, 1420. 

Try on, Gen., in Connecticut, 224, 1779. 

Tucker, George, death of, 388. 

Tuckerman, Henry T., death of, 480. 

Tudor, the House of, first king of, 37, 
1485. 

Turco-Egyptian fleet, destruction of, 
316,1827. 

Turenne, death of, 128, 1675. 

Turkey under Ismail Pasha, 471. 

Turkey and Russia, war between, 497. 

Turks, defeat of the, at Peterwardein, 
158,1716. 

Tuscaroras, the, in North Carolina, 154, 
155, 1712. 

Twiller, Wouter Van, Governor of New 
Netherlands, 111, 114. 

Tyler, John, accession of, to the office 
of President of the U. S., 335, 1841 ; 
death of, 421, 1862. 

Tyrconnell (Richard Talbot), career of, 
135. 

Uhland, J. L., death of, 422. 

Ulrica, Eleanora (Queen of Sweden), 
159, 1719 ; 160, 1720. 

Unfortunate Peace, the, 67. 

Union of Calmar, the. (See Calmar.) 

“United Colonies of New England,” 
the, 116, 1643. 

United States, the, date of earliest 
known history of, 29 ; second settle¬ 
ment in, 72 ; boundaries of, 242 ; inde¬ 
pendence of, 242, 1782; adoption of 
the Constitution of. 246, 1748 ; national 
capital of, transferred to Philadelphia, 
248, 1790; Department of the Navy 
established in, 256, 1798; abolition of 
the slave-trade in, 286, 1809 ; naval en¬ 
gagements of, with England, 289,1811; 
292, 298, 1812; the Monroe doctrine 
in, 312,1823 ; first railway in, 316,1826; 
321 ; Black Hawk War in, 322, 1832; 
the cholera in, 323,1832 ; extinction of 
the public debt of, 327, 1835 ; financial 
crisis in, 330, 1837 ; the electro-mag¬ 
netic telegraph in, 338,1843 ; first pub¬ 
lic use of the telegraph in, 338, 1844 : 
Mormons in, 339, 1844; the Mexican 
cession, 350 ; Department of the In¬ 
terior established in, 351, 1849; the 
Gadsden Purchase and, 362, 1853; 
financial panic in, 369, 1857; visit of 
Japanese embassy to, 372,> 1860 : divis¬ 
ion of, during the civil war, 382, 392 ; 
issuing of greenbacks in, 388 ; aboli- 




INDEX. 


lxix 


tion of slavery in, 421, 423, 1863 ; 462 ; 
Bureau of Internal Revenue, and De¬ 
partment of Agriculture established 
in, 421; National Currency Bureau 
established in, 435 ; the Fenian move¬ 
ment in, 466; Bureau of Education 
established in, 469, 1867 ; purchase of 
Alaska by, 469, 1867 ; the Burlingame 
Chinese embassy in, 472, 1868; com¬ 
pletion of the Pacific Railway in, 476, 
1869 ; 485 ; the Geneva arbitration of 
the Alabama claims, 481, 1872; the 
northwest boundary-line determined, 
482, 1872; fish-culture in, 484 ; the 
Modoc War in, 484 ; financial panic in, 
486, 1873; the disputed presidential 
election in, 493; railroad strikes in, 
496, 1877; first Chinese embassy in, 
498; Life-Saving Service established 
in, 498; the Chinese question in, 501, 
1879 ; 504, 1880 ; 510, 1882; the Star- 
Route trial in, 510; tornadoes and 
floods in, 512, 513, 1883-’84. 

United States—acts of Congress. Na¬ 
tional flag adopted ; issuing of the Ar¬ 
ticles of Confederation, 213,1777; Bank 
of the U. S. chartered, 249, 1791; the 
Mint established, 249, 1792; the Alien 
Act, 256, 1798 ; the Sedition Act, 257, 
1798; act to change the seat of gov¬ 
ernment, 259, 1800; Military Academy 
at West Point founded, 275,1802 ; the 
Embargo Act, 283 ; repeal of the Em¬ 
bargo Act, 286, 1807; 1809; the Mis- 
osuri Compromise, 311, 1821; aboli¬ 
tion of slave-trade, 286, 1809; passage 
of the non-intercourse law, 287 ; the 
Tariff Bill, 317, 1828 ; 323, 1832 ; Indi¬ 
an Territory organized by, 325, 1814 ; 
act relating to the public funds, 328, 
1836 ; the Independent Treasury Bill, 
330, 1837 ; 333, 1840 ; 336, 1841 ; act 
to organize the Smithsonian Institu¬ 
tion, 342, 1846 ; the Omnibus Bill, 356, 
1850; the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 364, 
1854; abolition of slavery, 421 ; the 
Conscription Act, 430 ; the postal law, 
435, 436, 492 ; act to create a lieuten¬ 
ant-general, 440 ; the Freedmen’s Bu¬ 
reau and the Civil-Rights Bill, 464, 465, 
1866; act relating to unclaimed let¬ 
ters, 466 ; the Reconstruction Act, 468; 
acts relating to U. S. citizens, 473, 477; 
acts relating to the Pacific Railroad, 
476; bill to establish the Weather 
Signal-Service, 477, 1870 ; abolition of 
the franking privilege, 483 ; acts re¬ 
lating to salaries, 483; Tenure-of-Of- 
fice Bill, 469, 1867; the Bland Silver 
Bill, 498, 1878; act for the redemp¬ 
tion of greenbacks, 501, 1879; the 
Anti-Polygamy Bill, 510 ; Chinese Im¬ 
migration Bill, 510 ; Civil-Service Re¬ 
form Bill, 511 ; formation of the Bu¬ 
reaus of Statistics and Navigation, 
514 ; the Presidential Succession Bill; 
521,1866; act relating to postal law, 523. 

United States Bank rechartered, 307, 


1816 ; expiration of charter of, 328, 
1836 ; bill to recharter the, vetoed, 322, 
1832. 

United States boundary-line, the, Wil- 
mot Proviso, 342, 1846. 

United States Bureau of Navigation 
formed, 514. 

United States Bureau of Statistics 
formed, 514. 

United States, census of the, first, 248 ; 
second, 260 ; third, 289 ; fourth, 310 ; 
fifth, 319 ; sixth, 333; seventh, 357; 
eighth, 374; ninth, 478 ; tenth, 504, 
1880. 

United States Congress, convention at 
Philadelphia, 245. 

United States Exploring Expedition, 
the, 331, 337, 1838. 

United States Grinnell Expedition, the, 
358, 1851 ; 366, 1855. 

United States Navy during the civil 
war, 395,401-405; in the Mediterranean, 
277, 1803. 

United States postal service—first use 
of postage - stamps, 349, 1847; re¬ 
duction of letter-postage, 358, 1851; 
postal law, 435, 436, 492 ; postal-car 
service, 451 ; money-order office, 451; 
postal-cards, introduction of, 483 ; in¬ 
troduction of postage-due stamps, 501; 
two-cent international postal-cards 
issued, 502 ; reduction of letter-post- 
age, 512,1883 ; reduction of newspaper 
postage, 514,1884 ; reduction of postal 
rates, 518, 1885 ; special-delivery sj's- 
tem, 519, 1885 ; immediate - delivery 
system, 523. 

United States treaty with Algiers, 253, 
1795 ; with the Indians, 252,1795 ; with 
Spain, 253, 1795 ; with Great Britain, 
252, 1795; reciprocity treaty with 
Great Britain, 363, 1854 ; commercial 
treaty with Japan, 363, 1854 ; second 
Treaty of Washington, 479, 1871. 

United States and Algiers, war and 
treaty between, 304, 1815. 

United States and Austria—seizure of 
M. Koszta, 361, 1853. 

United States and Canada, fisheries 
treaty between, 497, 1878. 

United States and China, treaty between, 
472, 1868; 504. 

United States and England, war be¬ 
tween, 291,1812 ; invasions of Canada, 
291, 292 ; battle of Frenchtown, 294 ; 
battle of the Thames, 295,1813 ; capt¬ 
ure of York, 296,1813 ; naval engage¬ 
ments during the, 292, 298, 301; battle 
of Lundy’s Lane, 300 ; battle of Platts- 
burg, 300; capture of Washington, 
300; invasion of Louisiana, 302; 
treaty of peace, 302; battle of New 
Orleans. 304 ; the Webster-Ashburton 
Treaty, 336,1842 ; the Oregon Treaty, 
342,1846; the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 
354; second Treaty of Washington 
between, 479, 1871. 

United States and France, preparations 




Ixx LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


for war between, 256, 1798 ; treaty of 
peace between, 260,1800 ; resumption 
of free trade between, 288, 1810 ; set¬ 
tlement of spoliation claim, 325, 1834. 

United States and Mexico, war be¬ 
tween, 343-350, 1846-’48. 

United States and Spain, the Virginius 
affair, 486, 489, 1873 ; attempts of, to 
negotiate for the possession of Cuba, 
364. 

United States and Tripoli, war between, 
273, 1801 ; 277-279, 1803, 1805. 

United States Military Academy, 275, 
1802. 

United States Naval Academy, 340. 

United States of Colombia, tlie, 389. 

Upshur, Abel P., 336. 

Urban VII., 77, 1590. 

Urban VIII., 106, 1623. 

Utah organized as a Territory, 357,'1850; 
Mormon rebellion in, 368. 

Ute Indians, outbreak of the, 501, 1879. 

Utrecht, Union of, 72, 1579 ; 98 ; Peace 
of, 155, 156, 1713. 

Vaccination, discovery of, 254. 

Valley Forge, Washington at, 209. 

Valparaiso, 301. 

Van Brunt, Henry, 518. 

Van Buren, Martin, appointed Secretary 
of State, 319 ; elected Vice-President 
of the U. S., 324 ; elected President of 
the U. S.; sketch of, 329, 1837 ; death 
of, 421, 1862. 

Van Dorn, Earl, at the battles of Iuka 
and Corinth, 399 ; death of, 436. 

Van Eyck. (See Eyck.) 

Van Rensselaer, Gen., in Canada, 292. 

Van Tromp, 119, 1652; death of, 120, 
1652. 

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, death of, 496,1877. 

Vanderbilt, W. H., and the Egyptian 
Obelisk, 504. 

Vandyke, death of, 115, 1641. 

Vasco de Gama. (See Gama.) 

Vasco Nunez de Balboa. (See Balboa.) 

Vatican Council, 477, 1869. 

Vatican Library, the, 35 ; 512, 1883. 

Vaudreuil, 181. 

Velasquez and Cortes, 58,1511; in Cuba, 
59, 1517. 

Velasquez (painter), death of, 121, 1660. 

Venables, Admiral, captures Jamaica, 
121, 1655. 

Venezuela, the Republic of, 310, 1819. 

Venice, Prince of (Eug6ne Beauharnais), 
281. 

Venice, fire at, 71, 1577; annexed to 
Italy, 281. 

Vennor, Henry, 516, 1884. 

Vera Cruz, founding of the city of, 60 ; 
capture of, 348, 1847, 389. 

Vermont admitted into the Union, 249, 
1791. 

Vernet, Horace, death of, 438, 1863. 

Vernon, Admiral, at Porto Bello, 166, 
1739 ; before Carthagena, 168. 

Veronese, Paul, death of, 76,1588. 


Verplanck’s Point, capture of, 224, 1779. 

Verrazzani, voyage of, to America, 62, 
1524. 

Vespucci, Amerigo, voyages of, to 
America, 41, 42, 1499. 

Veuillot, Louis, death of, 513,1883. 

Vicksburg, 399 ; fall of, 429. 

Victor Amadeus II. (King of Sardinia), 
156; accession of, 159, 1720 ; abdica¬ 
tion of, 163 ; death of, 254. 

Victor Amadeus (King of Sardinia), ac¬ 
cession of, 189,1773. 

Victor Emanuel, I. (King of Sardinia), 
accession of, 276, 1802 ; abdication of, 
312, 1821. 

Victor Emanuel II. (King of Sardinia), 
accession of, 353, 1849; and the war 
with Austria, 372, 374: proclaimed 
King of Italy, 388,1861 ; death of, 499, 
1878 ; line of, 500. 

Victoria (Queen of England), accession 
of, 330, 1837 ; marriage of, 333, 1840 ; 
gift of, to the President of the U. S., 
367, 1856 ; proclaimed sovereign of In¬ 
dia, 371; proclaimed Empress of In¬ 
dia, 493, 1876. 

Victoria, Princess, marriage of, 516. 

Victoria, Maria Louisa, marriage of, 
309, 1818. 

Victoria of Baden, Princess, marriage 
of, 510. 

Victoria (Mexico), 345. 

Vienna, siege of, 131, 1683 ; Congress of, 
303. 

Vieuxtemps, death of, 510. 

Vilas, W. F., 518. 

Villa Viciosa, defeat of the Spaniards 
at, 1665. 

Villafranca, 372. 

Villars, Marshal, Duke of France, 156 ; 
death of, 164, 1734. 

Villeroi, Marshal of France, 153, 1706. 

Villiers, George, assassination of, 108, 
1628. 

Vincennes, city of, 218. 

Vinci, Leonardo da, death of, 60, 1519. 

Viotti, death of, 314, 1824. 

Virginia, history of the colony of, i-v. ; 
origin of the name, 73, 1584; at¬ 
tempts to colonize, 74, 75; first Eng¬ 
lish settlement in, 97; the London 
Company in, 97, 1606, 1607 ; 98, 1609 ; 
100, 1612 ; starving-time in, 100, 1610 ; 
introduction of slavery into, 103,1619 ; 
cultivation of cotton in, 104, 1621 ; 
massacre in, 105,1622 ; second massa¬ 
cre in, 117, 1644 ; Culpeper and Arling¬ 
ton in, 127,1673 ; 129,1677 ; Indian war 
in, 128, 1675 ; made a proprietary gov¬ 
ernment, 129,1677; made a royal prov¬ 
ince, 131, 1684 ; removal of capital of, 
139, 1699: and the Stamp Act, 185 ; 
devastation by the British in, 235 ; 
Richmond Theatre burned, 290,1811 ; 
joins the Confederate States, 380 ; di¬ 
vision of the State of, 381 ; Dahlgren 
and Kilpatrick in, 439 ; readmitted 
into the Union, 477. 




INDEX. 


lxxi 


Virginius affair, the, 486, 489. 

Voltaire, death of, 221, 1778. 

Wade, Benjamin F., 461. 

Wadsworth, Capt., 132, 1687 ; saves the 
liberties of Connecticut, 137, 1693. 

Wagner, Richard, death of, 513, 1883. 

Waite, Morrison Remick, 487. 

Waldemar, Prince, marriage of, 520. 

Walderne, Maj., 134. 

Walclseemiiller, 57. 

Walker, William (the filibuster), career 
of, 365, 1855. 

Wallace, Gen. Lew, at Cincinnati, 398 ; 
defeat of, 444. 

Wallenstein, assassination of, 111, 1634. 

Waller, death of, 133, 1687. 

War between the English and the Dutch, 
119, 1652. 

War of the Spanish Succession, the, 149, 
1701 , 150, 151, 1703. 

War of the Polish Succession, the, 164, 
1733 ; 165, 263, 17:35. 

War of the Austrian Succession, the, 
167, 1740 ; 170, 1745. 

Ward, J. Q. A., 518. 

Warren, Com., 170,1745. 

Warren, Gen. Joseph, death of, 195, 
1775. 

Warrington, Capt., 301. 

Wars of the Roses, the, 35, 1455. 

Warwick, Earl of, secures the Connecti¬ 
cut Valley, 109,16:30. 

Washington, George, birth of, 164,1732 ; 
journey of, to the French forts, 174, 
1753; first battle of, 175, 1754 ; capt¬ 
ures Fort Du Quesne, 179,1758 ; elect¬ 
ed commander of the Continental 
Army, 195, 1775 ; at the siege of Bos¬ 
ton, 198 ; campaign of, in New York, 
200-204; campaign of, in New Jer¬ 
sey, 204 ; incident in the life of, 209 ; 
at Monmouth Court-House, 216 ; at 
Morristown, 226 ; scheme of, to capt¬ 
ure Arnold, 236 ; at the siege of York- 
town, 240; resigns his commission, 
243, 1783 ; elected President of the 
U. S.; sketch of, 246, 1789 ; second in¬ 
auguration of, 250,1793 ; Farewell Ad¬ 
dress of, 253, 1796 ; death of, 257, 258, 
1799. 

Washington, John A., death of, 370, 382. 

Washington, Capt. Lawrence, 166; mar¬ 
riage of, 168, 1743 ; death of, 173,1752. 

Washington, removal of the capital to, 
259, 1800 ; capture of, by the British, 
300 ; fires in, 328, 1836 ; 358 ; exten¬ 
sion of the Capitol at, 357, 1851; in 
danger, 444 ; National Monument at, 
the, 515, 516, 1884 ; dedication of, 516, 
1885. 

Washington, Treaty of, 497. 

Washington Territory, organization 
and peculiarity of, 362, 1853. 

Waterloo, battle of, 306, 1815. 

Watt, James, invention of, 186, 1769 ; 
death of, 310, 1819. 


Watts, Isaac, death of, 171, 1748. 

Wayne, Gen. A., 172, 225. 1779 ; ends the 
Indian war, 251, 1794 ; death of, 253, 
1796. 

Weather Signal-Service established in 
the U. S., 477, 1870. 

Webb, Lucy, 494. 

Weber, Carl Maria von, death of, 316, 
1826. 

Webster, Daniel, appointed Secretary 
of State, 334, 356 ; death of, 359, 1852. 

Webster, Noah, death of, 338, 1843. 

Webster-Ashburton Treaty, the, 336, 
1842. 

Weed, Thurlow, death of, 511. 

Wellesley, Sir Arthur. (See Wellington, 
Duke of.) 

Wellington, Duke of, birth of, 187 ; in 
Spain, 299 ; at Waterloo, 306; entry 
of, into Paris, 306,1815 ; death of, 360, 
1852. 

Wenceslas (King of Bohemia), 33, 1419. 

Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 109, 1630. 

Wentworth, Charles Watson-, 242. 

Wessagusset settlers, rescue of the, 104, 
1622. 

West, Benjamin, death of, 310, 1820. 

West, Thomas (see Delaware, Lord), 
103. 

West India Company, the, 155, 1712. 

West Point, battle of, 409. 

West Virginia admitted into the Union, 
436. 

Westminster Abbey, the Longfellow 
bust in, 516, 1884. 

“ Westminster Review,” publication of, 
314, 1824. 

Westphalia, the Treaty of, 118, 1648. 

Westphalia, kingdom of, 284 ; 525, 526. 

Wethersfield, settlement of, 112. 

Weymouth, George, voyage of, to Amer¬ 
ica, 96, 1605 ; 97. 

Wheeler, William A., and the disputed 
election of 1876, 492 ; elected Vice- 
President of the U. S., 495. 

Whewell, William, death of, 468. 

Whisky Insurrection, the, 251, 1794. 

White, Hugh L., 319. 

White, Kirk, death of, 283, 1806. 

White, Gov., at Roanoke, 75-77. 

White House, origin of the name of, 
410. 

Whitney, Eli, invention of the cotton- 
gin by, 250, 1793. 

Whitney, William C., 518. 

Wilderness, 442. 

Wilkes, Capt. Charles, 387. 

Wilkes, Rear-Adm. Charles, death of, 
496. 

Wilkes, John, death of, 256,1797. 

Wilkes, Lieut., 331, 1838. 

Wilkinson, Gen., succeeds Dearborn, 
297. 

William' HI. (King of England), acces¬ 
sion of, 133, 1689 ; death of, 150. 

William IV. (King of England), acces¬ 
sion of, 320, 1830 ; death of, 331. 



Ixxii LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


William I. (Kang of Holland), abdica¬ 
tion of, 333, 1840. 

William H. (King of Holland), accession 
of, 333, 1840 ; death of, 353. 

William II. (Stadtholder), Prince of 
Orange, 118, 1647 ; 119, 1650. 

William HI. (King of Holland), acces¬ 
sion of, 353, 1849. 

William HI. (Stadtholder), Prince of 
Orange, 127, 1672 ; accession of, to 
the English throne, 133, 1689. 

William IV. (Stadtholder), Prince of 
Orange, 171, 262, 1747. 

William V. (Stadtholder), Prince of 
Orange, 172 ; flight of, to England, 
253, 262, 1751 ; death of, 283. 

William I. (King of the Netherlands), 
accession of, 303. 

William I. (King of Prussia), accession 
and line of, 388, 1861 ; becomes Em¬ 
peror of Germany, 480, 1871. 

William I. (King of Wiirtemberg), ac¬ 
cession of, 307, 1816 ; death of, 453. 

William of Prussia, Prince, marriage of, 
509. 

William the Silent, 72, 1581 ; assassina¬ 
tion of, 73, 1584 ; 74, 99. 

William and Mary College founded, 137, 
1693. 

Williams, Roger, arrival of, in Massa¬ 
chusetts, 109 ; banishment of, 111, 
1635 ; and the settlement of Provi¬ 
dence, 113, 1636 ; 116, 1644. 

Williams, Mr., and his family, capture 
of, 151. 

Williamsburg, 409. 

Wilmington (N. C.), 238. 

Wilmington, capture of, 455. 

Wilmot, David, 342. 

Wilmot Proviso, the, 342, 1846. 

Wilson, Henry, elected Vice-President 
of the U. S., 484 ; death of, 489, 1875. 

Wilson’s Creek (Mo.), 383. 

Winchester, Gen., 294. 

Winchester (Va.), 385. 

Windsor, 110, 1633. 

Winslow, Capt., 451. 

Winthrop, John, 109, 1630 ; 112, 125. 

Wirt, William, death of, 326, 1834. 

Wisconsin, Black Hawk War in, 322, 
1832 ; admitted into the Union, 350, 
1848. 

Wiseman (Cardinal), N. P., 357 ; death 
of, 464. 

Wolfe, Gen., death of, 180, 1759. 

Wollaston, Dr., death of, 317, 1828. 

Wolseley, Sir Garnet, in the Ashantee 
War, 487. 


Wolsey, Cardinal, 59, 1515. 

Wool, Gen. J. E., in the U. S. war with 
Mexico, 346, 348; in Norfolk, 405; 
death of, 476, 1869. 

Wooster, Gen., death of, 206. 

Worcester, Earl of, 31. 

Worcester, battle of, 119, 1651. 

Wordsworth, William, death of, 357, 
1850. 

World’s Fair, the, in New York, 362, 
1853. 

World’s Industrial Exposition, the, 
515. 

World’s Peace Jubilee, the, at Boston, 
481, 1872. 

Worth, Gen., 345, 349. 

Wren, Sir Christopher, death of, 161, 
1723. 

Wright, Major-Gen. H. G., 432. 

Wiirtemberg, Duchess of, 280. 

Wiirtemberg, the Duchy of, 280, 1805. 

Wiirtemberg, Kingdom of, form of gov¬ 
ernment of, 540. 

Wyoming (Pa.), massacre at, 217, 1778. 

Wyoming organized as a Territory, 473, 
1868. 

Xavier, Francis, 66, 1552. 

Ximenes, Cardinal, 59. 

Yale, Elihu, 159, 1718. 

Yale- College, foundation of, 149, 1701 ; 
origin of name of, 159, 1718. 

Yellow fever in the South, 498,1878. 

York, Cardinal of, death of, 286, 1807. 

York, Duke of, murder of, 37, 1483. 

York, Duke of, afterward James H., 
123. 

York (Pa.), 425. 

York (now Toronto), capture of, 296, 
1813. 

York and Lancaster, Houses of, 35. 

York Peninsula, 408. 

Yorktown, 409 ; siege of, 240, 1781 ; cen¬ 
tenary celebration of Cornwallis’s sur¬ 
render at, 508, 1881. 

Yorktown Monument, the, 518. 

Young, Brigham, appointed Governor 
of Utah, 369 ; death of, 496. 

Young, Sir John, 513. 

Young, Edward, death of, 185, 1785. 

Y'psilanti, Alexander, 317, 1828. 

Zollicoffer, Gen., death of, 391. 

Zollverein, object of the, 319. 

Zulu War, the, 502, 1879. 

Zwingli, death of, 63,1531. 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY, 

INDICATING THE PRONUNCIATION OF NAMES USED IN THE 

MANUAL. 


Note. —The marking is according to Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. 


Agassiz (Sg'-a-see). 

Alarcon (a-laR-kon'). 

Alma'gro (al-ma'-gro). 

Andre (&n'-dra). 

Agincourt (a'-zhan'-koor). 

Auber (o'-bea'). 

Ayacucho (i'-a-koo'-cho). 
Aix-la-Chapelle(aks-la-sha'-pSl'). 
Alembert (a-lbsr'-beR'). 

Ampudia (am-pbo'-de-a). 

Anjou (dN'-zhoo'). 

Armagnac (aR-man'-yak'). 
Austerlitz (aus'-ter-lirs). 

Ayllon (il-yon'). 

Bach (bax). 

Bajazet (baj-a-z8t / ). 

Blenheim (blen'-im). 

Bossuet (bo'-sii-a'). 

Braganza (bra-gan'-za). 

Bruydre (brii-e'-y&R')* 

Bache (batch). 

Balboa (bal-bo'-a). 

Blanc (bloN). 

Boileau-Desprbaux (bwa'-lo' da'- 
pRa'-o'). 

Bourdaloue (booR'-da'-loo')- 
Brahe (bra or bra). 

Barthelemy (baR'-tal'-me'). 


Calderon (kal'-der-on). 

Camoens (kam'-o-Sns). 

Carracci (kar-rat'-chee). 

Chartres (shaRtr). 

Cherubini (ka-roo-bee'-nee). 
Chopin (slio'-paN'). 

Cisalpine (gis-al'-pm). 

Contreras (kon-tra'-ras). 
Corneille (kor-nal). 

Cabral (ka-bral'). 

Cambac6rds (kox'-ba'-sa'-rbs'). 
Canova (ka-no'-va). 
Chateaubriand (sha'-to'-bre'-bN'). 
Chihuahua (che-wa'-wa). 
Cimarosa (che-ma-ro'-sa). 

Coeur (kun). 

Cordova (cor'-do va). 

Cortes (k6r'-tez). 

Cuvier (kii'-ve-a/)* 

Daguerre (da'-g&R'). 

D’Engliien (dbN'-gaN 7 ). 

D’Estaing (dbs'-taiP). 

De Grasse (deh gras). 

Delacroix (dbh-la'-krwa/). 

De’ Medici (da m&d'-e-chee). 

De Stael (deh Stal). 

D’Iberville (de'-bbR'-veel'). 
D’Aubignb (do'-ben'-ya'). 




Ixxiv LINTON'S HISTORICAL CHART MANUAL. 


Descartes (da'-kaRt'). 

Destouches (da'-toosh'). 

Don Juan (d5n Hoo-an'). 

Dupont (du-p5nt'). 

Durrazzo (doo-rat'-so). 

De Gourgues (deh gooRg). 

Ecuador (ek-wa-dor'). 

Espartero (es-paR ta'-ro). 

Espejo (es-pa'-Ho). 

Fontaine (fon'-tan'). 

Freneau (fre-no'). 

Gltick (gliik, almost glik). 
Goethe (go-teh). 

Gonsalvo de Cordova (gon sal'- 
vo da-koR'-do-va). 
Guadalupe Hidalgo (gaw'-da- 
loop' e-dal'-go). 

Guido (gwee'-do). 

Gutenberg (goo'-ten-bSRG). 

Hahnemann (ha'-neh-man). 
Hegel (ha'-gel). 

Holbeiu (hol'-bin). 

Iuka (i-u'-ka). 

Iturbide (e-tooR-be'-da). 

Juarez (noo-a'-res). 

Kaunitz (kow'-nits). 

Krakatoa (kra-ka-to'-a). 

Lamoriciere (la'-mo'-re'-se-^R'). 
La Salle (la' sal'). 

Las Casas (las ka'-sas). 
Lempriere (lem-preer'). 

Leibnitz (lip'-nits). 

Legar6 (leh-gree'). 

Leuchtenberg (loiK'-ten-b£m). 
Longueville (loNg'-vel'). 

Lope de Vega (lo'-pa da va'-ga). 
Lopez (lo'-p8s). 

Lutzen (loot'-sen). 


Machiavelli (mak-e-a-v81'-ee). 
Maintenon (man'-teh'-noN 7 ). 
Malebranche (mal'-broNsh'). 
Maria Theresa (ma-ri'-a te-ree'- 
sa). 

Marie Antoinette (ma'-re' on- 
twa-nSt'). 

Marquette (maR'-ket'). 

Masaniello (ma-sa-ne-bl'-o). 
Massillon (mas'-sil-lon). 

Maypu (mi-poo'). 

Mercadante (m&r-ka-dan'-ta). 
Michael Angelo (ml'-ka-el an'-ja- 
lo). 

Mignet (men'-ya'). 

Minuit (min'-u-it). 

Mohacs (mo'-hatch'). 

MoliSre (mo'-le-6r'). 

Narvaez (naR-va'-&th). 

Natchez (natch'-iz). 

Nez Perc6 (na pSr'-sa'). 

Niebuhr (nee'-boor). 

N oailles (no-alyeb). 

Nova Juan (no-va noo-an'). 

Obrenovitch (o-brbh-no'-vitch). 
Ojeda (o-Ha'-na). 

Opequan (o-pSk'-on). 

Oudenarde (ow'-den-ar'-deh). 
Oudinot (oo'-de'-no'). 

Oxenstiern (oks'-en-steern'). 

Paganini (pa-ga-nee'-nee). 

Paoli (pow'-lee). 

Passarowitz (pas-sa'-ro-wits'). 
Pichegru (pesh'-grii'). 

Pecci (pSt'-chee). 

Perouse (pa'-rooz'). 

Ponce de Leon (pon'-tha da la- 
on'). 

Poussin (poo'-saN'). 

Poniatowski (po-ne-a-t6v'-skee). 

Racine (ra-seen'). 

Radetzky (ra-d£ts'-kee). 1 
Ramillies (ram'-e-lez). 



PRONO UK CINQ VOCABULA R Y. 


lxxv 


Reichstadt (riK-stat). 
Rembrandt (rbm'-br&nt). 
Richelieu (resh'-eh-loo). 

Rizzio (rit'-se-o). 

Rochambeau (ro'-shbN'-bo'). 
Rousseau (roo'-so'). 

St. Pierre (san' pe-ap.). 

Schlegel (sbla'-gel). 
Schleswig-Holstein (shles'-wig 
hol'-stm). 

Schoffer (sho'-fer). 

Schubert (shoo'-bert). 

Serrano (s&R-ra'-no). 

S6vign6 (sa'-ven'-ya/). 
Sigismund (srj'-is-miind). 
Sobieski (so-be-Ss'-kee). 
Souvestre (soo'-vbstr'). 

Spinoza (spe-no'-za). 

Spohr (spor). 

Strauss (strowss). 

Stanislas Leszczynski (— l&sh- 
chin'-skee). 

Thalberg (tai'-bero). 

Titian (tish'-an). 

Tonrville (tooE-vel'). 


Toussaint L’Ouverture (too'-saN' 
loo'-vSr'-tliE'). 

Turenne (tu-rSn'). 

Uhland (oo'-lant). 

Ulrici (dol-ree'-tsee). 

Van Eyck (van-Ik). 

Van Rensselaer (van ren'-sel-er). 
Velasquez (va-las'-k£th). 
Vespucci (vSs-poot'-chee). 
Veuillot (vuh'-yo'). 

Vieuxtemps (vyuh'-tbN') 

Villa Vi^sosa (vel-la ve-so-sa). 
Villeroi (vel'-rwa/). 

Vincennes (van'-sen'). 

Viotti (ve-ot'-ee). 

Wagner (wag'-ner). 
Waldseemuller (Valt'-za-mhl-er). 
Weber (wbb'-er). 

Wenceslaus (wen'-ses-lawss). 

Ximenes (zi-mee'-nez). 

Ypsilanti (lp-se-lSn'-te). 

Zwingli (tswing'-lee). 


THE END. 


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